Vincent Selhorst-Jones

Vincent Selhorst-Jones

Frames of Reference

Slide Duration:

Table of Contents

Section 1: Motion
Math Review

16m 49s

Intro
0:00
The Metric System
0:26
Distance, Mass, Volume, and Time
0:27
Scientific Notation
1:40
Examples: 47,000,000,000 and 0.00000002
1:41
Significant Figures
3:18
Significant Figures Overview
3:19
Properties of Significant Figures
4:04
How Significant Figures Interact
7:00
Trigonometry Review
8:57
Pythagorean Theorem, sine, cosine, and tangent
8:58
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
9:48
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
9:49
Vectors
10:44
Vectors
10:45
Scalars
12:10
Scalars
12:11
Breaking a Vector into Components
13:17
Breaking a Vector into Components
13:18
Length of a Vector
13:58
Length of a Vector
13:59
Relationship Between Length, Angle, and Coordinates
14:45
One Dimensional Kinematics

26m 2s

Intro
0:00
Position
0:06
Definition and Example of Position
0:07
Distance
1:11
Definition and Example of Distance
1:12
Displacement
1:34
Definition and Example of Displacement
1:35
Comparison
2:45
Distance vs. Displacement
2:46
Notation
2:54
Notation for Location, Distance, and Displacement
2:55
Speed
3:32
Definition and Formula for Speed
3:33
Example: Speed
3:51
Velocity
4:23
Definition and Formula for Velocity
4:24
∆ - Greek: 'Delta'
5:01
∆ or 'Change In'
5:02
Acceleration
6:02
Definition and Formula for Acceleration
6:03
Example: Acceleration
6:38
Gravity
7:31
Gravity
7:32
Formulas
8:44
Kinematics Formula 1
8:45
Kinematics Formula 2
9:32
Definitional Formulas
14:00
Example 1: Speed of a Rock Being Thrown
14:12
Example 2: How Long Does It Take for the Rock to Hit the Ground?
15:37
Example 3: Acceleration of a Biker
21:09
Example 4: Velocity and Displacement of a UFO
22:43
Multi-Dimensional Kinematics

29m 59s

Intro
0:00
What's Different About Multiple Dimensions?
0:07
Scalars and Vectors
0:08
A Note on Vectors
2:12
Indicating Vectors
2:13
Position
3:03
Position
3:04
Distance and Displacement
3:35
Distance and Displacement: Definitions
3:36
Distance and Displacement: Example
4:39
Speed and Velocity
8:57
Speed and Velocity: Definition & Formulas
8:58
Speed and Velocity: Example
10:06
Speed from Velocity
12:01
Speed from Velocity
12:02
Acceleration
14:09
Acceleration
14:10
Gravity
14:26
Gravity
14:27
Formulas
15:11
Formulas with Vectors
15:12
Example 1: Average Acceleration
16:57
Example 2A: Initial Velocity
19:14
Example 2B: How Long Does It Take for the Ball to Hit the Ground?
21:35
Example 2C: Displacement
26:46
Frames of Reference

18m 36s

Intro
0:00
Fundamental Example
0:25
Fundamental Example Part 1
0:26
Fundamental Example Part 2
1:20
General Case
2:36
Particle P and Two Observers A and B
2:37
Speed of P from A's Frame of Reference
3:05
What About Acceleration?
3:22
Acceleration Shows the Change in Velocity
3:23
Acceleration when Velocity is Constant
3:48
Multi-Dimensional Case
4:35
Multi-Dimensional Case
4:36
Some Notes
5:04
Choosing the Frame of Reference
5:05
Example 1: What Velocity does the Ball have from the Frame of Reference of a Stationary Observer?
7:27
Example 2: Velocity, Speed, and Displacement
9:26
Example 3: Speed and Acceleration in the Reference Frame
12:44
Uniform Circular Motion

16m 34s

Intro
0:00
Centripetal Acceleration
1:21
Centripetal Acceleration of a Rock Being Twirled Around on a String
1:22
Looking Closer: Instantaneous Velocity and Tangential Velocity
2:35
Magnitude of Acceleration
3:55
Centripetal Acceleration Formula
5:14
You Say You Want a Revolution
6:11
What is a Revolution?
6:12
How Long Does it Take to Complete One Revolution Around the Circle?
6:51
Example 1: Centripetal Acceleration of a Rock
7:40
Example 2: Magnitude of a Car's Acceleration While Turning
9:20
Example 3: Speed of a Point on the Edge of a US Quarter
13:10
Section 2: Force
Newton's 1st Law

12m 37s

Intro
0:00
Newton's First Law/ Law of Inertia
2:45
A Body's Velocity Remains Constant Unless Acted Upon by a Force
2:46
Mass & Inertia
4:07
Mass & Inertia
4:08
Mass & Volume
5:49
Mass & Volume
5:50
Mass & Weight
7:08
Mass & Weight
7:09
Example 1: The Speed of a Rocket
8:47
Example 2: Which of the Following Has More Inertia?
10:06
Example 3: Change in Inertia
11:51
Newton's 2nd Law: Introduction

27m 5s

Intro
0:00
Net Force
1:42
Consider a Block That is Pushed On Equally From Both Sides
1:43
What if One of the Forces was Greater Than the Other?
2:29
The Net Force is All the Forces Put Together
2:43
Newton's Second Law
3:14
Net Force = (Mass) x (Acceleration)
3:15
Units
3:48
The Units of Newton's Second Law
3:49
Free-Body Diagram
5:34
Free-Body Diagram
5:35
Special Forces: Gravity (Weight)
8:05
Force of Gravity
8:06
Special Forces: Normal Force
9:22
Normal Force
9:23
Special Forces: Tension
10:34
Tension
10:35
Example 1: Force and Acceleration
12:19
Example 2: A 5kg Block is Pushed by Five Forces
13:24
Example 3: A 10kg Block Resting On a Table is Tethered Over a Pulley to a Free-Hanging 2kg Block
16:30
Newton's 2nd Law: Multiple Dimensions

27m 47s

Intro
0:00
Newton's 2nd Law in Multiple Dimensions
0:12
Newton's 2nd Law in Multiple Dimensions
0:13
Components
0:52
Components
0:53
Example: Force in Component Form
1:02
Special Forces
2:39
Review of Special Forces: Gravity, Normal Force, and Tension
2:40
Normal Forces
3:35
Why Do We Call It the Normal Forces?
3:36
Normal Forces on a Flat Horizontal and Vertical Surface
5:00
Normal Forces on an Incline
6:05
Example 1: A 5kg Block is Pushed By a Force of 3N to the North and a Force of 4N to the East
10:22
Example 2: A 20kg Block is On an Incline of 50° With a Rope Holding It In Place
16:08
Example 3: A 10kg Block is On an Incline of 20° Attached By Rope to a Free-hanging Block of 5kg
20:50
Newton's 2nd Law: Advanced Examples

42m 5s

Intro
0:00
Block and Tackle Pulley System
0:30
A Single Pulley Lifting System
0:31
A Double Pulley Lifting System
1:32
A Quadruple Pulley Lifting System
2:59
Example 1: A Free-hanging, Massless String is Holding Up Three Objects of Unknown Mass
4:40
Example 2: An Object is Acted Upon by Three Forces
10:23
Example 3: A Chandelier is Suspended by a Cable From the Roof of an Elevator
17:13
Example 4: A 20kg Baboon Climbs a Massless Rope That is Attached to a 22kg Crate
23:46
Example 5: Two Blocks are Roped Together on Inclines of Different Angles
33:17
Newton's Third Law

16m 47s

Intro
0:00
Newton's Third Law
0:50
Newton's Third Law
0:51
Everyday Examples
1:24
Hammer Hitting a Nail
1:25
Swimming
2:08
Car Driving
2:35
Walking
3:15
Note
3:57
Newton's Third Law Sometimes Doesn't Come Into Play When Solving Problems: Reason 1
3:58
Newton's Third Law Sometimes Doesn't Come Into Play When Solving Problems: Reason 2
5:36
Example 1: What Force Does the Moon Pull on Earth?
7:04
Example 2: An Astronaut in Deep Space Throwing a Wrench
8:38
Example 3: A Woman Sitting in a Bosun's Chair that is Hanging from a Rope that Runs Over a Frictionless Pulley
12:51
Friction

50m 11s

Intro
0:00
Introduction
0:04
Our Intuition - Materials
0:30
Our Intuition - Weight
2:48
Our Intuition - Normal Force
3:45
The Normal Force and Friction
4:11
Two Scenarios: Same Object, Same Surface, Different Orientations
4:12
Friction is Not About Weight
6:36
Friction as an Equation
7:23
Summing Up Friction
7:24
Friction as an Equation
7:36
The Direction of Friction
10:33
The Direction of Friction
10:34
A Quick Example
11:16
Which Block Will Accelerate Faster?
11:17
Static vs. Kinetic
14:52
Static vs. Kinetic
14:53
Static and Kinetic Coefficient of Friction
16:31
How to Use Static Friction
17:40
How to Use Static Friction
17:41
Some Examples of μs and μk
19:51
Some Examples of μs and μk
19:52
A Remark on Wheels
22:19
A Remark on Wheels
22:20
Example 1: Calculating μs and μk
28:02
Example 2: At What Angle Does the Block Begin to Slide?
31:35
Example 3: A Block is Against a Wall, Sliding Down
36:30
Example 4: Two Blocks Sitting Atop Each Other
40:16
Force & Uniform Circular Motion

26m 45s

Intro
0:00
Centripetal Force
0:46
Equations for Centripetal Force
0:47
Centripetal Force in Action
1:26
Where Does Centripetal Force Come From?
2:39
Where Does Centripetal Force Come From?
2:40
Centrifugal Force
4:05
Centrifugal Force Part 1
4:06
Centrifugal Force Part 2
6:16
Example 1: Part A - Centripetal Force On the Car
8:12
Example 1: Part B - Maximum Speed the Car Can Take the Turn At Without Slipping
8:56
Example 2: A Bucket Full of Water is Spun Around in a Vertical Circle
15:13
Example 3: A Rock is Spun Around in a Vertical Circle
21:36
Section 3: Energy
Work

28m 34s

Intro
0:00
Equivocation
0:05
Equivocation
0:06
Introduction to Work
0:32
Scenarios: 10kg Block on a Frictionless Table
0:33
Scenario: 2 Block of Different Masses
2:52
Work
4:12
Work and Force
4:13
Paralleled vs. Perpendicular
4:46
Work: A Formal Definition
7:33
An Alternate Formula
9:00
An Alternate Formula
9:01
Units
10:40
Unit for Work: Joule (J)
10:41
Example 1: Calculating Work of Force
11:32
Example 2: Work and the Force of Gravity
12:48
Example 3: A Moving Box & Force Pushing in the Opposite Direction
15:11
Example 4: Work and Forces with Directions
18:06
Example 5: Work and the Force of Gravity
23:16
Energy: Kinetic

39m 7s

Intro
0:00
Types of Energy
0:04
Types of Energy
0:05
Conservation of Energy
1:12
Conservation of Energy
1:13
What is Energy?
4:23
Energy
4:24
What is Work?
5:01
Work
5:02
Circular Definition, Much?
5:46
Circular Definition, Much?
5:47
Derivation of Kinetic Energy (Simplified)
7:44
Simplified Picture of Work
7:45
Consider the Following Three Formulas
8:42
Kinetic Energy Formula
11:01
Kinetic Energy Formula
11:02
Units
11:54
Units for Kinetic Energy
11:55
Conservation of Energy
13:24
Energy Cannot be Made or Destroyed, Only Transferred
13:25
Friction
15:02
How Does Friction Work?
15:03
Example 1: Velocity of a Block
15:59
Example 2: Energy Released During a Collision
18:28
Example 3: Speed of a Block
22:22
Example 4: Speed and Position of a Block
26:22
Energy: Gravitational Potential

28m 10s

Intro
0:00
Why Is It Called Potential Energy?
0:21
Why Is It Called Potential Energy?
0:22
Introduction to Gravitational Potential Energy
1:20
Consider an Object Dropped from Ever-Increasing heights
1:21
Gravitational Potential Energy
2:02
Gravitational Potential Energy: Derivation
2:03
Gravitational Potential Energy: Formulas
2:52
Gravitational Potential Energy: Notes
3:48
Conservation of Energy
5:50
Conservation of Energy and Formula
5:51
Example 1: Speed of a Falling Rock
6:31
Example 2: Energy Lost to Air Drag
10:58
Example 3: Distance of a Sliding Block
15:51
Example 4: Swinging Acrobat
21:32
Energy: Elastic Potential

44m 16s

Intro
0:00
Introduction to Elastic Potential
0:12
Elastic Object
0:13
Spring Example
1:11
Hooke's Law
3:27
Hooke's Law
3:28
Example of Hooke's Law
5:14
Elastic Potential Energy Formula
8:27
Elastic Potential Energy Formula
8:28
Conservation of Energy
10:17
Conservation of Energy
10:18
You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet
12:12
You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet
12:13
Example 1: Spring-Launcher
13:10
Example 2: Compressed Spring
18:34
Example 3: A Block Dangling From a Massless Spring
24:33
Example 4: Finding the Spring Constant
36:13
Power & Simple Machines

28m 54s

Intro
0:00
Introduction to Power & Simple Machines
0:06
What's the Difference Between a Go-Kart, a Family Van, and a Racecar?
0:07
Consider the Idea of Climbing a Flight of Stairs
1:13
Power
2:35
P= W / t
2:36
Alternate Formulas
2:59
Alternate Formulas
3:00
Units
4:24
Units for Power: Watt, Horsepower, and Kilowatt-hour
4:25
Block and Tackle, Redux
5:29
Block and Tackle Systems
5:30
Machines in General
9:44
Levers
9:45
Ramps
10:51
Example 1: Power of Force
12:22
Example 2: Power &Lifting a Watermelon
14:21
Example 3: Work and Instantaneous Power
16:05
Example 4: Power and Acceleration of a Race car
25:56
Section 4: Momentum
Center of Mass

36m 55s

Intro
0:00
Introduction to Center of Mass
0:04
Consider a Ball Tossed in the Air
0:05
Center of Mass
1:27
Definition of Center of Mass
1:28
Example of center of Mass
2:13
Center of Mass: Derivation
4:21
Center of Mass: Formula
6:44
Center of Mass: Formula, Multiple Dimensions
8:15
Center of Mass: Symmetry
9:07
Center of Mass: Non-Homogeneous
11:00
Center of Gravity
12:09
Center of Mass vs. Center of Gravity
12:10
Newton's Second Law and the Center of Mass
14:35
Newton's Second Law and the Center of Mass
14:36
Example 1: Finding The Center of Mass
16:29
Example 2: Finding The Center of Mass
18:55
Example 3: Finding The Center of Mass
21:46
Example 4: A Boy and His Mail
28:31
Linear Momentum

22m 50s

Intro
0:00
Introduction to Linear Momentum
0:04
Linear Momentum Overview
0:05
Consider the Scenarios
0:45
Linear Momentum
1:45
Definition of Linear Momentum
1:46
Impulse
3:10
Impulse
3:11
Relationship Between Impulse & Momentum
4:27
Relationship Between Impulse & Momentum
4:28
Why is It Linear Momentum?
6:55
Why is It Linear Momentum?
6:56
Example 1: Momentum of a Skateboard
8:25
Example 2: Impulse and Final Velocity
8:57
Example 3: Change in Linear Momentum and magnitude of the Impulse
13:53
Example 4: A Ball of Putty
17:07
Collisions & Linear Momentum

40m 55s

Intro
0:00
Investigating Collisions
0:45
Momentum
0:46
Center of Mass
1:26
Derivation
1:56
Extending Idea of Momentum to a System
1:57
Impulse
5:10
Conservation of Linear Momentum
6:14
Conservation of Linear Momentum
6:15
Conservation and External Forces
7:56
Conservation and External Forces
7:57
Momentum Vs. Energy
9:52
Momentum Vs. Energy
9:53
Types of Collisions
12:33
Elastic
12:34
Inelastic
12:54
Completely Inelastic
13:24
Everyday Collisions and Atomic Collisions
13:42
Example 1: Impact of Two Cars
14:07
Example 2: Billiard Balls
16:59
Example 3: Elastic Collision
23:52
Example 4: Bullet's Velocity
33:35
Section 5: Gravity
Gravity & Orbits

34m 53s

Intro
0:00
Law of Universal Gravitation
1:39
Law of Universal Gravitation
1:40
Force of Gravity Equation
2:14
Gravitational Field
5:38
Gravitational Field Overview
5:39
Gravitational Field Equation
6:32
Orbits
9:25
Orbits
9:26
The 'Falling' Moon
12:58
The 'Falling' Moon
12:59
Example 1: Force of Gravity
17:05
Example 2: Gravitational Field on the Surface of Earth
20:35
Example 3: Orbits
23:15
Example 4: Neutron Star
28:38
Section 6: Waves
Intro to Waves

35m 35s

Intro
0:00
Pulse
1:00
Introduction to Pulse
1:01
Wave
1:59
Wave Overview
2:00
Wave Types
3:16
Mechanical Waves
3:17
Electromagnetic Waves
4:01
Matter or Quantum Mechanical Waves
4:43
Transverse Waves
5:12
Longitudinal Waves
6:24
Wave Characteristics
7:24
Amplitude and Wavelength
7:25
Wave Speed (v)
10:13
Period (T)
11:02
Frequency (f)
12:33
v = λf
14:51
Wave Equation
16:15
Wave Equation
16:16
Angular Wave Number
17:34
Angular Frequency
19:36
Example 1: CPU Frequency
24:35
Example 2: Speed of Light, Wavelength, and Frequency
26:11
Example 3: Spacing of Grooves
28:35
Example 4: Wave Diagram
31:21
Waves, Cont.

52m 57s

Intro
0:00
Superposition
0:38
Superposition
0:39
Interference
1:31
Interference
1:32
Visual Example: Two Positive Pulses
2:33
Visual Example: Wave
4:02
Phase of Cycle
6:25
Phase Shift
7:31
Phase Shift
7:32
Standing Waves
9:59
Introduction to Standing Waves
10:00
Visual Examples: Standing Waves, Node, and Antinode
11:27
Standing Waves and Wavelengths
15:37
Standing Waves and Resonant Frequency
19:18
Doppler Effect
20:36
When Emitter and Receiver are Still
20:37
When Emitter is Moving Towards You
22:31
When Emitter is Moving Away
24:12
Doppler Effect: Formula
25:58
Example 1: Superposed Waves
30:00
Example 2: Superposed and Fully Destructive Interference
35:57
Example 3: Standing Waves on a String
40:45
Example 4: Police Siren
43:26
Example Sounds: 800 Hz, 906.7 Hz, 715.8 Hz, and Slide 906.7 to 715.8 Hz
48:49
Sound

36m 24s

Intro
0:00
Speed of Sound
1:26
Speed of Sound
1:27
Pitch
2:44
High Pitch & Low Pitch
2:45
Normal Hearing
3:45
Infrasonic and Ultrasonic
4:02
Intensity
4:54
Intensity: I = P/A
4:55
Intensity of Sound as an Outwardly Radiating Sphere
6:32
Decibels
9:09
Human Threshold for Hearing
9:10
Decibel (dB)
10:28
Sound Level β
11:53
Loudness Examples
13:44
Loudness Examples
13:45
Beats
15:41
Beats & Frequency
15:42
Audio Examples of Beats
17:04
Sonic Boom
20:21
Sonic Boom
20:22
Example 1: Firework
23:14
Example 2: Intensity and Decibels
24:48
Example 3: Decibels
28:24
Example 4: Frequency of a Violin
34:48
Light

19m 38s

Intro
0:00
The Speed of Light
0:31
Speed of Light in a Vacuum
0:32
Unique Properties of Light
1:20
Lightspeed!
3:24
Lightyear
3:25
Medium
4:34
Light & Medium
4:35
Electromagnetic Spectrum
5:49
Electromagnetic Spectrum Overview
5:50
Electromagnetic Wave Classifications
7:05
Long Radio Waves & Radio Waves
7:06
Microwave
8:30
Infrared and Visible Spectrum
9:02
Ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma Rays
9:33
So Much Left to Explore
11:07
So Much Left to Explore
11:08
Example 1: How Much Distance is in a Light-year?
13:16
Example 2: Electromagnetic Wave
16:50
Example 3: Radio Station & Wavelength
17:55
Section 7: Thermodynamics
Fluids

42m 52s

Intro
0:00
Fluid?
0:48
What Does It Mean to be a Fluid?
0:49
Density
1:46
What is Density?
1:47
Formula for Density: ρ = m/V
2:25
Pressure
3:40
Consider Two Equal Height Cylinders of Water with Different Areas
3:41
Definition and Formula for Pressure: p = F/A
5:20
Pressure at Depth
7:02
Pressure at Depth Overview
7:03
Free Body Diagram for Pressure in a Container of Fluid
8:31
Equations for Pressure at Depth
10:29
Absolute Pressure vs. Gauge Pressure
12:31
Absolute Pressure vs. Gauge Pressure
12:32
Why Does Gauge Pressure Matter?
13:51
Depth, Not Shape or Direction
15:22
Depth, Not Shape or Direction
15:23
Depth = Height
18:27
Depth = Height
18:28
Buoyancy
19:44
Buoyancy and the Buoyant Force
19:45
Archimedes' Principle
21:09
Archimedes' Principle
21:10
Wait! What About Pressure?
22:30
Wait! What About Pressure?
22:31
Example 1: Rock & Fluid
23:47
Example 2: Pressure of Water at the Top of the Reservoir
28:01
Example 3: Wood & Fluid
31:47
Example 4: Force of Air Inside a Cylinder
36:20
Intro to Temperature & Heat

34m 6s

Intro
0:00
Absolute Zero
1:50
Absolute Zero
1:51
Kelvin
2:25
Kelvin
2:26
Heat vs. Temperature
4:21
Heat vs. Temperature
4:22
Heating Water
5:32
Heating Water
5:33
Specific Heat
7:44
Specific Heat: Q = cm(∆T)
7:45
Heat Transfer
9:20
Conduction
9:24
Convection
10:26
Radiation
11:35
Example 1: Converting Temperature
13:21
Example 2: Calories
14:54
Example 3: Thermal Energy
19:00
Example 4: Temperature When Mixture Comes to Equilibrium Part 1
20:45
Example 4: Temperature When Mixture Comes to Equilibrium Part 2
24:55
Change Due to Heat

44m 3s

Intro
0:00
Linear Expansion
1:06
Linear Expansion: ∆L = Lα(∆T)
1:07
Volume Expansion
2:34
Volume Expansion: ∆V = Vβ(∆T)
2:35
Gas Expansion
3:40
Gas Expansion
3:41
The Mole
5:43
Conceptual Example
5:44
The Mole and Avogadro's Number
7:30
Ideal Gas Law
9:22
Ideal Gas Law: pV = nRT
9:23
p = Pressure of the Gas
10:07
V = Volume of the Gas
10:34
n = Number of Moles of Gas
10:44
R = Gas Constant
10:58
T = Temperature
11:58
A Note On Water
12:21
A Note On Water
12:22
Change of Phase
15:55
Change of Phase
15:56
Change of Phase and Pressure
17:31
Phase Diagram
18:41
Heat of Transformation
20:38
Heat of Transformation: Q = Lm
20:39
Example 1: Linear Expansion
22:38
Example 2: Explore Why β = 3α
24:40
Example 3: Ideal Gas Law
31:38
Example 4: Heat of Transformation
38:03
Thermodynamics

27m 30s

Intro
0:00
First Law of Thermodynamics
1:11
First Law of Thermodynamics
1:12
Engines
2:25
Conceptual Example: Consider a Piston
2:26
Second Law of Thermodynamics
4:17
Second Law of Thermodynamics
4:18
Entropy
6:09
Definition of Entropy
6:10
Conceptual Example of Entropy: Stick of Dynamite
7:00
Order to Disorder
8:22
Order and Disorder in a System
8:23
The Poets Got It Right
10:20
The Poets Got It Right
10:21
Engines in General
11:21
Engines in General
11:22
Efficiency
12:06
Measuring the Efficiency of a System
12:07
Carnot Engine ( A Limit to Efficiency)
13:20
Carnot Engine & Maximum Possible Efficiency
13:21
Example 1: Internal Energy
15:15
Example 2: Efficiency
16:13
Example 3: Second Law of Thermodynamics
17:05
Example 4: Maximum Efficiency
20:10
Section 8: Electricity
Electric Force & Charge

41m 35s

Intro
0:00
Charge
1:04
Overview of Charge
1:05
Positive and Negative Charges
1:19
A Simple Model of the Atom
2:47
Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons
2:48
Conservation of Charge
4:47
Conservation of Charge
4:48
Elementary Charge
5:41
Elementary Charge and the Unit Coulomb
5:42
Coulomb's Law
8:29
Coulomb's Law & the Electrostatic Force
8:30
Coulomb's Law Breakdown
9:30
Conductors and Insulators
11:11
Conductors
11:12
Insulators
12:31
Conduction
15:08
Conduction
15:09
Conceptual Examples
15:58
Induction
17:02
Induction Overview
17:01
Conceptual Examples
18:18
Example 1: Electroscope
20:08
Example 2: Positive, Negative, and Net Charge of Iron
22:15
Example 3: Charge and Mass
27:52
Example 4: Two Metal Spheres
31:58
Electric Fields & Potential

34m 44s

Intro
0:00
Electric Fields
0:53
Electric Fields Overview
0:54
Size of q2 (Second Charge)
1:34
Size of q1 (First Charge)
1:53
Electric Field Strength: Newtons Per Coulomb
2:55
Electric Field Lines
4:19
Electric Field Lines
4:20
Conceptual Example 1
5:17
Conceptual Example 2
6:20
Conceptual Example 3
6:59
Conceptual Example 4
7:28
Faraday Cage
8:47
Introduction to Faraday Cage
8:48
Why Does It Work?
9:33
Electric Potential Energy
11:40
Electric Potential Energy
11:41
Electric Potential
13:44
Electric Potential
13:45
Difference Between Two States
14:29
Electric Potential is Measured in Volts
15:12
Ground Voltage
16:09
Potential Differences and Reference Voltage
16:10
Ground Voltage
17:20
Electron-volt
19:17
Electron-volt
19:18
Equipotential Surfaces
20:29
Equipotential Surfaces
20:30
Equipotential Lines
21:21
Equipotential Lines
21:22
Example 1: Electric Field
22:40
Example 2: Change in Energy
24:25
Example 3: Constant Electrical Field
27:06
Example 4: Electrical Field and Change in Voltage
29:06
Example 5: Voltage and Energy
32:14
Electric Current

29m 12s

Intro
0:00
Electric Current
0:31
Electric Current
0:32
Amperes
1:27
Moving Charge
1:52
Conceptual Example: Electric Field and a Conductor
1:53
Voltage
3:26
Resistance
5:05
Given Some Voltage, How Much Current Will Flow?
5:06
Resistance: Definition and Formula
5:40
Resistivity
7:31
Resistivity
7:32
Resistance for a Uniform Object
9:31
Energy and Power
9:55
How Much Energy Does It take to Move These Charges Around?
9:56
What Do We Call Energy Per Unit Time?
11:08
Formulas to Express Electrical Power
11:53
Voltage Source
13:38
Introduction to Voltage Source
13:39
Obtaining a Voltage Source: Generator
15:15
Obtaining a Voltage Source: Battery
16:19
Speed of Electricity
17:17
Speed of Electricity
17:18
Example 1: Electric Current & Moving Charge
19:40
Example 2: Electric Current & Resistance
20:31
Example 3: Resistivity & Resistance
21:56
Example 4: Light Bulb
25:16
Electric Circuits

52m 2s

Intro
0:00
Electric Circuits
0:51
Current, Voltage, and Circuit
0:52
Resistor
5:05
Definition of Resistor
5:06
Conceptual Example: Lamps
6:18
Other Fundamental Components
7:04
Circuit Diagrams
7:23
Introduction to Circuit Diagrams
7:24
Wire
7:42
Resistor
8:20
Battery
8:45
Power Supply
9:41
Switch
10:02
Wires: Bypass and Connect
10:53
A Special Not in General
12:04
Example: Simple vs. Complex Circuit Diagram
12:45
Kirchoff's Circuit Laws
15:32
Kirchoff's Circuit Law 1: Current Law
15:33
Kirchoff's Circuit Law 1: Visual Example
16:57
Kirchoff's Circuit Law 2: Voltage Law
17:16
Kirchoff's Circuit Law 2: Visual Example
19:23
Resistors in Series
21:48
Resistors in Series
21:49
Resistors in Parallel
23:33
Resistors in Parallel
23:34
Voltmeter and Ammeter
28:35
Voltmeter
28:36
Ammeter
30:05
Direct Current vs. Alternating Current
31:24
Direct Current vs. Alternating Current
31:25
Visual Example: Voltage Graphs
33:29
Example 1: What Voltage is Read by the Voltmeter in This Diagram?
33:57
Example 2: What Current Flows Through the Ammeter When the Switch is Open?
37:42
Example 3: How Much Power is Dissipated by the Highlighted Resistor When the Switch is Open? When Closed?
41:22
Example 4: Design a Hallway Light Switch
45:14
Section 9: Magnetism
Magnetism

25m 47s

Intro
0:00
Magnet
1:27
Magnet Has Two Poles
1:28
Magnetic Field
1:47
Always a Dipole, Never a Monopole
2:22
Always a Dipole, Never a Monopole
2:23
Magnetic Fields and Moving Charge
4:01
Magnetic Fields and Moving Charge
4:02
Magnets on an Atomic Level
4:45
Magnets on an Atomic Level
4:46
Evenly Distributed Motions
5:45
Unevenly Distributed Motions
6:22
Current and Magnetic Fields
9:42
Current Flow and Magnetic Field
9:43
Electromagnet
11:35
Electric Motor
13:11
Electric Motor
13:12
Generator
15:38
A Changing Magnetic Field Induces a Current
15:39
Example 1: What Kind of Magnetic Pole must the Earth's Geographic North Pole Be?
19:34
Example 2: Magnetic Field and Generator/Electric Motor
20:56
Example 3: Destroying the Magnetic Properties of a Permanent Magnet
23:08
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Lecture Comments (20)

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Selhorst-Jones
Mon Mar 18, 2019 7:32 PM

Post by Nathan Lu on March 14, 2019

For Example 1: Since both the speeds of the ball and the man are relative to the train car, shouldn't the speed of the ball be (speed of train car) - (speed of ball relative to train car) = 11 - 14 = -3m/s?

Or, shouldn't the speed of the ball be relative to the man and not the train?

1 answer

Last reply by: Pola Kompf
Wed Nov 23, 2016 12:55 PM

Post by Pola Kompf on November 23, 2016

Could you please explain where we got the vf^2 = vi^2*2*a*d from? Many thanks

1 answer

Last reply by: Claire yang
Tue Aug 23, 2016 3:18 PM

Post by Claire yang on August 23, 2016

For example 3, wouldnt the initial velocity be the speed of the eagle, not 0?

0 answers

Post by Claire yang on August 23, 2016

`In example 3, isn't gravity -9.8 meters per second per second?

0 answers

Post by Joy Ojukwu on March 3, 2016

drawing the diagram of Pythagoras theory will make it more clear.

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Selhorst-Jones
Mon Feb 22, 2016 12:57 AM

Post by Peter Ke on February 20, 2016

Can you please explain how you got the acceleration for AB=0, I got lost in example 3.

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Selhorst-Jones
Mon Aug 3, 2015 5:47 PM

Post by Timothy White on June 16, 2015

For most practical purposes, "still" is motionless relative to the earth.

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Selhorst-Jones
Thu Nov 13, 2014 10:16 AM

Post by Lexlyn Alexander on November 12, 2014

the concept of relativity is still a bit confusing to me especially the vpa parts

1 answer

Last reply by: Joyce Choi
Tue Aug 13, 2013 10:13 PM

Post by Joyce Choi on August 13, 2013

For example 1, for vpa, shouldn't it be 14 m/s + (-11 m/s)?

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Selhorst-Jones
Wed Jul 24, 2013 2:21 PM

Post by Wootae Song on July 18, 2013

For example 2, when you find t, shouldn't you divide 96 by 8.25 instead of 8?

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Selhorst-Jones
Tue May 14, 2013 12:03 PM

Post by Goutam Das on May 13, 2013

Why is the concept of relative velocity is different in case of "Light"?

Frames of Reference

  • An observer's motion affects how they perceive the world around them.
  • The motion of an observer defines a frame of reference. If a particle moves at the same velocity as an observer, the particle will seem at rest to the observer.
  • If we want to switch from one reference frame to another, we have to combine what the first reference frame observes and the difference between the two frames.

    v
     

    PA 
    =

    v
     

    PB 
    +

    v
     

    BA 
    .
  • The same thing goes for acceleration.

    a
     

    PA 
    =

    a
     

    PB 
    +

    a
     

    BA 
  • In the special case when the velocity between the two reference frames is constant, they will observe the same acceleration.
  • The above formulas go for classical mechanics (what this course is studying). If we get close to the speed of light, however, the rules change and we have to use relativity.
  • When you are working on problems, try to choose a "still" frame of reference. This will almost always make the problem much easier and more intuitive.

Frames of Reference

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  • Intro 0:00
  • Fundamental Example 0:25
    • Fundamental Example Part 1
    • Fundamental Example Part 2
  • General Case 2:36
    • Particle P and Two Observers A and B
    • Speed of P from A's Frame of Reference
  • What About Acceleration? 3:22
    • Acceleration Shows the Change in Velocity
    • Acceleration when Velocity is Constant
  • Multi-Dimensional Case 4:35
    • Multi-Dimensional Case
  • Some Notes 5:04
    • Choosing the Frame of Reference
  • Example 1: What Velocity does the Ball have from the Frame of Reference of a Stationary Observer? 7:27
  • Example 2: Velocity, Speed, and Displacement 9:26
  • Example 3: Speed and Acceleration in the Reference Frame 12:44

Transcription: Frames of Reference

Welcome back to educator.com, today we are going to be talking about frames of reference.0000

So far we have talked about motion from the point of view of a still observer.0005

Now, we also really have not really talked about what the idea of being still means.0009

We will talk about that a little bit later.0012

But first let us talk about what happens when the observer is moving.0014

If you have got somebody in a car driving along, watching something happen on the side of the road, what is he seeing in terms of the kinematics involved.0018

Consider this example of a train car moving along.0026

Imagine there is a train car moving along with a single person standing on top of it.0031

There is another person outside of the train car just standing on flat ground, not moving at all, watching that train car moving.0034

What does the person on the train car see when he looks at his feet.0041

To him, his feet are moving.0046

To him, the train car is still.0048

From this person's point of view, the train car is actually not moving, it is this person who is moving backwards.0050

However, from this person's point of view, he is moving backwards, and his own feet is still.0057

When you look at a cup of water in your car, if you are driving along in a car and the cup of water in it.0065

The cup of water is, relative to you, not moving at all, so you consider it be a still object.0070

But relative to a person on the side of the road, it is actually moving along quite quickly.0075

Let us just make the things little bit more complicated.0080

What if the man on the train car were to throw a ball?0084

Say the train is moving at 100 m/s.0087

The man on the car throws a ball at 15 m/s, relative to himself.0090

The ball is moving at 15 m/s, and the train car is moving at 10 m/s.0095

Relative to this man, the car actually has a speed of zero, and the ball has a speed of 15 m/s.0102

But what is the speed of the ball relative to this person?0110

Well, relative to this guy, the standing still guy, it is going to be the 10 m/s of the train car, plus the 15 m/s of the ball, it is going to be equal to a total of 25 m/s, for the ball moving in his frame of reference.0113

We call it a frame of reference, because it is what you are referring to around you, it is the way you frame the world to look at.0131

If you are driving in the car, going back to the car example, your frame of reference is the inside of the car.0138

The car seat is not moving in your mind.0143

But, for somebody on the side of the street, it is whipping along at 60 miles an hour potentially.0145

So it is moving really quickly.0150

But for you it is not moving at all.0151

'Still' is something relative to you not moving.0153

Given a particle P and two observers, two different frames of reference, A and B.0156

If we know what the velocity of the particle is, in B's frame of reference, and we have vBA, which is the movement of frame of reference B versus A, or we could also think of it as the movement of B from A.0164

Then, the speed of the particle in A's frame of reference is going to be the two of those added together.0185

If you have got something moving along, and then shoot something out of it, for a person outside of the thing that is moving along, he is going to see both of them combined.0192

What if we want to talk about acceleration?0202

Acceleration is just the change in velocity.0204

It is going to be the past formula that we just looked at, but now modified that each thing is acceleration.0207

The acceleration of the particle in A's frame is going to the same as acceleration of the particle in B's frame, plus the acceleration difference between those two.0211

If one frame is accelerating with respect to another frame, we are going to have to include that in our calculation for the, what the acceleration of the other frame is.0220

There is a special case of what happens when the two frames of reference have a constant velocity difference between them.0228

If there is a constant velocity, then there is no acceleration there.0237

So, the acceleration between the frames is going to be zero.0240

So, if you have constant velocity, that means that your reference frames are going to be observe both the same accelerations.0243

Acceleration will be the same if you have constant velocity difference in your reference frames.0252

So, person driving at 60 on the highway is going to see the same thing as somebody standing still on the side of a road, if they are looking at a rock fall off of a cliff,0255

because they both have constant velocity relative to one another, so they will have no acceleration relative to one another.0264

The only thing that is going to be accelerating is the thing that is falling off the cliff.0270

Expanding it to the multi-dimensional case, it is really easy because now we are just looking at each dimension act independently.0274

Each dimension does not have an impact on the other dimensions, so we can just change everything to vectors.0283

The same formulae that we had before, they are all the same, but now using vectors.0288

Just like before, in our special case, when we have got constant relative frames of reference velocities, we are going to have them see the same relative acceleration between them.0292

Some special notes.0303

First off, we have not really done a good job of defining what 'still' means to us in doing Physics problems.0307

That is pretty much OK, because you have got a really good idea what 'still' means just based on having lived for like the last 15 or more years.0313

If you are old enough to be listening to these lectures, you have got a good idea of what 'still' means.0322

When you are driving in your car, you do not really think of your car being still.0327

You think of the road as being still.0330

When you are thinking about the solar system as being a thing, you do not think of the Earth as being still anymore, you think of the sun as being still.0332

Whatever that you kind of centre your ideas around, and you think of other things moving relative to, then the 'still thing' is not the box, because we talked about it moving.0339

The still thing is going to be the ground that the box is on.0349

This is something that you will have a really good intuition to because you are just used to thinking this way.0352

If you are on a bike headed towards a tree, you do not think the tree as coming towards you attacking you, you think, 'oh, I better turn, so I do not hit that tree',0357

because you are the thing that is going to hit that tree, because you think of the tree as being still.0366

There is no way to decide which is the still one or which is not the still one.0369

There is no definite thing here.0374

It is just a matter of different frames of reference.0376

But, we know what things are able to move and what things are not able to move, and so when we work on Physics problems, it is going to be really important for us to chose the things that do not move, as where you view things from.0378

If we view things from other points of view, it can cause some weird problems to happen.0391

Right now, in all the kinematics equations we have seen, everything would be fine, in the force stuff that we will be seeing soon, everything would be fine,0396

but things will really get looking weird when we start looking at energy, so it is in our best to look at it this way, and it is also the easiest way to solve our problems.0402

So, in general, just try to do thing that you would intuitively think of as 'still'.0411

One another thing, just want to warn you, things get really weird once you get close to light speed.0416

Do not worry about that, this is a basic high school Physics course, we are getting into understanding Newtonian Physics, if we want to talk about0422

light speed, we are going to have to talk about relativity, and that is a later course in the future.0430

But, you do not think that you can have something going at a real real large fraction of the speed of light, and that everything will be the same that we are used to.0434

Speed of light, really really fast, is not going to be a main issue for the problems that we are looking at, but it is something to keep in mind.0441

Let us start looking at some simple examples.0447

A train car is moving forward at 11 m/s.0450

A man on the train car is now walking forward at 3 m/s, and he throws a ball backwards at 14 m/s.0455

What will be the velocity of the ball from the frame of reference of the outside observer?0463

That stationary outside observer is just standing on flat ground, not moving, he is still in the way we want to think about still.0469

He is going to see this ball, be thrown backwards, from an object that is moving forward.0478

How fast is the man moving forward?0484

What is the frame of reference of B moving at?0486

The velocity between B and A = 11+ 3, the twp put together because the man is moving forward and we want to know what his frame of reference is, not the train car on its own,0489

because we are looking at the ball in reference to the man, so, those two is 14.0504

We know that the velocity of the particle from B's point of view = -14 m/s, since going to the right is taken as positive.0510

We add them together, we get the particle from A's point of view is going to be 14 m/s + (-14 m/s) = 0 m/s .0530

From A's point of view, the ball actually does not go anywhere, it just sits there in space, and then drops down, as soon as gravity gets a hold of it.0547

In B's point of view, it whips out of his hand, and goes backward really quickly.0555

But from A's point of view, because he is used to that already moving forward, it just feels like an object has been dropped directly down the train.0559

Example 2.0566

Consider we have got a river that is 96 m wide, from river bank to river bank.0568

We have got a South flowing current in that river that is moving at 2 m/s.0577

If you just drop a little box in, it would flow down the river at 2 m/s.0581

We have got a boat that start on the West bank and will be propelled by the wind, Eastward at 8 m/s.0587

We have to keep in mind that wind is moving at 8 m/s, but as soon as in the open water, as soon as it starts moving across those 96 m, it is going to be affected by the river.0594

So, what would be the speed of the boat?0603

The speed of the boat is going to be those two things put together.0605

Like normal, going to the right is going to be positive, going down, although really in this case it is more South, is going to be negative.0608

Our vector is going to be equal to, we move right at 8 m/s, and we move South at -2 m/s; ACTUALLY we move up down vertically at -2 m/s, or we go 2 m/s South.0616

You can either tell the magnitude and the direction or just the number.0633

If we have got a velocity of 8 m/s, and -2 m/s, that tells us what the velocity is in component form.0637

If you want to know what its speed is, we need to take the magnitude of that.0646

We do that, because that is the hypotenuse, so we take, 82 + (-2)2 = 68, the square root of which is 8.25 m/s.0649

Now, we have got how fast the boat is moving.0671

When the boat lands, what would be its displacement?0673

First we need to figure out when the boat lands.0676

The boat going to go this way, but it is also going to be knocked down this way.0678

So, its real path is going to be something like this.0684

We do not know what that is yet, but we need to figure out when it lands.0687

When it lands, it will have no effect on how up or down it is because the river bank is 96 m apart throughout.0690

The first thing we need to do is to figure out how long it takes.0697

It will land when it is past the 96 m, so time = (96 m) / (8 m/s) = 12 s.0701

So it takes 12 s to get across, now we want to see how much South movement does it make.0716

Its distance in the y = (-2 m/s) × (12 s) = -24 m to the vertical, or 24 m to the South.0723

Its total displacement would be how far it went across, which we did not figure out directly, but we already know that the time moment when it lands is when it has hit the 96 m which is what we solved for over here.0735

We know that it is going to have a displacement of 96 m to the East, because that it has to be when it lands, and it is going to have a South displacement of -24 m, and that is our displacement.0748

Finally, a bystander is watching an eagle fly at a height of 200 m at a speed of 30 m/s carrying a rock.0760

So, above the ground by 200 m , and the eagle is flying along at 30 m/s.0772

The eagle lets go of the rock and we are going to allow ourselves to ignore air resistance.0780

What will be the speed of the rock when it hits the ground from the eagle's reference frame?0785

This is really simple, this is just a classic- 'how fast the thing fall', because from the the eagle's frame of reference the rock is not moving horizontally, the rock is moving along with it.0790

The eagle is moving, the rock is also moving that much horizontally, so all we care about from the eagle's frame of reference is, acceleration down, just gravity to deal with in this case.0799

So, how do we figure that out?0811

We know that the vinitial, we will be looking at everything in the y-axis point of view, because in the x-axis point of view, in the eagle frame, remember this is all about the eagle's frame of reference, it is where we are doing all of our work in.0812

So, we are only going to be looking at the y-axis.0832

So, the vinitial = 0, because at first it is not going anywhere, it is just going with the eagle at its current speed.0835

The eagle lets go, we do not know what vfinal is, that is what we are going to look for.0843

We know its acceleration, acceleration = g = 9.8 m/s/s .0848

And finally the distance = 200 m, that it falls.0855

We got this great formula, vf2 = vi2 + 2at = 0 + 2 × 9.8 × 200 = 3920 .0858

We take the square root of that, now it gives us, speed = 62.6 m/s .0883

It tells us what speed the rock is moving the instant it hits the ground.0899

We know that the rock from the eagle, is moving at 62.6 m/s, and if we were to put a sign on this we would say -62.6 m/s, but we also just know since we have got this arrow right here, that is moving down.0904

So, it is to us, the physicist to pay attention to what we are doing with our work here.0924

62.6 m/s is its instantaneous velocity at the moment of impact.0928

Now, we want to see what does the bystander see.0935

The bystander is going to see both of them combined.0938

He is going to have the speed of not just, because from the eagle's point of view, he was moving and the rock was moving,0941

but from the bystander's point of view, he is not moving, while the rock is moving.0951

So, we have got the rock moving at 30 m/s, once again we have got that height of 200 m.0957

Now, how do we figure that out?0963

If we have got the velocity of the rock moving at 30 m/s, we know that when it lands it is going to hit with 62.6 m/s.0965

Notice that these two different reference frames, the eagle and the human, they both have no y-difference.0979

So, eagle versus human, no y-velocity relative.0987

They are not moving in terms of height, the eagle is flying along parallel to the ground.0997

So, the eagle is flying along parallel, and it drops the rock, then the rock is only going to be accelerated vertically, so the human, the human does not see any horizontal change.1002

The horizontal velocity is going to remain the same, until something else acts on the rock, which will be the ground.1014

So, as long as it has not touch the ground, or just as it touches the ground, it is going to still have the same velocity that it initially had.1019

From the human's point of view, we are going to see, (we do not even have to do any Math for this, because we are doing this all by reasoning), the vfinal is going to be,1026

What is the y?1036

The y will be 30 m/s, because it has not had any change to it, there is no horizontal acceleration, the only thing acting on the rock is gravity.1037

We know, in the eagle's reference frame, that when it hits the ground, it is going 62.6 m/s, down into the ground, since we are in component we got to have a negative sign.1048

That is what the human sees, he sees the same speed as before, but now in addition it has got this horizontal component to it, because there is no difference between the accelerations that the two things are seeing,1061

because the only relative difference that they have is this horizontal thing.1072

Finally, what is the acceleration for human versus eagle?1077

They are both going to have the exact same thing, because the velocity of A to B = (30 m/s, 0 m/s), and it does not change, it stays the same throughout, that means our acceleration here is, nothing.1082

There is absolutely no relative acceleration, so the only thing that they are seeing is, that they are going to see the same acceleration in both cases, which is just gravity.1104

So, that gives us an idea of what reference frames are.1111

See you next time!1113

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