Matthew M.

Matthew M.

Boolean & Null Data Types

Slide Duration:

Table of Contents

Course Introduction

12m 13s

Intro
0:00
What Is PHP?
0:12
PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
0:13
Why Learn PHP?
1:09
Why Learn PHP?
1:10
Web Application: Educator Store
2:25
Web Application: Educator Store
2:26
Example of Web Application
3:18
PHP in the Educator Store
7:12
Dynamic Content Generation
7:22
Ease of Website Maintenance
7:55
Form Input Processing and Access to Advanced Functionality
9:00
What You Will Learn
9:36
What You Will Learn
9:37
Who Is This Course For?
10:56
Who Is This Course For?
10:57
How PHP & The Web Work

15m 32s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:10
Lesson Overview
0:11
Client-Server Model
0:53
Client-Server Model
0:54
HTTP Protocol
2:15
Definition of Protocol
2:16
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
2:37
Uniform Resource Locators
3:46
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
3:47
Form of URLs
4:13
Accessing Webpages with URLs
5:13
Serving Webpages
6:14
Serving Webpages, Client Machine, and Server Machine
6:15
Static vs. Dynamic Webpages
8:30
Static Webpage
8:31
Dynamic Webpage
8:55
Server-Side Scripting
9:54
Server-Side Scripting
9:55
Static and Dynamic Webpage Coding Example
11:17
Static and Dynamic Webpage Coding Example
11:18
Serving Dynamic Webpages
13:07
Serving Dynamic Webpages
13:08
Setting Up Your Development Environment

33m 11s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:08
Lesson Overview
0:09
Development Environments
1:04
Development Environments
1:05
Our Default Development Environment: Window 7
1:54
Remote Development
4:04
Development Machine & Remote Server
4:05
Local Development
6:54
Development Machine
6:55
Software Used In This Course
9:41
Firefox Web Browser & Firebug Add-On
9:42
XAMPP
12:15
PSPAD Text Editor
13:16
XAMPP Installation
13:49
XAMPP Installation
13:50
Verify XAMPP Install
16:26
Verify XAMPP Install
16:27
localhost
19:08
localhost and 127.0.0.1 'loopback' IP Address
19:09
Document Root
21:16
Document Root and Directory Name
21:17
Document Root for Apache in XAMPP: htdocs & Example
22:13
Text Editor Spectrum
26:12
Text Editor Spectrum: Barebones to IDE
26:13
PSPad & Example
27:02
Finding Help
30:26
Web Resources
30:27
Homework Challenge
31:36
Homework Challenge
31:37
Homework Challenge (cont.)
32:38
Homework Challenge (cont.)
32:39
Your First PHP Script

12m 41s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:19
Lesson Overview
0:20
.php To HTML
1:00
.php To HTML
1:01
PHP Delimiters
2:20
PHP Delimiters: Opening & Closing PHP Tags
2:21
'Hello, World!' Example
4:34
Echo Statement & PHP Tags
4:35
Adding Second Heading
7:34
Homework Challenge
9:56
Homework Challenge
9:57
Basic PHP Syntax

40m 24s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:09
Lesson Overview
0:10
PHP Delimiters
0:38
Long and Script Form
0:39
Short and ASP Style
1:33
Example
2:01
php.ini: PHP's Configuration
3:40
php.ini
3:41
Configuration Directives
3:48
Short and ASP Style: Enabled/Disabled
4:13
phpinfo()
7:58
Statements
14:28
PHP Statements
14:29
Example: PHP Statements
14:55
Comments
16:53
PHP Comments
16:55
Single-line Comments
17:37
Multi-line Comments
18:13
Example: PHP Comments
18:47
Coding Conventions
24:26
Coding Conventions
24:27
Example: PHP Coding Conventions
26:19
Homework Challenge #1
33:51
Homework Challenge #1
33:52
Homework Challenge #1 (cont.)
35:41
Homework Challenge #1 (cont.)
35:42
Homework Challenge #2
36:09
Homework Challenge #2
36:10
Homework Challenge #2 (cont.)
38:07
Homework Challenge #2 (cont.)
38:08
Variables & Numeric Data Types

16m 38s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:10
Lesson Overview
0:12
Working With Data
0:48
8 Types of Data for PHP
0:49
Identifiers
1:40
Identifiers: Definition and Example
1:41
Variables
2:47
Variables Definition
2:48
Variables Syntax
3:06
Integer Data Type
4:44
Integer Data Type
4:45
Integer Literals
5:08
Examples
5:30
Float Data Type
6:26
Float Data Type
6:27
Float Literals
7:00
Example
7:21
Example: PHP Code Declaring Variables
8:06
Example: PHP Code Declaring Variables
8:07
var_dump() Function
9:59
var_dump()
10:00
Example: Code and Output
10:30
Example: var_dump() Function
11:19
Coding Conventions: Variables
12:32
Lower Camel Case Notation
12:33
Variable Name Lengths
13:54
Homework Challenge
14:54
Homework Challenge
14:55
String Data Type

18m 6s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:12
Lesson Overview
0:13
String Data Type
0:29
String Data Type
0:30
Specifying String Literals
1:03
Single-Quoted Strings
1:53
Single-Quoted Strings
1:54
Escape Sequences
2:31
Escape Sequences
2:32
Example
2:46
Escape Sequences for Commonly Used Special Characters
4:32
Double-Quoted Strings
6:04
Double-Quoted Strings
6:05
Variable Interpolation
6:44
Coding Conventions: Strings
7:54
Coding Conventions: Strings
7:55
Homework Challenge
8:54
Homework Challenge
8:55
Include Files & Web Application Introduction

38m 43s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:16
Lesson Overview
0:17
include Statement
0:47
include Statement: Definition
0:48
Include Statement: Syntax
2:05
include Statement: Example
2:25
include Path
6:32
Absolute and Relative Path
6:34
Specified Path
7:15
Not Specified Path
7:55
Code Reuse
9:35
Code Reuse
9:36
Example
11:11
require Statement
12:56
require Statement: Definition
12:57
require Statement: Syntax
13:32
Include versus Require
13:52
Coding Conventions
16:33
Coding Conventions
16:34
Introduction to Our Web Application
20:32
Introduction to Our Web Application
20:33
Updating Web Application
21:14
Web Application Example
22:59
Homework Challenge
35:33
Homework Challenge
35:34
Homework Challenge (cont.)
37:38
Homework Challenge (cont.)
37:39
Arrays

34m

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:09
Lesson Overview
0:10
What is an Array?
0:42
What is an Array?
0:43
Arrays in PHP
1:44
Keys and Values
2:15
Types of Arrays
3:37
Indexed Arrays & Associative Arrays
3:38
array() Construct
6:47
Declaring Arrays
6:48
Defining Indexed Array
7:00
Defining Associative Arrays
7:43
Square Bracket Syntax
8:50
Square Bracket Syntax
8:51
Accessing Indexed Arrays
9:02
Accessing Associative Arrays
9:56
Arrays Example
10:41
Indexed Arrays Example
10:45
Associative Arrays Example
13:55
Multi-Dimensional Arrays
18:28
Multi-Dimensional Arrays
18:29
Multi-Dimensional Arrays Example
18:51
Multi-Dimensional Arrays in PHP File
20:34
Coding Conventions: Arrays
27:59
Coding Conventions: Arrays
28:00
Homework Challenge #1
29:20
Homework Challenge #1
29:21
Homework Challenge #2
30:38
Homework Challenge #2
30:39
Web Application Development

27m 38s

Intro
0:00
Versions
0:14
Version 3.0
1:23
Version 3.1
8:08
Version 3.2
11:42
Version 3.3
20:27
Homework Challenge
26:31
Homework Challenge
26:32
Script Input & The GET Method

30m 18s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:15
Lesson Overview
0:16
Providing Input to PHP
0:39
GET Method, POST Method, and Cookies
0:40
Name/Value Pairs
1:22
GET Method
1:57
HTTP GET Method
1:58
Query String
2:52
GET Method Example
3:38
GET Method Example
3:39
Review of HTML Forms
8:16
HTML Forms
8:17
Input Control and Submitted Form
9:13
<form> Tag
10:07
<form> Tag
10:08
Method
10:34
Action
11:13
Input Control Examples
11:50
Input Control Examples
11:51
Common Input Controls
17:31
Common Input Controls
17:32
Query Strings
18:52
Query Strings
18:53
Query Strings Syntax
19:12
URL Encoding
20:01
URL Syntax
20:02
Examples
21:17
Simple Form Example
22:28
urlencode() Function
24:08
urlencode() Function
24:09
Example
25:03
urlEncoding Text Example
25:54
Simple Form Example
25:55
Homework Challenge
28:46
Homework Challenge
28:47
Accessing Form Data in PHP

32m 1s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:17
Lesson Overview
0:18
$_GET Array
0:48
$_GET Array
0:49
Accessing the Value of a Name/Value Pair Submitted Via GET
1:04
Name Form Example
2:54
Name Form and the $_GET Array
2:55
Using Arrays with Input Controls
6:34
Using Arrays with Input Controls
6:35
Common Example
6:47
Indexed Array Form Example
8:16
Indexed Array Form Example
8:17
Associative Arrays with Input Controls
10:14
Associative Arrays with Input Controls
10:15
Associative Arrays Example
11:41
Associative Arrays Example
11:42
Echo Form Example
15:18
Echo Form Example
15:19
Outputting Arrays In String
23:42
Variable Interpolation
23:43
Outputting a Value in an Indexed Array Within a String
24:12
Simple' Syntax, 'Complex' Syntax, and 'Curly Brace' Syntax
25:00
Outputting Arrays In String Example
26:25
Outputting Arrays In String Example
26:26
Homework Challenge
29:39
Homework Challenge
29:40
Web Application Development

20m 20s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:19
Lesson Overview
0:20
Version 3.3
0:38
Version 3.3
0:42
Version 4.0 Changelog
2:43
GET Query
2:45
Adding, Editing, and Removing
3:24
Version 4.0 Coding Example
3:55
item.php, itemID, and itemListing
4:00
Version 4.1 Changelog
10:36
Version 4.1 Changelog
10:37
Version 4.1 Coding Example
11:45
Adding Checkout and Thank You & Editing Footer and Store
11:46
Homework Challenge
18:45
Homework Challenge
18:46
Expression & Operators

31m 56s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:10
Lesson Overview
0:11
Expressions
0:41
Expressions Definition
0:42
Example: Literals
0:55
Example: Variables
1:05
Operators
1:44
Operators Definition
1:45
Unary, Binary, and Ternary Operators
2:07
Assignment Operators
2:52
Assignment Operators
2:53
Array Assignment Operator
3:47
Arithmetic Operators
6:15
Operators for Common Arithmetic Operations
6:16
Modulus Operator
7:41
Arithmetic Operators Example
8:25
Increment/Decrement Operators
10:48
Increment/Decrement Operators
10:49
Pre- and Post- Increment/Decrement
12:43
Coding Example
15:14
Combined Assignment Operators
16:44
Combined Assignment Operators
16:45
Combined Assignment Operators Examples
18:23
Coding Example
19:39
String Operators
20:28
Concatenation Operator, String Variables, and String Literals
20:29
String Operators Example
22:41
Precedence & Associativity
23:40
Precedence & Associativity
23:41
Expression Containing Multiple Operations
23:58
Expression Containing Two Operations of Equal Precedence
25:55
Using Parentheses to Force Precedence
26:52
Precedence & Associativity Review
28:57
Homework Challenge
31:08
Homework Challenge
31:09
Web Application Development

20m 51s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:15
Lesson Overview
0:16
Version 4.1 Review
0:33
Version 4.1 Review
0:34
Version 5.0 Changelog
1:05
Version 5.0 Changelog
1:06
Version 5.0 Example
2:19
Adding View Cart & Editing Checkout, Footer and Store
2:20
Version 5.1 Changelog
15:36
Version 5.1 Changelog
15:37
Version 5.1 Coding Example
17:33
Forwarding Order Total to Thank You Page
17:34
Homework Challenge
20:09
Homework Challenge
20:10
Boolean & Null Data Types

20m 11s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:12
Lesson Overview
0:13
Boolean Data Type
0:38
Boolean Data Type
0:39
Two Boolean Literals
1:24
Boolean Example
1:50
Boolean Example
1:51
Comparison Operators
4:00
Comparison Operators Definition
4:01
Common Comparison Operators
4:40
Comparison Operators Example
6:49
Comparison Operators (Cont.)
10:10
Identical and Not Identical
10:11
Example: Identical and Not Identical
11:24
Null Data Type
13:36
Null Data Type Definition
13:37
Null Literal
14:08
Variable and Null Data Type
14:30
'==' Operator
15:24
Null Data Type Example
15:59
Coding Convention
18:41
Coding Convention
18:42
Homework Challenge
19:17
Homework Challenge
19:18
Type Casting

22m 41s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:12
Lesson Overview
0:13
Type Juggling
0:54
Type Juggling
0:55
Automatic Conversion
2:23
Type Casting
3:53
Type Casting
3:54
Implicit and Explicit Type Casting
4:00
Explicitly 'cast' a Variable Example
4:16
Type Casting (cont.)
6:48
PHP Allows the Following Explicit Type Casts
6:49
The settype () Function
8:18
Type Casting Coding Example
9:00
Explicit Type Casts
9:01
String Conversions
14:52
String Conversions
15:05
Common Conversions to String
15:55
Numeric Conversions
18:18
Numeric Conversions
18:19
Boolean Conversions
20:29
Boolean Conversions
20:30
Homework Challenge
21:38
Homework Challenge
21:39
Introduction to Functions

52m 20s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:10
Lesson Overview
0:11
What are Functions?
0:51
Definition of Faction
0:52
PHP and Function Call
1:53
Function Calls
2:42
Function Calls
2:43
Function Arguments
3:17
Return Values
4:56
Return Values
4:57
Function Chaining
6:29
Function Chaining
6:30
PHP.net Function Reference
8:23
PHP.net & Function Prototypes
8:24
PHP.net Function Reference Example
9:29
Optional Function Arguments
12:28
Optional Function Arguments
12:29
String Functions
14:57
strtoupper() and strtolower()
14:58
implode (), str_replace(), explode(), strpos(), substr(), and strlen()
18:31
Array Functions
25:48
count()
25:49
in_array() and array_key_exists()
26:06
sort() and ksort()
26:37
Example: count() and in_array()
27:50
Example: array_key_exists()
29:53
Example: sort() and ksort()
31:20
Date & Time Functions
33:38
date() and time()
33:39
getdate()
34:49
mktime()
35:01
Date & Time Functions
35:12
Example: date() and time()
35:58
Example: getdate()
42:15
Example: mktime()
43:15
Homework Challenge #1
44:31
Homework Challenge #1
44:32
Homework Challenge #1 (Cont.)
45:28
Homework Challenge #1 (Cont.)
45:29
Homework Challenge #2
46:34
Homework Challenge #2
46:34
Homework Challenge #2 (Cont.)
48:06
Homework Challenge #2 (Cont.)
48:07
Homework Challenge #2 (Cont.)
49:17
Homework Challenge #2 (Cont.)
49:18
Homework Challenge #3
50:08
Homework Challenge #3
50:09
Constants

19m 24s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:09
Lesson Overview
0:10
Constants vs. Variables
0:55
Constants vs. Variables
0:56
Constant Identifiers
2:28
Constant Identifiers Definition and Examples
2:29
Declaring Constants
3:47
Two Ways of Declaring Constants
3:48
Syntaxes
4:10
Major Difference in the Two Forms
4:48
Using Constants Example
6:25
Using Constants Example
6:26
Coding Conventions
11:08
Constant Names
11:09
define () Function
11:42
Meaningful Names
12:00
$_SERVER Superglobal
12:23
$_SERVER
12:24
$_SERVER ['DOCUMENT_ROOT']
13:15
$_SERVER Superglobal Example
13:52
Homework Challenge
17:40
Homework Challenge
17:41
Web Application Development

26m 29s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:13
Lesson Overview
0:14
Version 6.0
1:13
Version 6.0 & Version 5.1 Review
1:14
Version 6.0 Changelog
11:24
Version 6.0 Changelog
11:25
Version 6.1 Changelog
12:00
Version 6.1 Changelog
12:01
Version 6.1 Coding Example
12:42
Version 6.1 Coding Example
12:43
Version 6.2 Changelog
15:18
Version 6.2 Changelog
15:19
Version 6.2 Coding Example
18:19
Version 6.2 Coding Example
18:20
Homework Challenge
25:24
Homework Challenge
25:25
Conditional Control Structures

18m 58s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:26
Lesson Overview
0:27
Statement Groups
0:57
Statement Groups
0:58
Example
1:10
Conditional Control Structures
1:38
Conditional Control Structures
1:39
PHP Control Structures
1:56
if Statement
2:32
if Statement
2:33
if Statement (cont.)
3:49
if Statement Coding Example
3:50
else Statement
7:26
else Statement
7:27
if/else Statement Coding Example
8:50
isset() Construct
9:59
isset() Construct
10:00
isset() Construct Coding Example
12:00
Coding Conventions
15:13
Coding Conventions
15:14
Coding Conventions (Cont.)
16:39
Coding Conventions (Cont.)
16:40
Homework Challenge
17:25
Homework Challenge
17:26
Error Handling

19m 8s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:09
Lesson Overview
0:10
Error Handling in PHP
0:41
Error Handling in PHP
0:42
Coding Example
1:45
error_reporting() Function
7:02
error_reporting() Function
7:03
Coding Example
8:04
Additional Error Directives
9:02
display_errors
9:13
log_errors
9:37
error_log
9:50
track_errors
10:12
Coding Examples
10:29
Error Control Operator
13:38
Error Control Operator & Coding Example
13:39
Homework Challenge
16:19
Homework Challenge
16:20
Homework Challenge (cont.)
17:58
Homework Challenge (cont.)
17:59
Logical & Ternary Operators

23m 22s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:17
Lesson Overview
0:18
Logical Operators
0:49
Logical Operators Definition
0:50
NOT (!)
1:08
OR ( ||, or)
1:35
AND (&&, and)
2:08
XOR (xor)
2:30
Logical Operators (cont.)
2:54
The OR and AND Logical Operators
2:55
Precedence of Logical Operators
3:35
Logical Operators Coding Example
3:58
Logical Operators Coding Example
3:59
Short-Circuit Operators
9:54
Short-Circuit Operators
9:55
Coding Example
10:49
Ternary Operator
14:07
Ternary Operator
14:08
Syntax and Example
14:24
Coding Conventions
17:36
Coding Conventions
17:37
Homework Challenge
19:08
Homework Challenge
19:09
Homework Challenge (cont.)
20:26
Homework Challenge (cont.)
20:27
Web Application Development

19m 27s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:12
Lesson Overview
0:13
Version 6.2 Review
0:26
Version 6.2 Review
0:27
Version 7.0 Changelog
2:39
Version 7.0 Changelog
2:40
Version 7.0 Coding Example
4:35
Version 7.0 Coding Example
4:36
Version 7.1 Changelog
12:43
Version 7.1 Changelog
12:44
Version 7.1 Coding Example
13:52
Version 7.1 Coding Example
13:53
Homework Challenge
17:42
Homework Challenge
17:43
More Conditional Control Structure

20m 49s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:13
Lesson Overview
0:14
elseif Statement
0:45
elseif Statement
0:46
elseif Statement Coding Example
1:22
Multiple elseif Statements
2:16
Multiple elseif Statements
2:17
Multiple elseif Statements Coding Example
3:07
Adding an else Statement
5:44
Adding an else Statement Overview
5:45
Adding an else Statement Coding Example
6:50
switch() Statement
8:07
switch() Statement
8:08
switch() Statement (Cont.)
9:14
switch() Statement (Cont.)
9:15
switch() Statement Coding Example
11:09
default Case
14:20
default Case
14:21
default Case Coding Example
15:13
Coding Conventions
15:57
Coding Conventions
15:58
Coding Conventions (cont.)
17:10
Coding Conventions (cont.)
17:11
Homework Challenge
18:06
Homework Challenge
18:07
Homework Challenge (cont.)
19:18
Homework Challenge (cont.)
19:19
Nested Conditional Control Structures

24m 49s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:10
Lesson Overview
0:11
Nested Control Structures
0:36
Nested Control Structures
0:37
Nested Control Structures Coding Example
2:08
Coding Conventions
6:34
Nested vs. Not Nested Control Structures
6:35
Debugging Control Structures
7:51
Debugging Control Structures
7:52
Incorrectly Specified Test Conditions and Forgetting a Break Statement
8:32
Incorrectly Placing an Opening or Closing Curly Brace
12:14
Debugging Tips
16:24
Tracing the Execution of Your Code
16:25
Adding Echo Statement
17:15
Homework Challenge
21:41
Homework Challenge
21:42
Homework Challenge (cont.)
23:08
Homework Challenge (cont.)
23:09
Web Application Development

28m 20s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:13
Lesson Overview
0:14
Version 7.1 Review
0:46
Version 7.1 Review
0:47
empty () Construct
1:38
empty () Construct
1:39
empty () Construct Coding Example
2:37
Version 8.0
5:32
Version 8.0 Overview
5:33
Version 8.0 Coding Example
7:08
Version 8.0 Coding Example
7:09
Version 8.1
16:13
Version 8.1 Overview
16:14
Version 8.1 Coding Example
19:48
Version 8.1 Coding Example
19:49
Homework Challenge
26:19
Homework Challenge
26:20
Sending Email Using PHP

43m 50s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:14
Lesson Overview
0:15
Built-in Mail Extension
1:28
Built-in Mail Extension
1:29
SMTP Overview
2:04
SMTP Overview
2:05
SMTP - Windows
3:08
SMTP - Windows
3:09
SMTP - Linux/UNIX
4:58
SMTP - Linux/UNIX
4:59
Mail Configuration Directives
6:35
Mail Configuration Directives
6:36
Coding Example
7:48
Mail Server Authentication
10:20
Mail Server Authentication
10:21
fake sendmail Program
12:27
fake sendmail for Windows
12:28
Main 'add-on' feature
13:03
Username & Password
13:25
SMTP - XAMPP for Windows
14:07
SMTP - XAMPP for Windows
14:08
Sendmail Example
16:19
Sendmail Example
16:20
mail() Function
18:39
mail() Function
18:40
additional_headers
19:45
'From' Header
20:12
mail() Function Coding Example
21:09
mail() Function Coding Example
21:40
Web Application Development
31:43
Version 9.0 Changelog
31:44
ContactUs.php
32:52
ContactUs.php
32:53
contactInfo
33:45
Version 9.0 Coding Example
34:31
Version 9.0 Coding Example
34:32
Homework Challenge
41:32
Homework Challenge
41:33
User-Defined Functions

56m

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:16
Lesson Overview
0:17
Defining Functions
1:29
Four Parts of Defining a Function
1:30
Functions Example 1
2:29
Function Parameters
5:29
Function Parameters
5:30
Functions Example 2
8:20
Return Statements
12:53
Return Statements
12:54
Functions Example 3
14:20
Where to Define Functions
20:34
Where to Define Functions
20:35
include_once Construct
22:10
include_once Construct
22:11
include_once Coding Example
23:55
Reasons to Use Functions
27:44
Take Advantage of Code Reuse
27:45
Improve Code Readability
29:56
Use Instead of 'content' Include Files
32:12
Web Application Development
34:42
Version 10.0 Changelog
34:43
Version 10.0 Coding Example
37:55
Version 10.0 Coding Example
37:56
Outputting HTML in Functions
47:04
Outputting HTML in Functions
47:05
Example
49:02
Coding Conventions
53:16
Coding Conventions
53:17
Homework Challenge
54:33
Homework Challenge
54:34
Variable Scope

31m 37s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:09
Lesson Overview
0:10
What is Variable Scope?
0:57
Variable Scope
0:58
Global Scope
1:15
Local Function Scope
1:50
Variable Scope Coding Example
2:26
Variable Scope Coding Example
2:27
global Keyword
8:52
global Keyword Overview
8:53
global Keyword Example
9:25
Superglobals
12:34
Superglobals
12:35
Superglobals Example
14:53
Pitfalls of Global Variables
18:34
Pitfalls of Global Variables
18:35
When to Define Variables
22:09
When to Define Variables
22:10
Putting It All Together
22:56
Putting It All Together Example
22:57
Function Scope
28:56
Function Scope
28:57
Homework Challenge
29:41
Homework Challenge
29:42
Homework Challenge (cont.)
30:59
Homework Challenge (cont.)
31:00
Web Application Development

28m 27s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:12
Lesson Overview
0:13
Version 11.0 Changelog
0:56
Version 11.0 Changelog
0:57
processGetVar()
1:42
processGetVar() Overview
1:43
processGetVar() Example
2:25
emailComments()
6:35
emailComments() Overview
6:36
emailComments() Example
7:14
outputItemLink()
11:19
outputItemLink() Overview
11:20
outputItemLink() Example
11:45
calcCartTotal()
19:25
calcCartTotal() Overview
19:26
calcCartTotal() Example
21:14
Homework Challenge
25:56
Homework Challenge
25:57
Optional Parameters

19m 35s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:10
Lesson Overview
0:11
Optional Parameters
0:26
Optional Parameters Definition
0:27
Default Values
0:53
Optional Parameters Coding Example
3:26
More on Optional Parameters
6:55
Multiple Optional Parameters
6:56
Coding Example
8:05
Homework Challenge
16:18
Homework Challenge
16:19
Web Application Development

23m 7s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:13
Lesson Overview
0:14
Version 12.0 Changelog
0:55
Version 12.0 Changelog
0:56
Update to outputLink()
1:44
Update to outputLink()
1:45
outputLink() Coding Example
2:40
outputImg()
13:57
outputImg() Overview
13:58
outputImg() Coding Example
15:35
Homework Challenge
22:05
Homework Challenge
22:06
Introduction to Conditional Loops

57m 20s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:08
Lesson Overview
0:09
while Loop
0:48
Definition
0:49
Syntax and Usage
1:12
Coding Example
3:33
Looping Over Arrays
13:16
Looping Over Arrays
13:17
Coding Example
13:53
Looping Over Arrays (cont.)
16:43
Internal Array Pointer
16:44
Array Traversal Functions
17:29
current ()
17:30
next () and prev ()
18:16
reset () and end ()
19:25
key ()
19:40
Indexed Arrays: Using current () and next ()
20:40
Indexed Arrays: Using current () and next ()
20:41
Associative Arrays: Using key (), current (), and next ()
24:06
Associative Arrays: Using key (), current (), and next ()
24:07
Array Traversal Functions (cont.)
29:41
list () Construct and Example
30:07
each () Construct and Example
34:40
Lopping Over Arrays Using list(), each()
42:13
Lopping Over Arrays Using list(), each()
42:14
Control Structure Scope
50:37
Definition and Example
50:38
Control Structure Scope Coding Example
51:59
Coding Conventions
54:20
Coding Conventions
54:21
Homework Challenge
54:58
Homework Challenge
54:49
More on Conditional Loops

35m 50s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:08
Lesson Overview
0:09
do-while Loop
0:42
do-while Loop
0:43
Simple do-while Loop Example
1:51
Another do-while Loop Example
4:09
continue Statement
10:46
continue Statement
10:47
For Example
11:07
continue Statement Coding Example
12:44
break Statement Re-Visited
18:10
break Statement Re-Visited
18:11
break Statement In while Loops Example
19:38
Infinite Loops
23:26
Infinite Loops
23:27
Coding Example
24:57
Common Loop Pitfalls
25:59
Counter Initialization Occurs in Loop
26:30
Counter Not Incremented in Loop
29:30
Unreachable Break Statement
30:50
Coding Conventions
33:48
Do-while Statements Coding Conventions
33:49
Homework Challenge
34:28
Homework Challenge
34:29
Web Application Development

22m 7s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:10
Lesson Overview
0:11
Version 13.0 Changelog
0:48
Updating 'viewCart.php' and calcCartTotal()
0:49
Creating isValidCart()
9:22
Adding Three New Item to the Store & Links
15:56
Version 13.1 Changelog
17:20
Updating outputItemLink() to Remove Its Global Dependency on $itemCatalog
17:21
Homework Challenge
20:34
Homework Challenge
20:35
For & Foreach Loops

29m 28s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:11
Lesson Overview
0:12
for Loops
0:45
for Loops
0:46
Expression 1
1:22
Expression 2
1:47
Expression 3
2:01
Simple Example
2:27
Simple Example
2:28
Notes on for Loops
8:56
Notes on for Loops
8:57
Ending Loop Using Test Condition and Break Statement
10:06
Ending Loop Using Test Condition and Break Statement
10:07
foreach Loops
12:03
foreach Loops
12:04
Indexed Array Syntax
14:10
Syntax
14:11
Example
15:23
Associative Array Syntax
18:31
Syntax
18:32
Example
19:47
Coding Conventions
25:05
for Loops
25:06
foreach Loops
25:58
Homework Challenge
26:52
Homework Challenge
26:53
Web Application Development

25m 58s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:12
Lesson Overview
0:13
Version 14.0 Changelog
1:19
Version 14.0 Changelog
1:20
Version 14.0 Coding Example
1:57
Version 14.0 Coding Example
1:59
Version 14.1 Changelog
5:39
Version 14.1 Changelog
5:40
Version 14.1 Coding Example
7:06
Version 14.1 Coding Example
7:07
Version 14.2 Changelog
15:37
Version 14.2 Changelog
15:38
Version 14.2 Coding Example
16:25
Version 14.2 Coding Example
16:26
Homework Challenge
23:35
Homework Challenge
23:36
Conditional Loop Wrap-Up

23m 12s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:09
Lesson Overview
0:10
Nested Conditional Loops
0:39
Nested Conditional Loops
0:40
Coding Example
1:10
continue & break Re-Visited
5:17
Continue Statements and Coding Example
5:30
Break Statements and Coding Example
11:34
Loop Debugging Tips
15:16
Add Short Debug Statement At the Very Beginning
15:17
Output a Counter Variable
18:10
Add Debug Statement At the Very End
19:20
Homework Challenge
20:20
Homework Challenge
20:21
Homework Challenge (cont.)
22:00
Homework Challenge (cont.)
22:01
Variable-Length Parameter Lists

22m 16s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:09
Lesson Overview
0:10
Variable-Length Parameter Lists
0:34
Variable-Length Parameter Lists
0:35
Coding Example
1:51
Variable-Length Parameter Lists (cont.)
5:21
When a Parameter List is Defined For the Functions
5:22
Coding Example
6:32
Variable Type Functions
9:54
is_int (), is_float (), is_string (), and is_bool()
9:55
is_ array ()
10:50
is_null ()
11:01
Variable Type Functions Coding Example 1
11:27
is_numeric() and Example
15:57
Variable Type Functions Coding Example 2
17:12
Homework Challenge
19:35
Homework Challenge
19:36
Homework Challenge (cont.)
20:52
Homework Challenge (cont.)
20:53
Web Application Development

38m 36s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:10
Lesson Overview
0:11
Version 15.0 Changelog
0:33
outputLink (), outputImg (), is_array () and is_string ()
0:34
Version 15.0 Coding Example
1:31
Version 15.0 Coding Example
1:32
Version 15.1 Changelog
7:55
Removing Redundant Code and Adding New Function Called outputHtmlTag ()
7:56
Version 15.1 Coding Example
8:37
Version 15.1 Coding Example
8:38
Version 16.0 Changelog
14:55
Creating emailOrder() Using New Constants ORDER_EMAIL_FROM and ORDER_EMAIL_SUBJECT
14:56
Version 16.0 Coding Example
16:30
Version 16.0 Coding Example
16:31
Version 16.1 Changelog
32:21
Creating formatAsDollars ()
32:22
Version 16.1 Coding Example
32:57
Version 16.1 Coding Example
32:58
Homework Challenge
36:27
Homework Challenge
36:28
Miscellaneous Topics

31m 49s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:10
Lesson Overview
0:11
register_globals Directive
0:58
register_globals
0:59
Coding Example
2:04
$_GET vs. $HTTP_GET_VARS
4:07
$_GET vs. $HTTP_GET_VARS
4:08
register_long_arrays Directive Coding Example
5:44
Magic Constants
7:30
Magic Constants
7:31
__LINE__, __FILE__, __FIR__, and __FUNCTION__
8:16
Coding Example
9:06
exist() & die()
13:19
exist() & die()
13:20
Coding Example
14:08
Execution Operator
16:23
Execution Operator
16:24
Coding Example
17:27
Array Operators
18:23
Equality (==) and Inequality (!=, <>)
18:43
Identity (===) and Non-Identity (!==)
19:13
Union (+) Operator
19:41
Array Operators Coding Example
20:07
Variable Variables
24:13
Variable Variables
24:14
Coding Example
26:07
Variable Functions
28:02
Variable Functions
28:03
Coding Example
29:13
Loading...
This is a quick preview of the lesson. For full access, please Log In or Sign up.
For more information, please see full course syllabus of Introduction to PHP
Bookmark & Share Embed

Share this knowledge with your friends!

Copy & Paste this embed code into your website’s HTML

Please ensure that your website editor is in text mode when you paste the code.
(In Wordpress, the mode button is on the top right corner.)
  ×
  • - Allow users to view the embedded video in full-size.
Since this lesson is not free, only the preview will appear on your website.
  • Discussion

  • Study Guides

  • Download Lecture Slides

  • Table of Contents

  • Transcription

  • Related Services

Start Learning Now

Our free lessons will get you started (Adobe Flash® required).
Get immediate access to our entire library.

Sign up for Educator.com

Membership Overview

  • Unlimited access to our entire library of courses.
  • Search and jump to exactly what you want to learn.
  • *Ask questions and get answers from the community and our teachers!
  • Practice questions with step-by-step solutions.
  • Download lesson files for programming and software training practice.
  • Track your course viewing progress.
  • Download lecture slides for taking notes.
  • Learn at your own pace... anytime, anywhere!

Boolean & Null Data Types

  • The boolean data type is a scalar data type used to represent a truth value: either true or false.
  • There are only two boolean literals: the special keywords TRUE and FALSE .
  • Comparison operators are binary operators used to compare two expressions. The result of a comparison operation is a boolean value.
  • There are several comparison operators:
    • Equal: (==)
    • Not Equal: (!=)
    • Greater Than: (>)
    • Less Than: (<)
    • Greater Than or Equal to: (>=)
    • Less Than or Equal to: (<=)
    • Identical: (===)
    • Not Identical: (!==)
  • The identical and not identical operators compare BOTH the value and data type of their operands. All of the the operators compare their operands based on value only.
  • The null data type is a special data type that is used for variables that have no data value assigned to them.
  • There is one null literal, which is the special keyword NULL .
  • A variable can only be of the null data type if it has been specifically assigned the literal NULL , or if:
    • the variable has not yet been assigned a value, or
    • if the variable has been ‘unset’ using the unset() construct
  • Additional Resources:

Boolean & Null Data Types

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  • Intro 0:00
  • Lesson Overview 0:12
    • Lesson Overview
  • Boolean Data Type 0:38
    • Boolean Data Type
    • Two Boolean Literals
  • Boolean Example 1:50
    • Boolean Example
  • Comparison Operators 4:00
    • Comparison Operators Definition
    • Common Comparison Operators
    • Comparison Operators Example
  • Comparison Operators (Cont.) 10:10
    • Identical and Not Identical
    • Example: Identical and Not Identical
  • Null Data Type 13:36
    • Null Data Type Definition
    • Null Literal
    • Variable and Null Data Type
    • '==' Operator
    • Null Data Type Example
  • Coding Convention 18:41
    • Coding Convention
  • Homework Challenge 19:17
    • Homework Challenge

Transcription: Boolean & Null Data Types

Hello, and welcome back to Educator.com's Introduction to PHP course.0000

In today's lesson, we are going to be talking about two new data types0004

that we haven't talked about before, the boolean data type and the null data type.0007

As part of talking about the boolean data type and the null data type, we are also going to go over what are known as comparison operators.0014

We are going to be introducing a new class of operators; previously, we have worked with arithmetic operators0021

and the concatenation operator; we had introduced those a few lessons ago.0026

We are going to learn a few more operators today, and then we are also going to briefly talk about0030

coding conventions, as it relates to these two data types.0034

What is a boolean data type? Well, a boolean data type is one of the four scalar data types in PHP.0040

We have worked with three of them already: the integer, the float, and the string.0046

The boolean is the fourth scalar data type, which is a data type for representing single values.0050

A boolean is used to represent a truth value, meaning it's either true or false--it's one or the other.0057

Booleans, or bools, as they are commonly referred to,0063

are used extensively throughout our code, and we are going to be using them, from this lesson onward, all the time.0068

They are the output of comparison operations; I mentioned a minute ago, we are going to be learning about the comparison operators in this lesson.0073

They are also the output of many functions, and so we are going to be dealing with these boolean values all the time.0080

In PHP, there are two boolean literals that you can assign to a boolean variable, and they are the special key words true and false.0086

True and false are treated in a case-insensitive manner by PHP, so you can do them in any case that you want to.0098

But typically, the convention is to do them either all uppercase or all lowercase, like this.0105

Let's take a look at a sample PHP file called booleans.php that demonstrates the use of boolean variables.0111

The first thing we are going to do is do a var_dump function on both of the boolean literals: the boolean literal true and the boolean literal false.0122

That is going to show you 1) how to specify the boolean literals (which is--you just write them in the code in all capital or lowercase letters--0131

just as is, and the PHP Interpreter knows to interpret them and knows they are not strings or anything like that--they are special,0141

reserved words), and var_dump, as we know--it outputs the type and the value of whatever piece of data is passed to it.0147

So, when we var_dump on the true value and the false value, we should see that it's a boolean, and we should see that they're equal to true and false.0156

So, if we go and load this page up (we can't go to this part down here--we haven't gotten there yet), you can see,0165

the true literal is...and that literal is a bool data type, as we expected, and its value is true, as expected.0172

At the same time, the false literal is interpreted as a boolean, and it's the false value, just as expected.0178

Now, you can also (as we are going to be commonly doing) assign boolean literals to variables.0188

And then, you can assign a variable that has a boolean value to another variable.0194

For example, here we have three variables we have created.0199

One is called testBool1; we set it to the boolean literal value true.0203

We have testBool2, which we set to the boolean literal value false.0208

And then, we have created one called assignBool, where we have just done an assignment operation,0212

which is saying "Assign the value of testBool1 to assignBool," so it's going to be true.0217

And then, we just use the var_dump function on all of these different variables.0223

And if we go and look at the output, you can see, testBool1 is a boolean data type; it's true.0228

testBool2 is a boolean data type--it is false; and assignBool is a boolean data type of value true.0233

So, comparison operators: what are they?0243

Well, as the name implies, they are used for comparing two different data values.0247

They are binary operators, and because they are binary operators, as we know with binary operators, they operate on two expressions.0252

And as an operator, it takes expressions as input, and it generates expressions as output.0260

The output of a comparison operation is a boolean value, and what it does is compares the values.0266

Depending on the different comparison operators we are going to talk about, if the comparison is valid, it outputs true; if it's not, it outputs false.0273

Now, PHP has several common comparison operators: there is the equal operator, which is two equal signs, not one.0281

The single equal sign, as mentioned down here, is the assignment operator, which you have worked at before.0289

The equal comparison operator, which compares the value of two variables, is not the same.0295

It is two equal signs: and that is sometimes a common problem with new programmers to PHP--getting mixed up with using one equal sign versus two.0300

One equal sign is an assignment operator; two equal signs is the equal comparison operator.0311

I'm going to see what that looks like in code in a minute, and what that is for doing is to compare if the two operands of that operator are equal or not.0317

There is also the not equal operator, which is an exclamation point, followed by an equal sign.0326

There is an optional convention to also use the less than and greater than symbols.0333

It is not as commonly used, and in this course we are going to be using this one exclusively.0339

What the not equal operator does is compares the two operands that it is given.0343

If they are not equal, it outputs true; if they are equal, it outputs false.0348

Then we have the greater than and less than comparison operators, and what those do is:0353

they return true, for example, if the operand on the left is greater than the one on the right--it returns true; if it's not, it returns false.0358

And then, there are two other versions of each of those--the greater than or equal to or less than or equal to,0367

which does the same sort of comparison, but allows the value to be equal, as well.0373

So, you could say "2 is greater than or equal to 2"; the answer would be true, because it's not greater than, but it's equal to 2.0378

And the greater than or equal to operator looks like this, and the less than or equal to operator looks like that.0386

If you remember, back from math, this is how it used to be written--greater than or equal to, and then the less than or equal to is written like this.0394

And so, the equivalents of these are these operators here.0404

Let's take a look at...we have some code here that demonstrates all of the different operators.0410

I have gone through and...all of the different operators we have just mentioned--shown some different examples of how they work.0418

And rather than looking at the code, we will look at what the output of it looks like.0425

Here we see the output of some comparison operations.0433

The equal operation--the way it works is: you have one operand--one value; you have the equal comparison operator; and then you have the other operand.0437

What it does is: it compares those two values; if they are equal, it returns true.0452

It says, in this case, 1 is equal to 1--that is true; 1 is equal to 2--that is not equal, so it returns false.0456

You can do it the same for all the different data types; so for the float--for example, 1.0--is that equal to 1.0? True.0465

But 1.0 is not equal to 2.0.0472

So, as you can see from these comparison operations, they make a comparison, and then they output a boolean value as a result.0475

You can see some string comparisons here.0482

One thing you can note is that the comparison operation for strings is case-sensitive.0485

So, here we have hello; we are comparing it to the other string, hello, and that is going to return true, because they are the same.0490

But down here, we have hello that is in all lowercase, and then we have Hello with the first letter capitalized.0498

And as you can see, that is going to return the value of false; the string has to be exactly the same, character-for-character.0504

You can also compare boolean values; so in this case, we are comparing the boolean literals we have just learned about.0511

Is true equal to true? Yes, so the result of that comparison is true.0517

Is true equal to false? No; the output is false.0521

Now, the not equal operator is just the opposite of the equal operator.0524

If the two values it is comparing are not equal, it returns true; if they are equal, it returns false.0528

So basically, all of the examples that we had up here--in the not equal operator, they have the opposite result.0533

And you can see, if you look down, every result is the opposite one.0540

For example, true is not equal to true--that is false; they are not equal.0543

1.0 is not equal to 1.0--that is false, because they are equal.0547

Now let's move on to the greater than or greater than or equal to comparison operators.0553

We can see how they work: basically, it's an operand, and the operator, and the right operand.0560

And 2 is greater than 1 is true; 2 is greater than 3 is false;0566

and because this is not a greater than or equal to operator, 2>2 is also going to return false, because it is not greater than 2.0571

Down here, we have done these same examples, but we have used the greater than or equal to operator.0578

So, 2 is greater than or equal to 1 is still going to return true; 2 is greater than or equal to 3 is going to return false.0582

But 2 is greater than or equal to 2 is going to return true, and that is because of the additional constraint of it being equal.0588

And then, the same thing applies down here for the less than or equal to.0597

The same exact operations, but just in reverse--it's a less than or a less than or equal to operation.0601

Now, PHP also has two other comparison operators, known as the identical and not identical operator.0611

All the other comparison operators we had talked about compare the values of the two operands.0620

It compares the value on the left to the value on the right, and if they're the same, it outputs true or false, depending on what the comparison is.0624

The identical ones are similar to the equal and not equal operator, except not only do they compare the values of the two operands,0632

but they also compare their data types.0639

So, not only do the values have to be the same--they have to be, for example the number 1;0641

for 1 to be equal to 1, they both have to be the same number, but they also need to be the same type.0646

So, a 1 that is represented as an integer and the number 1 that is represented as a float are not going to be the same.0650

Not identical is the opposite of that...0659

Well, first of all, identical is represented by three equal signs; that is the identical comparison operator.0664

The not identical comparison operator is an exclamation point, followed by two equal signs.0669

And basically, what the not identical one does is: it compares the two values and, if they are not identical,0675

meaning if they are not the same value and they are not the same type, it is going to return false.0680

For example, down here we have a variable a, and we are setting it equal to 1, the numeric value 1.0686

We have a float that also is the number 1 (so numerically, they are equal).0693

So, if we come down here to this first comparison, and we use just the regular equal comparison operator from before,0698

that just evaluates the numbers based on their values.0706

Since they both have the same numeric value, 1, this is going to return true.0709

However, if we use the identical operator, which is three equal signs, it is going to return false, because,0715

even though they have the same numeric value, they have different data types.0722

Here, they were both a value of 1 numerically, but one was an integer and one was a float.0728

Let's look at some examples of that, as well.0734

On the same script, we have the identical and non-identical operators down here.0737

As you can see from before, the integer 1, testing whether it's equal to 1.0--it returns true, because they are both numerically 1.0743

The values are both the same.0751

Here, we use the identical operator; it compares 1--is it identical to 1?0753

The answer is true, because they are both integers, and they are both equal to a value of 1.0757

Down here, we compare the integer 1 to the float 1.0, and as we mentioned, that is going to return false0762

because, even though they have the same numeric value, they are of different data types.0769

And not identical works in the opposite way.0774

So, for example, we have the not equal operator--1 is not equal to 1; that is false, because their values are the same.0777

And we could say 1 is not equal to 1.0, and that will return false, because the numeric values are the same, so they are equal, so not equal returns false.0785

However, if we do 1 is not identical to 1.0, it is going to return true,0794

because in order for that to return false, they have to have the same value and be of the same data type.0799

In this case, they have the same value, but they are not the same data type, so they are not identical; it is going to return true.0809

Now, we are going to talk about the null data type; and null is a special data type--it doesn't fall into the scalar or composite data type categories.0818

And basically, what the null data type is used for, is for variables that have no value.0825

Now, a variable always has to have a data type to be used, whether it's an integer, a float, an array...we just learned about the boolean...0830

But if there is no value assigned to a variable, the absence of a value is considered its own data type.0839

That data type is null, which is the absence of a value.0845

There is one null literal to assign; if you want to assign a value, make a variable equal to null, or of the null data type.0850

You assign it the special key word null; and again, like true and false, this is case-insensitive, how it is interpreted by PHP.0859

And the convention, again, is to use either all uppercase or all lowercase letters.0868

And so, the way you can have a variable be equal to null (meaning it has no data type) is: you can specifically assign it the literal value null.0872

Or, two other options: you can create the variable and not assign a value to it...0882

For example, you could just have a statement that is a followed by a semicolon; assuming we have never declared a before in our script,0888

a is going to have the value of null, because you haven't set a value to it.0898

The other thing is: if we have a variable that has already had a value, and we want to make it null--we want to have it so it has no value--0901

we can use the unset construct, which looks like this.0907

And what you do is: you pass the variable that you want to set to null into it, and then, that variable is now no longer set, and it's equal to null.0912

Now that we have learned about comparison operators, we can make use of the equality operator.0925

A common operation is to compare variables to null; that is like, say, we have a variable num1,0930

and we want to see whether it is associated with a number yet--if it has been initialized.0937

We can say "num1--is it equal to null?" using the equal to operator.0941

If it is equal to null, that is going to return true, and if it's not, it is going to return false.0951

And so, that is a common comparison we are going to do.0956

Let's take a look at a script that does that.0958

We have a script called null.php, and here we have three different variables.0963

We have a variable called val1, and here we explicitly set it to NULL--the NULL literal--an all-capitalized version, which we are going to use in this course.0971

And that means that val1 is a null data type; it has no value associated with it.0979

The other thing that we can do to get a variable to be a null data type is just declare it, but not initialize it.0986

So, here we have declared val2, a new variable that hasn't been used in the script before.0992

But we didn't assign it a value; therefore, its value is null.0997

The other thing that we can do to give a variable the null data type is to unset it.1000

Here, we have a variable, val3, that had a value (1), and now we want to unset it so it can't be used, and set it equal to null.1007

We pass it to this unset construct, and simply...the way you do this: you write unset, and then,1015

in between parentheses, you put the name of the variable.1019

So, after having done all three of these declarations and this unset, we can compare each of these variables to null,1022

to see if they actually are null, as we expect them to be.1032

So, down here, there are three separate operations; we are starting to use the comparison operator already.1036

We are saying, "Is val1 equal to the null literal?" meaning "is it equal to null?"1042

And because this is a comparison operation, it returns true or false.1048

So, if it is equal to null, it's going to return true; and if it's not equal to null, it's going to return false.1051

Because we just explained that these three ways are how you set a variable to null, we expect all of these to be equal to true.1055

And if we go and load the page, which is going to output these three boolean variables that we have (isNull1, isNull2, and isNull3),1064

we can see that, when we explicitly set something to null, that one equals null.1078

We said, "Is null equal to the result of comparing val1 to null?"--we see that isNull1 is true, because this value is equal to null.1083

Now, we have the val2 variable, which had been declared but not initialized.1094

We tested if that is equal to null, and the output of that is that it is true--it is equal to null.1098

And then, the third way to set something to null is to use the unset function for a variable that has previously been initialized.1105

And so, we had val3 that had the value of 1; now, we unset it, and when we compare val3 to null, we get that the result is true.1111

Really quickly, I just want to mention the coding conventions that we use in this course.1123

For both the boolean literals and the null literal, we are always going to use the all-uppercase versions of these.1128

These are the two boolean ones, and that is what we are going to use for null.1133

That is probably the most common convention out there.1138

Additionally, we had mentioned that the not equal operator has another version, which is this less than, greater than operator.1141

In this course, we are always going to use the exclamation point, equal version of that operator; that is the more common one used.1148

For homework, I just want to have you go over the comparisonOperations.php page1159

and make sure you understand how all the comparisons work--the greater than or equal to, the greater than,1165

equal, not equal, and so forth, as well as the identical ones, to make sure you understand the subtle difference between1169

the equal operator and the identical operator, and also between the not equal operator and the not identical operator.1176

That is in comparisonOperators.php, which is one of the scripts we just learned.1183

And also, I'll have you review null.php, the script that we just looked at, and the slide on the null data type,1188

to make sure you understand the concept of null, which is the absence of a value,1194

and to see the three different ways in which a variable can end up with the value null, or with the data type null.1199

That ends today's lesson; thank you for watching Educator.com--I look forward to seeing you at the next lesson.1206

Educator®

Please sign in to participate in this lecture discussion.

Resetting Your Password?
OR

Start Learning Now

Our free lessons will get you started (Adobe Flash® required).
Get immediate access to our entire library.

Membership Overview

  • Available 24/7. Unlimited Access to Our Entire Library.
  • Search and jump to exactly what you want to learn.
  • *Ask questions and get answers from the community and our teachers!
  • Practice questions with step-by-step solutions.
  • Download lecture slides for taking notes.
  • Track your course viewing progress.
  • Accessible anytime, anywhere with our Android and iOS apps.