For more information, please see full course syllabus of Anatomy & Physiology
For more information, please see full course syllabus of Anatomy & Physiology
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Female Reproductive System
- External female genitalia structures: mons pubis, vulva, vagina, vestibule, clitoris, prepuce, labia minora, labia majora, urethral opening, vestibular glands
- The vagina is an elastic muscular tube that is a passageway for menstrual fluids, the site of penis insertion for sexual intercourse, and the inferior portion of the passageway for the fetus during labor/birth
- The uterus (womb) contains a fundus, body, and cervix
- The uterine layers are the perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium (which develops and is shed through menstruation)
- The Fallopian tubes (or oviducts, uterine tubes) move oocytes from the ovaries to aid in the process of fertilization
- Peristalsis moves oocytes (fertilized or unfertilized) through the oviducts and into the uterus
- Ovaries produce and release eggs and secrete sex hormones
- Oogonia undergo meiosis before birth and they finish the meiosis process after the oocyte is fertilized
- Polar bodies are generated as a result of oogenesis
- The ovarian and menstrual cycle are regulated through hormone secretion
- Menarche is the 1st menstruation for a women and menopause is when menstruation gradually comes to an end
- Mammary glands are responsible for the production and secretion of milk for a baby
- Female reproductive disorder/procedure examples: endometriosis, STDs, PID, tubal ligation
- ***NOTE: The phrase “it just takes one sperm” is technically not true. Yes, only one sperm is required for the actual act of fertilization, but the acrosome of one sperm is not enough to penetrate the corona radiata…many sperm heads contribute to the disruption of that outermost layer of cells. After that, a single sperm can be the one that penetrates the zona pellucida.
- Did you know…
- Q: Since there are 2 ovaries, is there a predictable pattern for when each one will do ovulation in a given month?
- A: Ovulation can happen from either ovary. In some women, the ovaries do alternate consistently, but there is no predictable pattern in women in general. Sometimes, both ovaries will ovulate and that can result in fraternal twins if both eggs are fertilized by separate sperm.
Female Reproductive System
Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.
- Intro
- External Genitalia
- Internal Reproductive Organs
- Vagina
- Passageway for Elimination of Menstrual Fluids
- Receives Penis During Sexual Intercourse
- Forms the Inferior Portion of the Birth Canal
- Hymen
- Uterus
- Provides Protection, Nutritional Support, and Waste Removal for Embryo
- Anteflexion
- Anchored by Ligaments
- Uterine Regions
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium
- Fallopian Tubes
- Ovaries
- Oogenesis Explanation
- Oogenesis Picture
- Ovarian / Menstrual Cycle
- Menstruation
- Ovarian Cycle
- Formation of Primary Follicles
- Formation of Secondary Follicles
- Formation of Tertiary Follicles
- Ovulation
- Formation / Degeneration of Corpus Luteum
- Menarche and Menopause
- Mammaries
- Female Reproductive Conditions / Disorders
- Intro 0:00
- External Genitalia 0:05
- Mons Pubis
- Vulva
- Vagina
- Clitoris
- Prepuce
- Labia Minora
- Labia Majora
- Urethra
- Vestibular Glands
- Internal Reproductive Organs 3:47
- Vagina
- Uterus
- Fallopian Tubes
- Ovaries
- Vagina 4:28
- Passageway for Elimination of Menstrual Fluids
- Receives Penis During Sexual Intercourse
- Forms the Inferior Portion of the Birth Canal
- Hymen
- Uterus 7:21
- Provides Protection, Nutritional Support, and Waste Removal for Embryo
- Anteflexion
- Anchored by Ligaments
- Uterine Regions
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium
- Fallopian Tubes 13:03
- Oviducts / Uterine Tubes
- Infundibulum
- Ampulla
- Isthmus
- Peristalsis
- Ovaries 16:06
- Produce Female Gametes
- Secrete Sex Hormones
- Ligaments, Artery / Vein
- Mesovarium
- Oogenesis Explanation 17:59
- Ovum Production
- Oogonia Undergo Mitosis
- Oogenesis Picture 22:22
- Ovarian / Menstrual Cycle 25:48
- Menstruation 33:05
- Thickened Endometrial Lining Sheds
- 1-7 Days
- Ovarian Cycle 33:48
- Formation of Primary Follicles
- Formation of Secondary Follicles
- Formation of Tertiary Follicles
- Ovulation
- Formation / Degeneration of Corpus Luteum
- Menarche and Menopause 35:28
- Menarche
- Menopause
- Mammaries 38:16
- Breast Tissue
- Mammary Gland
- Female Reproductive Conditions / Disorders 41:32
- Amenorrhea
- Dysmenorrhea
- Endometriosis
- STDs
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- Premature Menopause
- Ovarian, Cervical, Breast Cancers
- Hysterectomy
- Tubal Ligation
Anatomy and Physiology Online Course
I. Anatomy & Physiology | ||
---|---|---|
Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology | 25:34 | |
Tissues | 38:25 | |
Integumentary System (Skin) | 51:15 | |
Skeletal System | 19:30 | |
Axial Skeleton | 35:02 | |
Appendicular Skeleton | 13:53 | |
Articulations (Joints) | 26:37 | |
Muscular System | 53:07 | |
Nervous System Part I: Neurons | 40:07 | |
Nervous System Part 2: Brain | 1:07:43 | |
Nervous System Part 3: Spinal Cord & Nerves | 32:06 | |
Vision | 58:38 | |
Hearing | 36:57 | |
Smell, Taste & Touch | 36:41 | |
The Heart | 45:20 | |
Blood Vessels | 39:58 | |
Blood | 41:25 | |
Respiratory System | 1:02:59 | |
Digestive System | 59:28 | |
Metabolism & Nutrition | 1:17:02 | |
Endocrine System | 44:37 | |
Urinary System | 35:08 | |
Lymphatic System | 44:23 | |
Female Reproductive System | 47:19 | |
Male Reproductive System | 36:35 | |
Embryological & Fetal Development | 49:15 | |
Alcohol: Effects & Dangers | 27:47 |
Transcription: Female Reproductive System
Hi and welcome back to www.educator.com.0000
This is the lesson on the female reproductive system.0002
If we start with the external genitalia and what the parts are called and what they function as.0004
The first one I will mention is the Mons Pubis and that is technically superior to the majority of the external genitalia.0012
Usually it looks like a little bulge that is somewhat anterior/superior to the rest of structures.0020
The vulva this is one of the most misunderstood terms especially because a lot of people refer to the entire female external genitalia as the vagina.0027
That is not true.0039
Vagina is actually the passageway inside of it but the vulva is the term for all of these collective external parts together.0040
This is all the vulva.0047
As I have mentioned a second the vagina is actually the anterior passageway.0049
We talk more about that in a future slide.0055
The vestibule is pretty much like the opening or door way into the vagina.0058
This term has come up in other lessons if you watched the lesson on the sense of smell,0063
the nose the vestibule what you breathe into that section opening through the nostrils into the nose.0068
The vestibule is just the tissue like a doorway to the vagina.0077
The clitoris is superior/slightly anterior to the vaginal opening.0083
The clitoris is actually analogous to the male penis.0089
When this particular individual tissue of female is developing in the womb hormonal differences0092
is what stimulate the clitoris to not become a penis or vice versa.0099
Typically yes it is not large as the penis but it serves a similar function in the sense that it has a lot to with sexual arousal.0103
The amount of nerve endings on the control regions are very similar to the nerve endings in the entire penis on male.0111
During sexual contact or sexual intercourse the clitoris is going to become erect and engorge with blood flow that makes it more sensitive.0119
The prepuce is the contour hood and that is analogous to the foreskin on a male.0129
It covers the clitoris when it becomes erect and actually because we are obvious from underneath that hood.0139
The labia minora is lying in the vaginal opening.0149
The labia majora are on the outside of the labia minora.0154
These areas, the labia are analogous to the scrotum on a male.0158
To the particular image will become a male and the gonads which on a female will be internal0163
would have been stimulated to come down here and end up in the scrotal sac.0169
On a female the labia serves a similar function in the sense that they are also very sensitive and may get engorge with blood,0173
blood flow to become more sensitive during sexual intercourse.0182
But of course are not holding gonads.0186
Urethra is technically a part of the urinary system but we have to mention it because it is right in this area.0188
You will see here is external urethral orifice.0194
Orifice is just a body hole, opening in the outside or coming into the body and that is actually very close to the vagina but on a different passageway.0197
Urine is going to come out of that of course.0208
The vestibular glands lining the vaginal region keep the opening the vagina moist and the vagina itself moist.0210
The vestibular glands are going to make more secretions during arousal and during sexual intercourse.0220
We look internally at reproductive organs yes the vagina is internal0227
because it is the passageway from the opening in the vulva all the way up to the uterus.0232
The uterus also known as the womb has a few different parts.0237
One of them is the cervix.0240
The cervix is labeled here is a separate structure but technically it is the most inferior part of the uterus.0242
It is the doorway into out of the uterus.0249
The fallopian tubes have a few other names and I will mention those later.0252
Those connect the uterus to the ovaries.0255
The ovaries are the egg producers, those make the ovum just like the testes or testicles in a man would make sperm.0258
Let us start with the vagina in terms of the details regarding these internal reproductive structures.0268
It is an elastic muscular tube that extends between the vestibule and that opening or doorway into the vagina0274
and the cervix which is that most inferior part of the uterus.0282
It is typically 7.5 and 9 cm long that varies depending on the size of the woman and the diameter varies.0287
The other thing that is variable is how much it expands of course during sexual intercourse0295
the vagina is going to change in size and needs to be elastic for that reason.0300
But even more so during birth.0305
When a baby is coming through the area it needs to be flexible.0307
Three major functions of the vagina is a passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids.0312
Once a month when menstruation happen the vagina is the passageway for which that part of the endometrial lining will be shed.0317
And more details will come up later on in this lesson about that.0328
It receives the penis during sexual intercourse.0331
It forms the inferior portion of the birth canal.0333
The baby is going to be coming out through this passageway before entering the world.0336
The hymen, this blocks the entrance of the vagina until it tears.0342
This separates the vagina from that vestibule opening.0346
The hymen is epithelial tissue.0350
It has blood flow into that particular part of it.0353
The hymen will be broken during sexual intercourse when an individual loses her virginity.0356
But often times when woman loses her virginity there is not a break in hymen and blood loss there0364
because you can actually break the hymen much before, like years before losing virginity.0372
There is a lot of ways that can happen just sports like physical activity, stretching.0379
It can happen while riding a bike.0384
It can even happen by using tampons.0386
The hymen is sometimes broken prior sexual intercourse but it is this temporary protective covering in front of the vagina.0389
Here is a mid sagittal cross section straight through this part.0400
The bottom part of the female pelvic area and you can see that a lot of the structures I already have mentioned here.0407
Here would be the labia, you have the vagina here, this passageway is the bladder and the urethra.0413
Here is the vagina leading up into the uterus.0421
You can actually see one of the ovaries here and fallopian tube.0425
This of course is the bottom parts or ending part of the large intestine and you are going to get the rectum and anus.0429
When we look at the uterus in terms of what it is made of and what it is doing.0439
It provides protection and nutritional support and waste removal for embryo.0445
The nutritional support part in terms of the details about that we will mention more in the next lesson after0449
the male reproductive system on the development of an embryo.0458
What happens during those nine months inside the womb.0462
You are going to get at the placenta and the umbilical cord connected to the baby.0465
The waste removal has to happen there too.0469
The baby is getting his food through the umbilical cord and waste removal through that particular part.0472
The baby starts out as an embryo and then once it gets to that week 9 of your pregnancy the term fetus is used until it is born.0478
It is a pear shaped organ you can see it is like an inverted pair about 7.5 cm long and a diameter of about 5 cm.0486
That is going to be when it is not containing a baby of course.0496
As the baby develops inside of the cavity of this uterus it is going to expand a great deal.0502
The uterus has anti flexion meaning that the bottom or inferior portion of the uterus bends anteriorly towards the vaginal passageway.0509
About 20% of adult women it has it is called retroflection which means it is actually bending slightly backwards.0525
slightly is posterior which has no negative medical consequences as far as we know.0533
If that particular woman gets pregnant sometime during her pregnancy the uterus ends up0538
bending in the anteflexion way towards the front which is a good thing.0544
I would assume because the baby needs to be pointed out in the right direction during labor pains and labor contractions.0549
The uterus is anchored by ligaments.0557
There is a wide variety of ligaments in future pictures.0560
In this particular lesson you are going to see more shots of the ligaments.0563
One of them is called the broad ligament.0565
It looks like a giant almost like a Serrano wrap kind of blanket all around the uterus and connect to the fallopian tubes and the ovaries.0567
Other ligaments are the round ligaments, the utero sacra ligament.0577
Some of the ligaments around the uterus keeping it in place.0584
It is somewhat posterior to the pelvis cavity very close to the pelvic bones.0587
Uterine regions if you talk about the different parts of this uterus, the fundus like in the stomach is the top parts of0596
the uterus that is actually kind of above where the fallopian tubes start.0605
Most of the uterus is the body.0609
This entire portion here is the body.0612
You can see right here it is says cavity of body.0614
The cervix is that most inferior part like a muscular doorway in or out of the uterus.0616
During sexual intercourse and when semen or sperm are traveling up in here, the sperm are going to end up going through the cervical region0625
traveling all the way up to the uterus and into the fallopian tubes to meet an ovum and fertilize if they can.0637
When a woman is pregnant it is very important the cervix is strong in terms of keeping the baby in here and protected until it is time be born.0644
A second slide of the uterus, when we look at the different layers in the tissue of the uterine lining,0654
similar to those terms with the heart you got prei, myo, and endo.0662
Peri is the outermost or most superficial layer around the outside of the uterus.0668
If we saw uterus just by itself you are looking at the perimetrium that is where those ligaments are going to be attached to.0673
The myometrium is the thickest layer just like in the heart the myocardial was the thickest layer.0678
If we zoom into it, all of those uterine muscles.0683
They need to be strong for numerous reasons.0688
You do want that to be protective walls developing and then when it is time to be born0690
you need to have a great deal of strong contractions there to get the baby out.0695
The myometrium is all that muscular lining.0701
The endometrium that is going to change over time throughout the menstrual cycle you0704
are going to get sometimes less endometrium and more endometrium.0709
The build up of the endometrial lining is in preparation for possible fertilization, possible baby being developed inside of uterus.0714
Eventually the placenta comes from out of their etc.0723
If there is no fertilization the endometrial lining is shed that causes the period or menses.0727
There are 2 layers or zones inside the endometrium.0733
The basilar zone is a bit superficial closer to the myometrium and connected to the basilar zone you have the functional zone.0739
The functional zone is what is going to be varied in terms of its thickness.0752
Because of these uterine glands found in the functional zone throughout part of this cycle that we are going to talk about later in lesson.0756
You will get a buildup of endometrium.0765
If fertilization does not happen and that wall be shed and then it starts all over again.0767
The uterine glands once again will create more tissue in preparation for the inevitable fertilization that is going to happen.0775
The fallopian tubes are also called the ovary ducts or uterine tubes, all 3 of the terms are acceptable.0782
Fallopia has some root to Greek mythology.0790
They are about 13 cm long, a very thin that the passageway inside of them, the lumen of the fallopian tubes is just mm.0793
They connect the ovaries to the uterus.0804
This is a great picture in terms of the angles in which the fallopian tubes are found.0806
Here is that fundus of the uterus, body of the uterus, and here is the cervix.0811
Here is the fallopian tubes one on each side.0815
On here is a ligament connecting the ovaries to the uterus.0818
Here are the ovaries.0823
They are hollow muscular tubes and there are 3 main segments.0824
The infundibulum is the ending region in terms of being farthest away from the uterus.0829
The infundibulae would be each of these and connected to the infundibulae region is what is called fimbria.0837
Fimbria are right here.0844
They look like little fleshy little fingers almost, connected to the ovary and where ovulation happen.0849
We will talk about ovulation in a little bit.0860
The releasing of an egg into the fallopian tube and there is actually a slight space or gap between0861
the fimbria which makes the wavelike motions like this in the surface of the ovary.0868
They have taking some amazing videos of the inside of this region.0873
When ovulation happens for a very short period of time the egg gets released what is called secondary oocyte.0878
We will get to that in a bit.0889
It looks like it is suspended in air for very short amount of time as it goes from the ovary into the fallopian tubes.0890
The fimbrae those wavelike movements of those kind of help draw and accepting that unfertilized egg.0898
The ampulla is right here.0906
The isthmus is that thinner connecting region right here.0909
Here is the isthmus of each fallopian tube.0916
Peristalsis you have seen this where before if you look at the other lessons.0920
You have seen peristalsis in the digestive tract, the esophagus, the small intestine, etc.0926
It is wavelike muscular contractions that are going to be happening in the fallopian tube0931
to help draw the egg into parts of fallopian tube that are a little bit closer to the uterus.0936
Typically when an egg is fertilized it is going to happen somewhere in the fallopian tube.0944
It is possible that happens in the uterus but more often than not it is going to happen in the fallopian tubes.0950
What gets that egg into this region, into the isthmus?0955
It is peristaltic contractions in the muscular lining of the fallopian tubes.0959
The ovaries of women are typically born 2 are paired almond shaped organs near the lateral walls of the pelvis.0965
This is a good image from Gray's anatomy.0975
Here is an ovary.0977
Here is a ligament connecting the uterus.0978
Like I have mention before, here is that broad ligament that is laid over all these internal female reproductive structures.0980
It does look like a slightly see through but a little bit opaque blanket.0988
The 2 main functions and the reason in one of them is a bit more obvious is the production of female gametes or unfertilized eggs.0996
They are called oocytes.1005
Secretion of sex hormones.1006
Without ovaries making estrogen and progesterone and these female hormones you are not getting1009
a female characteristics what makes females as adults look different than men.1017
You are also not going to get the ovarian cycle.1023
You are not going to get the menstrual cycle.1026
The amount of sex hormones that are made and secreted from the ovaries are going to initiate those normal female events during ovarian cycle.1028
Ligaments, arteries, veins.1038
You are going to have ligaments for anchoring the ovary to the surrounding tissues.1040
Artery, vein, whether we are talking about the uterus, the fallopian tubes, or ovaries, you are going to see significant blood flow to all of these.1045
It is extremely important.1052
You have blood flow to all the tissues in the body.1054
It is amazing when you actually look at the images that have all the blood vessels associated with here.1056
The mesovarium is a specific region of connective tissues that I want to mention.1063
It is right in here.1068
The mesovarium is this connective tissue that helps keep the ovary anchored in place next to the fallopian tube that it is near.1070
Oogenesis is the making of eggs for receiving sperm.1081
An ovum which is a technical term for an egg, the production of those begins before a female baby is born.1087
I am not talking about the mother who is pregnant with a baby.1095
I am taking about the baby's eggs.1100
The process starts while she is in uterus amazingly.1102
It is very different with men.1106
Males do not start producing spermatocytes or sperm until puberty.1107
They are born with the stem cells they need in the testes the amazing thing is that this actually starts in uterus for females.1113
The oogonia those are the stem cells that are making eggs and in males they are called spermatogonia.1122
Oogonia at the stem cells in a female ovary specifically undergo mitosis.1130
If you took biology regular cell division that is making identical copies, making clones, they undergo mitosis1137
to make where called primary oocytes between the 37th month.1144
And primary oocytes are still diploid.1148
If you look up that term and check out a biology textbook a diploid means having the pairs of chromosomes.1153
The diploid number for humans is 46 but the inevitable egg the finalized egg that you want to get fertilize by sperm1162
yet have half the number from chromosomes because you are making half a human with that egg.1169
The other half comes from the sperm.1174
We need to take a primary oocyte and go to mitosis.1176
Reduce that chromosome number in half to get 23 chromosomes.1180
Sperms have 23 chromosomes and if we add those together with fertilization you get 46 again back to the diploid number.1183
The oogonia undergo mitosis to make primary oocytes between the 3rd and 7th month in uterus, inside of the of the womb.1191
Meiosis begins from these oocytes but stops.1199
It is arrested in pro phase 1.1204
It does begin but when a female is born she does not have all those finalize eggs yet.1207
They are all arrested or paused in pro phase 1.1215
Each one of them will get restarted the cycle began again to finish meiosis to get to what is called the secondary oocyte.1218
When puberty begins that is when it starts up again.1228
Meiosis will resume you will get metaphase 1, anaphase 1, so on and so forth.1232
If you go through meiosis 2, prophase 2, metaphase 2, etc. To make the haploid 23 chromosomes secondary oocytes.1239
The amazing thing is meiosis is not completely finished.1249
It actually stopped I believe in metaphase 2 of meiosis.1254
Once it is fertilized, once a sperm comes into contact with that outer region of the egg called the zona placeda,1260
once that sperm makes its way in then the eggs will finish it now.1267
They will finish meiosis to receive this sperm and the nuclear parts the DNA combines to make what is called the zygote.1273
It is the first cell of new life.1282
It is just amazing how meiosis it is very drawn out in terms of it been getting in uterus1285
and completing a completely completed when an egg is fertilized.1293
What are these polar bodies?1300
You are going to see in the next slide what these are all about.1302
These are kind of like the leftover daughter cells of meiosis that are not meant to be fertilized.1305
The amazing thing about meiosis every time it happens you making those sex sells you get 4 daughter cells.1313
What happens in a man that one stem cell is going to make 4 sperm that all being functional.1318
But in a female 3 of the 4 cells are not functional.1324
You end up making one large ovum or secondary oocyte.1330
The other 3 are off to the side and they are not meant to be fertilized.1335
Let us look at the next slide.1341
Here is little picture of how oogenesis happens.1342
Here is your a primary oocyte that is going to end of going through meiosis to make haploid cells.1346
In this particular picture here is the nucleus and these 4 dots represent chromosomes.1353
We are to assume that the diploid numbers 4 chromosomes here.1358
This is the centrosome which contains centrioles.1362
They help attach little protein filaments to the chromosomes and help pull them apart to separate them.1367
Here is the primary oocyte and it is going to start that meiosis process.1374
Here are the doubled because if you took biology you know that the chromosome number is double prior to division.1380
We have 8 dots and then you get the first division.1389
Here is the first polar body meaning that from the first meiotic part of meiosis division you get one of these, this is not going to be a fertilized egg.1393
It is not meant to be.1404
This one will go through another division to help make your mature ovum.1405
I mentioned that the secondary oocyte is what is released from the ovary.1411
This is what is going to come in contact with the sperm and inevitably when the sperm comes in contact with it1418
you are going to get that final part of meiosis being done to make the mature ovum.1423
You could see after this next cell division we are done to 2 chromosomes.1430
If you compare that to what we started out with initially we have the diploid here 4.1434
Here is the haploid number 2 chromosomes.1439
The sperm that ends up going in here.1441
Hopefully that has 2 chromosomes if all went well with making sperm and we get the diploid number again when they fuse for fertilization.1445
Here are those polar bodies.1453
Textbooks will tell you that sometimes there is 3 polar bodies and sometimes 2.1455
It depends on the splitting of cytoplasm but I have read 3 happens a lot of time.1459
Here are 3 polar bodies.1467
The size is actually slightly exaggerated here.1469
I have seen other images real micrographs where the polar bodies are significantly smaller.1471
One of the theories about why it exist and why make 4 each from each meiosis.1477
Why only make 1?1483
If you look at what an ovum contributes to that first cell of life, that zygote, it has pretty much all the cytoplasm.1485
All that stuff outside the nucleus it is going to have mitochondria, ER, golgi apparatus, all those other organelles.1494
It is almost as if the cytoplasm that could have been here is kind of siphoned into this one.1503
It is getting enough cytoplasm in there so that when the sperm comes in and the sperm does contributing a nucleus1509
just DNA there is not a lot going on in the head of the sperm.1517
This particular ovum got all the other organelles that are needed to maintain a new life.1520
If you look into mitochondrial inheritance every human being on earth what is supposed to happen is get your mitochondria for mom not from dad.1525
When we look at the developmental lesson in terms of how embryology happens I will mention1534
why is that you are not going to get sperm from the paternal side.1540
Those polar bodies they disintegrate.1544
Here is the ovarian/ menstrual cycle and let me explain what these letters stand for and what the parts have to do with.1549
At the top here, this is a histological kind of representation of what is happening in the ovary in terms of the follicle developing.1556
That is why this is not F here, this is the follicular phase.1567
On here is the egg been released through what is called ovulation.1570
What is leftover of this follicle this kind of nourishing part in the ovary that helps the egg develop this called the corpus luteum.1574
We will talk about what happens to that corpus luteum depending on if fertilization happens this will either remain or will disintegrate.1582
Here is temperature I will come back to that in a bit.1590
This is a little hormone tracker in terms of the relative amounts of hormones.1593
The higher the line is the more hormones of that particular type you can see in the bloodstream.1600
This O stands for ovulation.1605
Here is the luteal part of the ovarian cycle.1607
M stands for menses which is where woman has a period.1617
Here are the days, here is the day tracker 1 through 28 that is the approximate length of the whole cycle.1617
Once you get to 28 you are going to loop back to day 1 of the next cycle.1623
Depending on the month sometimes it only will last 22 days.1627
Sometimes it can be 32 days.1631
Sometimes women think they are pregnant because they are late meaning their period has not come as quickly as expected.1633
Things in your diet, stressing your life, other environmental factors can have an impact on the hormones and regulations cycle.1640
Sometimes the menses or menstruation can happen sooner or later than expected.1650
Looking at the top one more time, when we look at days 1 through about 13, this is follicular development.1656
In the next slide you are going to see the primary follicles, secondary follicle, tertiary follicle as the days go on this is nourished.1664
You see a gradual increase in estrogen that is what OE means here.1672
Here is estrogen as the hormone levels of estrogen increase you get development of this follicle which contains the egg.1676
Once you get to about day 14 when estrogen levels are peaking in you get was called luteinizing hormone.1687
It is actually LH or luteinizing hormone that peak here directly corresponds to ovulation.1696
Once you get enough of this being secreted from up top, remember if you look at the endocrine lessons LH comes from the pituitary gland.1705
But it has a big impact on the ovary.1715
Once you get peak in LH and FSH has something to do with it, follicle stimulating hormone you get ovulation.1717
Having sexual intercourse near ovulation times is going to maximize chances of sperm successfully meeting an egg.1726
That is ready and waiting for it.1734
Because ovulation is that day when the egg is released into the fallopian tube.1736
It takes many hours for sperm to actually make the way all the way up there.1741
Oftentimes when people are trying to conceive a child they will have sexual intercourse day 14, 15, 16.1747
Hope that is going to happen because look at temperature here.1755
This is celsius 1° jump is more significant than it would be on a Fahrenheit scale.1758
36° to 37 you see that once you get to ovulation temperature gets really close to it to 37° C as if the female has a fever.1764
A couple who is trying to get pregnant they will take the females temperature daily until they show a rise and then it is a good sign tissues ovulating.1776
That is something that shows the time is right.1786
The other hormones here you got progesterone here.1789
This black line is progesterone.1794
You can see that there is a correlation between progesterone rise and the thickening of this endometrial layer.1796
Down here this is showing you the relative thickness of the endometrium of the uterus.1805
All of this here and here has a lot more to do with the ovaries.1809
Here is development of the follicle and the ovary.1815
Here is hormones impacting the ovaries or being secreted from the ovaries and here we are looking at the uterus lining.1817
Notice that once ovulation has happened there is a significant increase in the thickness of the endometrium.1824
It is due to those endometrial glands or uterine glands.1831
You finally get to this point where if fertilization has happened and keep in mind that this thickening1835
is in preparation for fertilization because the baby is going to come down.1843
The ball of cells rather this early embryos is going to come down in the uterus, anchor itself1849
in the endometrial lining of the placenta then it is going to develop, etc.1854
If you get far enough through to the day 20 something and you do not have fertilization what is happening is this corpus luteum.1857
This leftover part from the follicle.1869
It stays for a while and is secreting progesterone.1871
If fertilization does not happen this ends up disintegrating.1876
The disintegration of the corpus luteum corresponds to the drop in progesterone and that corresponds to menses happening.1882
Once you get to day 28 that is the end of the cycle.1891
If fertilization did not happen you are going to shed that endometrial layer.1894
It will get built up again the next month.1898
Typically a period or menstruation happens over the course of 1 to 7 days.1900
If we switch it up and say fertilization happen, the corpus luteum is going to make progesterone1906
but this will not drop once you get to this point in time if fertilization had actually happened this has been fertilized.1916
There is certain hormones coming from that fertilized egg which is now basically an embryo1925
that is going to encourage progesterone to be maintained and to continue increase.1934
This would be maintained and develop further.1939
And that is important.1943
You want this endometrial line to not be sloughed off, not be let go because they fertilization has occurred.1944
You want to have the nourishing ability in the uterus for the baby.1951
This will actually stay.1955
One of the reasons why in the first trimester or the first 3 months of pregnancy woman gets morning sickness1957
is she is used to the drop in hormones here and rise again in the next month.1962
If progesterone and estrogens keep rising and maintain during early pregnancy that hormone change1968
can create a nauseating kind of feeling in some women.1975
Not all women but it just depends.1979
Here is the ovarian/menstrual cycle.1982
Menstruation if an oocyte or secondary oocyte is not fertilized, the developed thickening endometrial lining is shed.1986
We saw that after day 28 it gets sloughed off.1994
That is a fancy term for being shed out of the vagina.1999
Only the functional zone is sloughed off.2004
Remember there is that basilar layer that helps develop a functional zone.2006
That is what is shed.2015
Like I have said earlier typically the last 27 days this is a tampon that is going to help absorb the part that shed.2017
If we refer back to that particular chart we have looked earlier.2027
The ovarian menstrual cycle.2034
To summarize the steps that is happening within the ovary you can divide it into the follicular phase,2035
pre ovulation days 1 -13 approximately and the luteal phase there was that L part.2041
Follicular phase is day 1-13.2048
Day 14 is ovulation.2052
Luteal phase was about 15 -28.2054
This is post ovulation.2057
The steps we saw at the top part of the chart, formation of the primary follicles can happen early on2059
in the follicular phase that turns into secondary follicles.2067
Finally the tertiary follicle is what is ready to release that aid from out of it and that occurrence is ovulation.2070
Once ovulation happens that secondary oocyte is in the fallopian tube rolling along and waiting for a sperm to come up to it if it happens.2080
After that formation and degeneration of the corpus luteum.2092
The formation and development of corpus luteum corresponds to the thickening of the endometrial lining through progesterone.2096
It is going to degenerate if fertilization does not happen.2105
If fertilization does happen you are not going to get the degeneration.2108
The important thing about it not degenerating when pregnancy has occurred is you do not want another oocyte being released.2112
When pregnancies happen the ovaries stop ovulation for that 9 month period.2120
Menarche and menopause.2127
The first menses, the first period a woman has is called menarche.2130
That is usually around age 10-12.2135
The textbook I have looked in said 11-12 but I just did it 10-12 because over the last 20 years a lot of research is showing2138
that when women are having their first period earlier and earlier compared to the past.2145
There are a lot of explanations why it is happening.2152
There are some theories that hormone treatment of our foods, certain chemicals in our diet are triggering menses to happen earlier in some young women.2154
It can happen prior to this.2167
There are girls will get the first period when they are 8.2169
Some of it is genetics, from your parents in terms of influencing one that is going to happen during puberty.2172
There might be environmental triggers as well.2179
Menopause is kind of the opposite of menarche meaning it is when menstrual cycle2182
is finally coming to an end in terms of having monthly menstruation.2191
Menopause usually occurs between age 45 and 55.2196
That varies as well.2201
Some women will get early menopause even in their 30’s.2203
That is weird though.2207
45 and 55 is typically the primetime for this happening.2209
You get a drop in hormones being secreted from the ovaries that has a big impact on menopause occurring.2214
One of the symptoms is hot flashes which may have heard of.2222
The hormone changes in a woman's body and another chemical factors can make her feel like2226
it is really hot during certain times of the day even when it is not.2233
She might be in a room with a bunch of other people who are not going to menopause and it is 21° C in the room but she feels really hot and sweaty.2237
That is one of the symptoms of menopause.2247
There are treatments for menopause.2248
Some of it is hormone treatments like taking supplements that mimic the action of estrogen2250
but you should talk to your doctor for doing that because there is a slightly higher risk of getting certain cancers2255
from that estrogen treatment during menopause.2262
Here are a couple other reminders of what we talked about.2265
Here is mostly internal anatomy of the female reproductive system.2268
Here is the superior portion of the vagina, uterus, fallopian tube, and ovary.2275
Here is another simpler version of hormones associate with the ovarian/menstrual cycle and endometrial lining that builds up2279
and will be shed or maintained depending on whether not pregnancy has happened.2290
When we look at breast tissue of female that is one of a typical few characteristics having breasts more so than a man.2297
As a breast tissue you have got a pectoral fat pad which is most of the contributor to breasts being larger on a female rather than a man.2306
On so that fat pad is a underneath the skin of course.2316
The nipple and areola are two different structures.2321
The nipple is that often times projected part of the breast and that is meant to be projected because2323
they had something for the baby to latch onto with the mouth to receive milk.2331
The areola is the region surrounding the nipple like a concentric melanated portion.2338
It is either a bit more red or brown depending on the female and the surrounding skin.2347
The areola is surrounding the nipple that projection.2353
The mammary gland itself inside you have a vast network of lobes.2358
All of these parts here look like little sacs, these are lobes that help to produce the milk.2364
You do have glandular structures in here to which milk is made.2372
It comes into the lumen of the lobes here.2377
The lactiferous ducts would be that yellow, these right here.2382
Here are the ducts, when we looked at ducts at the gallbladder they are like little tubes that help carry a hormone2390
or substance using from some kind of glandular secretion.2399
In this case it is milk.2402
The lactiferous sinuses are these regions.2404
All the ducts pour into the sinuses and of course the sinuses are filled with milk and then once the baby latches on and2411
start suckling you are going to get milk coming of the sinuses through that opening in the nipple.2421
I have mention with the endocrine system lessons about hormones in terms of just the mother hearing the baby cry can trigger lactation.2427
It can trigger milk coming out of the nipple just from the baby crying.2441
And stress levels, nutrition, in terms of what kind of diet the female is on during breast feeding can have impact on the production.2446
If a woman is stress enough she can actually stop making milk completely.2455
There are formulas out there you can buy instead of breastfeeding that have a good nutritional content for the baby.2461
The doctors will tell you that nothing really beats breast milk.2469
Breast milk is the natural way to nurture a child not only is it nutritious but it does have something that have to do with bonding there.2473
You do get antibodies and immune benefits that go into the baby's body through breast milk.2482
Female reproductive conditions and disorders.2491
Amenorrhea is basically you not having a period.2494
You are not having menses occur.2501
This either means that a young girl has not had her first menstrual cycle prior to the ages 16.2503
It could mean that an adult who has been menstruating about every month it makes stops in her.2513
There are various reasons why this can happen.2520
Amenorrhea can happen if a woman is anorexic or having a very low lipid count,2523
the fat in the body makes it impossible to have the menstrual cycle keep going.2531
You actually make a lot of sex hormones from fat in your body.2537
If you are not taking enough fat and if your way to fit in terms of body fat percentage that can stop the periods.2541
Dysmenorrhea is actually painful menstruation.2547
There are treatments for that to relieve the symptoms.2554
Endometriosis is a really crazy kind of disorder.2559
Endometriosis is abnormal development of endometrium, that inner lining in the uterus outside of the uterus.2563
It usually happen somewhere else in the pelvis.2571
It can happen in the ovary portion.2573
It could even happen in the fallopian tubes but endometriosis can make a woman infertile.2576
It is possible but there are lots of treatment options.2583
It is very painful when it happens.2586
Endometriosis is something that can be fixed.2587
STD’s there are a lot of sexually transmitted diseases out there.2591
Of course gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, etc. And they can have a huge impact on female health and her ability to conceive a child.2595
HPV the human papilloma virus or the virus that causes genital warts can actually lead to certain cancers.2604
There are vaccines out there for that.2614
Pelvic inflammatory disease is a massive swelling of the fallopian tube region specifically.2616
This is something that can be treated if it is like a bacteria that is causing PID.2623
It can make a woman infertile if that is not treated.2630
Premature menopause there are lots of reasons that can happen.2634
It could be certain drugs a female is taking, lack of nutrition, environmental factors having effect on hormones.2639
The premature menopause if you are having the stoppage of menstrual cycle prior2649
to being in your 40’s that would be considered premature menopause.2653
Here are 3 major cancers that face women especially middle aged older woman.2658
Ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and breast cancer.2665
I do not mean to say that young women are immune to these things but these if not treated are deadly.2668
Cervical cancer has been linked to HPV and there is a vaccine that makes a woman not get sick because are not get HPV.2676
And then you are less likely to get cervical cancer.2691
A lot of cervical cancers are linked to that virus not all of them.2693
It is possible to get a cancer of the cervix without the virus.2697
Ovarian cancer if it is caught early enough they will remove the ovaries entirely and2701
because removing ovaries means you are going to be producing less estrogen and progesterone.2708
Hormone supplements can replace what you are losing there.2714
Breast cancer getting mammograms is a great way to lower the risk of getting a breast cancer.2719
If there is some kind of growth they will remove it.2726
Sometimes removal of the entire breast has to happen as a safety precaution.2730
Hysterectomy is removal of the uterus.2736
A hysterectomy is going to mean that you are infertile.2739
You cannot hold the baby anymore.2744
Hysterectomy if there are abnormal growths in the uterus a lot of fibroids could potentially cause health concerns in the female.2746
Or if there is growths that will be malignant they look to be like you might be having uterine cancer.2759
They will remove it.2765
It is unfortunate that a woman cannot have kids but better that than death.2766
Tubal ligation is how woman gets fixed.2771
If the man wants to stop having kids they will do what is called a vasectomy which we will talk more about in the next lesson.2777
Tubal ligation is much more serious kind of operation because you have to put the woman2784
under full anesthesia because you have to go inside the abdominal cavity.2790
They will go in and they physically cut the fallopian tubes, sought the ends meaning seal off, like burn the edges shut.2794
An egg will be particular would be released in the ovary but a sperm will not be able to meet it in the fallopian tube.2804
It is a way that a woman can stop the chances of getting pregnant but it does have a slight risk of fatality.2810
Every surgery where you are being put under anesthesia come with that risk.2819
With a man it is an out patient procedure meaning it is very simple.2824
They do local anesthetic.2828
It takes 30 minutes or less.2829
Tubal ligation is an option for women who want to stop having children.2831
Thank you for watching www.educator.com.2836
1 answer
Wed Aug 12, 2015 3:40 PM
Post by Hatem Qasmieh on August 2, 2015
the lecture is not moving ok. When the video reaches the uterus(3:57), it goes back to the beginning of the lecture...pls advise