Balancing an entire sheet of chemistry equations, memorizing the Periodic Table, and answering tough vocabulary questions is much easier when you have a strong foundation in General Chemistry. Whether you are taking your first college chemistry course or still in high school, knowledge of chemical processes provides insights into a variety of biological and physical phenomena. These phenomena and more are explored in Professor Franklin Ow’s General Chemistry course. In each of his lessons, Professor Ow explains concepts in easy to understand language and follows with plenty of examples you will likely see on homework and exams. Lesson topics include Stoichiometry, Gases, Acid Base Reactions, and Electrochemistry. Professor Ow obtained both his BS and PhD in chemistry from the University of California, Los Angeles. He currently teaches chemistry classes at three universities and has won multiple awards in his academic field.
| I. Basic Concepts & Measurement of Chemistry |
| |
Basic Concepts of Chemistry |
16:26 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:07 | |
| | |
Introduction |
0:56 | |
| | |
| What is Chemistry? |
0:57 | |
| | |
| What is Matter? |
1:16 | |
| | |
Solids |
1:43 | |
| | |
| General Characteristics |
1:44 | |
| | |
| Particulate-level Drawing of Solids |
2:34 | |
| | |
Liquids |
3:39 | |
| | |
| General Characteristics of Liquids |
3:40 | |
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| Particulate-level Drawing of Liquids |
3:55 | |
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Gases |
4:23 | |
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| General Characteristics of Gases |
4:24 | |
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| Particulate-level Drawing Gases |
5:05 | |
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Classification of Matter |
5:27 | |
| | |
| Classification of Matter |
5:26 | |
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Pure Substances |
5:54 | |
| | |
| Pure Substances |
5:55 | |
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Mixtures |
7:06 | |
| | |
| Definition of Mixtures |
7:07 | |
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| Homogeneous Mixtures |
7:11 | |
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| Heterogeneous Mixtures |
7:52 | |
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Physical and Chemical Changes/Properties |
8:18 | |
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| Physical Changes Retain Chemical Composition |
8:19 | |
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| Chemical Changes Alter Chemical Composition |
9:32 | |
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Physical and Chemical Changes/Properties, cont'd |
10:55 | |
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| Physical Properties |
10:56 | |
| | |
| Chemical Properties |
11:42 | |
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Sample Problem 1: Chemical & Physical Change |
12:22 | |
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Sample Problem 2: Element, Compound, or Mixture? |
13:52 | |
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Sample Problem 3: Classify Each of the Following Properties as chemical or Physical |
15:03 | |
| |
Tools in Quantitative Chemistry |
29:22 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:07 | |
| | |
Units of Measurement |
1:23 | |
| | |
| The International System of Units (SI): Mass, Length, and Volume |
1:39 | |
| | |
Percent Error |
2:17 | |
| | |
| Percent Error |
2:18 | |
| | |
| Example: Calculate the Percent Error |
2:56 | |
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Standard Deviation |
3:48 | |
| | |
| Standard Deviation Formula |
3:49 | |
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Standard Deviation cont'd |
4:42 | |
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| Example: Calculate Your Standard Deviation |
4:43 | |
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Precisions vs. Accuracy |
6:25 | |
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| Precision |
6:26 | |
| | |
| Accuracy |
7:01 | |
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Significant Figures and Uncertainty |
7:50 | |
| | |
| Consider the Following (2) Rulers |
7:51 | |
| | |
| Consider the Following Graduated Cylinder |
11:30 | |
| | |
Identifying Significant Figures |
12:43 | |
| | |
| The Rules of Sig Figs Overview |
12:44 | |
| | |
| The Rules for Sig Figs: All Nonzero Digits Are Significant |
13:21 | |
| | |
| The Rules for Sig Figs: A Zero is Significant When It is In-Between Nonzero Digits |
13:28 | |
| | |
| The Rules for Sig Figs: A Zero is Significant When at the End of a Decimal Number |
14:02 | |
| | |
| The Rules for Sig Figs: A Zero is not significant When Starting a Decimal Number |
14:27 | |
| | |
Using Sig Figs in Calculations |
15:03 | |
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| Using Sig Figs for Multiplication and Division |
15:04 | |
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| Using Sig Figs for Addition and Subtraction |
15:48 | |
| | |
| Using Sig Figs for Mixed Operations |
16:11 | |
| | |
Dimensional Analysis |
16:20 | |
| | |
| Dimensional Analysis Overview |
16:21 | |
| | |
| General Format for Dimensional Analysis |
16:39 | |
| | |
| Example: How Many Miles are in 17 Laps? |
17:17 | |
| | |
| Example: How Many Grams are in 1.22 Pounds? |
18:40 | |
| | |
Dimensional Analysis cont'd |
19:43 | |
| | |
| Example: How Much is Spent on Diapers in One Week? |
19:44 | |
| | |
Dimensional Analysis cont'd |
21:03 | |
| | |
| SI Prefixes |
21:04 | |
| | |
Dimensional Analysis cont'd |
22:03 | |
| | |
| 500 mg → ? kg |
22:04 | |
| | |
| 34.1 cm → ? um |
24:03 | |
| | |
Summary |
25:11 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Dimensional Analysis |
26:09 | |
| II. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions |
| |
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions |
52:18 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:08 | |
| | |
Introduction to Atomic Structure |
1:03 | |
| | |
| Introduction to Atomic Structure |
1:04 | |
| | |
| Plum Pudding Model |
1:26 | |
| | |
Introduction to Atomic Structure Cont'd |
2:07 | |
| | |
| John Dalton's Atomic Theory: Number 1 |
2:22 | |
| | |
| John Dalton's Atomic Theory: Number 2 |
2:50 | |
| | |
| John Dalton's Atomic Theory: Number 3 |
3:07 | |
| | |
| John Dalton's Atomic Theory: Number 4 |
3:30 | |
| | |
| John Dalton's Atomic Theory: Number 5 |
3:58 | |
| | |
Introduction to Atomic Structure Cont'd |
5:21 | |
| | |
| Ernest Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment |
5:22 | |
| | |
Introduction to Atomic Structure Cont'd |
7:42 | |
| | |
| Implications of the Gold Foil Experiment |
7:43 | |
| | |
| Relative Masses and Charges |
8:18 | |
| | |
Isotopes |
9:02 | |
| | |
| Isotopes |
9:03 | |
| | |
Introduction to The Periodic Table |
12:17 | |
| | |
| The Periodic Table of the Elements |
12:18 | |
| | |
Periodic Table, cont'd |
13:56 | |
| | |
| Metals |
13:57 | |
| | |
| Nonmetals |
14:25 | |
| | |
| Semimetals |
14:51 | |
| | |
Periodic Table, cont'd |
15:57 | |
| | |
| Group I: The Alkali Metals |
15:58 | |
| | |
| Group II: The Alkali Earth Metals |
16:25 | |
| | |
| Group VII: The Halogens |
16:40 | |
| | |
| Group VIII: The Noble Gases |
17:08 | |
| | |
Ionic Compounds: Formulas, Names, Props. |
17:35 | |
| | |
| Common Polyatomic Ions |
17:36 | |
| | |
| Predicting Ionic Charge for Main Group Elements |
18:52 | |
| | |
Ionic Compounds: Formulas, Names, Props. |
20:36 | |
| | |
| Naming Ionic Compounds: Rule 1 |
20:51 | |
| | |
| Naming Ionic Compounds: Rule 2 |
21:22 | |
| | |
| Naming Ionic Compounds: Rule 3 |
21:50 | |
| | |
| Naming Ionic Compounds: Rule 4 |
22:22 | |
| | |
Ionic Compounds: Formulas, Names, Props. |
22:50 | |
| | |
| Naming Ionic Compounds Example: Al₂O₃ |
22:51 | |
| | |
| Naming Ionic Compounds Example: FeCl₃ |
23:21 | |
| | |
| Naming Ionic Compounds Example: CuI₂ 3H₂O |
24:00 | |
| | |
| Naming Ionic Compounds Example: Barium Phosphide |
24:40 | |
| | |
| Naming Ionic Compounds Example: Ammonium Phosphate |
25:55 | |
| | |
Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Names |
26:42 | |
| | |
| Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Names |
26:43 | |
| | |
The Mole |
28:10 | |
| | |
| The Mole is 'A Chemist's Dozen' |
28:11 | |
| | |
| It is a Central Unit, Connecting the Following Quantities |
30:01 | |
| | |
The Mole, cont'd |
32:07 | |
| | |
| Atomic Masses |
32:08 | |
| | |
| Example: How Many Moles are in 25.7 Grams of Sodium? |
32:28 | |
| | |
| Example: How Many Atoms are in 1.2 Moles of Carbon? |
33:17 | |
| | |
The Mole, cont'd |
34:25 | |
| | |
| Example: What is the Molar Mass of Carbon Dioxide? |
34:26 | |
| | |
| Example: How Many Grams are in 1.2 Moles of Carbon Dioxide? |
25:46 | |
| | |
Percentage Composition |
36:43 | |
| | |
| Example: How Many Grams of Carbon Contained in 65.1 Grams of Carbon Dioxide? |
36:44 | |
| | |
Empirical and Molecular Formulas |
39:19 | |
| | |
| Empirical Formulas |
39:20 | |
| | |
| Empirical Formula & Elemental Analysis |
40:21 | |
| | |
Empirical and Molecular Formulas, cont'd |
41:24 | |
| | |
| Example: Determine Both the Empirical and Molecular Formulas - Step 1 |
41:25 | |
| | |
| Example: Determine Both the Empirical and Molecular Formulas - Step 2 |
43:18 | |
| | |
Summary |
46:22 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Determine the Empirical Formula of Lithium Fluoride |
47:10 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: How Many Atoms of Carbon are Present in 2.67 kg of C₆H₆? |
49:21 | |
| III. Chemical Reactions |
| |
Chemical Reactions |
43:24 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:06 | |
| | |
The Law of Conservation of Mass and Balancing Chemical Reactions |
1:49 | |
| | |
| The Law of Conservation of Mass |
1:50 | |
| | |
| Balancing Chemical Reactions |
2:50 | |
| | |
Balancing Chemical Reactions Cont'd |
3:40 | |
| | |
| Balance: N₂ + H₂ → NH₃ |
3:41 | |
| | |
| Balance: CH₄ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O |
7:20 | |
| | |
Balancing Chemical Reactions Cont'd |
9:49 | |
| | |
| Balance: C₂H₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O |
9:50 | |
| | |
Intro to Chemical Equilibrium |
15:32 | |
| | |
| When an Ionic Compound Full Dissociates |
15:33 | |
| | |
| When an Ionic Compound Incompletely Dissociates |
16:14 | |
| | |
| Dynamic Equilibrium |
17:12 | |
| | |
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes |
18:03 | |
| | |
| Electrolytes |
18:04 | |
| | |
| Strong Electrolytes and Weak Electrolytes |
18:55 | |
| | |
| Nonelectrolytes |
19:23 | |
| | |
Predicting the Product(s) of an Aqueous Reaction |
20:02 | |
| | |
| Single-replacement |
20:03 | |
| | |
| Example: Li (s) + CuCl₂ (aq) → 2 LiCl (aq) + Cu (s) |
21:03 | |
| | |
| Example: Cu (s) + LiCl (aq) → NR |
21:23 | |
| | |
| Example: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl₂ (aq) + H₂ (g) |
22:32 | |
| | |
Predicting the Product(s) of an Aqueous Reaction |
23:37 | |
| | |
| Double-replacement |
23:38 | |
| | |
| Net-ionic Equation |
25:29 | |
| | |
Predicting the Product(s) of an Aqueous Reaction |
26:12 | |
| | |
| Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds |
26:13 | |
| | |
Predicting the Product(s) of an Aqueous Reaction |
28:10 | |
| | |
| Neutralization Reactions |
28:11 | |
| | |
| Example: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → ? |
28:37 | |
| | |
| Example: H₂SO₄ (aq) + KOH (aq) → ? |
29:25 | |
| | |
Predicting the Product(s) of an Aqueous Reaction |
30:20 | |
| | |
| Certain Aqueous Reactions can Produce Unstable Compounds |
30:21 | |
| | |
| Example 1 |
30:52 | |
| | |
| Example 2 |
32:16 | |
| | |
| Example 3 |
32:54 | |
| | |
Summary |
33:54 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1 |
34:55 | |
| | |
| ZnCO₃ (aq) + H₂SO₄ (aq) → ? |
35:09 | |
| | |
| NH₄Br (aq) + Pb(C₂H₃O₂)₂ (aq) → ? |
36:02 | |
| | |
| KNO₃ (aq) + CuCl₂ (aq) → ? |
37:07 | |
| | |
| Li₂SO₄ (aq) + AgNO₃ (aq) → ? |
37:52 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2 |
39:09 | |
| | |
| Question 1 |
39:10 | |
| | |
| Question 2 |
40:36 | |
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| Question 3 |
41:47 | |
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Chemical Reactions II |
55:40 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:10 | |
| | |
Arrhenius Definition |
1:15 | |
| | |
| Arrhenius Acids |
1:16 | |
| | |
| Arrhenius Bases |
3:20 | |
| | |
The Bronsted-Lowry Definition |
4:48 | |
| | |
| Acids Dissolve In Water and Donate a Proton to Water: Example 1 |
4:49 | |
| | |
| Acids Dissolve In Water and Donate a Proton to Water: Example 2 |
6:54 | |
| | |
| Monoprotic Acids & Polyprotic Acids |
7:58 | |
| | |
| Strong Acids |
11:30 | |
| | |
| Bases Dissolve In Water and Accept a Proton From Water |
12:41 | |
| | |
| Strong Bases |
16:36 | |
| | |
The Autoionization of Water |
17:42 | |
| | |
| Amphiprotic |
17:43 | |
| | |
| Water Reacts With Itself |
18:24 | |
| | |
Oxides of Metals and Nonmetals |
20:08 | |
| | |
| Oxides of Metals and Nonmetals Overview |
20:09 | |
| | |
| Oxides of Nonmetals: Acidic Oxides |
21:23 | |
| | |
| Oxides of Metals: Basic Oxides |
24:08 | |
| | |
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions |
25:34 | |
| | |
| Redox Reaction Overview |
25:35 | |
| | |
| Oxidizing and Reducing Agents |
27:02 | |
| | |
| Redox Reaction: Transfer of Electrons |
27:54 | |
| | |
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Cont'd |
29:55 | |
| | |
| Oxidation Number Overview |
29:56 | |
| | |
| Oxidation Number of Homonuclear Species |
31:17 | |
| | |
| Oxidation Number of Monatomic Ions |
32:58 | |
| | |
| Oxidation Number of Fluorine |
33:27 | |
| | |
| Oxidation Number of Oxygen |
34:00 | |
| | |
| Oxidation Number of Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine |
35:07 | |
| | |
| Oxidation Number of Hydrogen |
35:30 | |
| | |
| Net Sum of All Oxidation Numbers In a Compound |
36:21 | |
| | |
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Cont'd |
38:19 | |
| | |
| Let's Practice Assigning Oxidation Number |
38:20 | |
| | |
| Now Let's Apply This to a Chemical Reaction |
41:07 | |
| | |
Summary |
44:19 | |
| | |
Sample Problems |
45:29 | |
| | |
| Sample Problem 1 |
45:30 | |
| | |
| Sample Problem 2: Determine the Oxidizing and Reducing Agents |
48:48 | |
| | |
| Sample Problem 3: Determine the Oxidizing and Reducing Agents |
50:43 | |
| IV. Stoichiometry |
| |
Stoichiometry I |
42:10 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:23 | |
| | |
Mole to Mole Ratios |
1:32 | |
| | |
| Example 1: In 1 Mole of H₂O, How Many Moles Are There of Each Element? |
1:53 | |
| | |
| Example 2: In 2.6 Moles of Water, How Many Moles Are There of Each Element? |
2:24 | |
| | |
Mole to Mole Ratios Cont'd |
5:13 | |
| | |
| Balanced Chemical Reaction |
5:14 | |
| | |
Mole to Mole Ratios Cont'd |
7:25 | |
| | |
| Example 3: How Many Moles of Ammonia Can Form If you Have 3.1 Moles of H₂? |
7:26 | |
| | |
| Example 4: How Many Moles of Hydrogen Gas Are Required to React With 6.4 Moles of Nitrogen Gas? |
9:08 | |
| | |
Mass to mass Conversion |
11:06 | |
| | |
| Mass to mass Conversion |
11:07 | |
| | |
| Example 5: How Many Grams of Ammonia Can Form If You Have 3.1 Grams of H₂? |
12:37 | |
| | |
| Example 6: How Many Grams of Hydrogen Gas Are Required to React With 6.4 Grams of Nitrogen Gas? |
15:34 | |
| | |
| Example 7: How Man Milligrams of Ammonia Can Form If You Have 1.2 kg of H₂? |
17:29 | |
| | |
Limiting Reactants, Percent Yields |
20:42 | |
| | |
| Limiting Reactants, Percent Yields |
20:43 | |
| | |
| Example 8: How Many Grams of Ammonia Can Form If You Have 3.1 Grams of H₂ and 3.1 Grams of N₂ |
22:25 | |
| | |
| Percent Yield |
25:30 | |
| | |
| Example 9: How Many Grams of The Excess Reactant Remains? |
26:37 | |
| | |
Summary |
29:34 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: How Many Grams of Carbon Are In 2.2 Kilograms of Carbon Dioxide? |
30:47 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: How Many Milligrams of Carbon Dioxide Can Form From 23.1 Kg of CH₄(g)? |
33:06 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 3: Part 1 |
36:10 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 3: Part 2 - What Amount Of The Excess Reactant Will Remain? |
40:53 | |
| |
Stoichiometry II |
42:38 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:10 | |
| | |
Molarity |
1:14 | |
| | |
| Solute and Solvent |
1:15 | |
| | |
| Molarity |
2:01 | |
| | |
Molarity Cont'd |
2:59 | |
| | |
| Example 1: How Many Grams of KBr are Needed to Make 350 mL of a 0.67 M KBr Solution? |
3:00 | |
| | |
| Example 2: How Many Moles of KBr are in 350 mL of a 0.67 M KBr Solution? |
5:44 | |
| | |
| Example 3: What Volume of a 0.67 M KBr Solution Contains 250 mg of KBr? |
7:46 | |
| | |
Dilutions |
10:01 | |
| | |
| Dilution: M₁V₂=M₁V₂ |
10:02 | |
| | |
| Example 5: Explain How to Make 250 mL of a 0.67 M KBr Solution Starting From a 1.2M Stock Solution |
12:04 | |
| | |
Stoichiometry and Double-Displacement Precipitation Reactions |
14:41 | |
| | |
| Example 6: How Many grams of PbCl₂ Can Form From 250 mL of 0.32 M NaCl? |
15:38 | |
| | |
Stoichiometry and Double-Displacement Precipitation Reactions |
18:05 | |
| | |
| Example 7: How Many grams of PbCl₂ Can Form When 250 mL of 0.32 M NaCl and 150 mL of 0.45 Pb(NO₃)₂ Mix? |
18:06 | |
| | |
Stoichiometry and Neutralization Reactions |
21:01 | |
| | |
| Example 8: How Many Grams of NaOh are Required to Neutralize 4.5 Grams of HCl? |
21:02 | |
| | |
Stoichiometry and Neutralization Reactions |
23:03 | |
| | |
| Example 9: How Many mL of 0.45 M NaOH are Required to Neutralize 250 mL of 0.89 M HCl? |
23:04 | |
| | |
Stoichiometry and Acid-Base Standardization |
25:28 | |
| | |
| Introduction to Titration & Standardization |
25:30 | |
| | |
| Acid-Base Titration |
26:12 | |
| | |
| The Analyte & Titrant |
26:24 | |
| | |
The Experimental Setup |
26:49 | |
| | |
| The Experimental Setup |
26:50 | |
| | |
Stoichiometry and Acid-Base Standardization |
28:38 | |
| | |
| Example 9: Determine the Concentration of the Analyte |
28:39 | |
| | |
Summary |
32:46 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Stoichiometry & Neutralization |
35:24 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: Stoichiometry |
37:50 | |
| V. Thermochemistry |
| |
Energy & Chemical Reactions |
55:28 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:14 | |
| | |
Introduction |
1:22 | |
| | |
| Recall: Chemistry |
1:23 | |
| | |
| Energy Can Be Expressed In Different Units |
1:57 | |
| | |
The First Law of Thermodynamics |
2:43 | |
| | |
| Internal Energy |
2:44 | |
| | |
The First Law of Thermodynamics Cont'd |
6:14 | |
| | |
| Ways to Transfer Internal Energy |
6:15 | |
| | |
| Work Energy |
8:13 | |
| | |
| Heat Energy |
8:34 | |
| | |
| ∆U = q + w |
8:44 | |
| | |
Calculating ∆U, Q, and W |
8:58 | |
| | |
| Changes In Both Volume and Temperature of a System |
8:59 | |
| | |
Calculating ∆U, Q, and W Cont'd |
11:01 | |
| | |
| The Work Equation |
11:02 | |
| | |
| Example 1: Calculate ∆U For The Burning Fuel |
11:45 | |
| | |
Calculating ∆U, Q, and W Cont'd |
14:09 | |
| | |
| The Heat Equation |
14:10 | |
| | |
Calculating ∆U, Q, and W Cont'd |
16:03 | |
| | |
| Example 2: Calculate The Final Temperature |
16:04 | |
| | |
Constant-Volume Calorimetry |
18:05 | |
| | |
| Bomb Calorimeter |
18:06 | |
| | |
| The Effect of Constant Volume On The Equation For Internal Energy |
22:11 | |
| | |
| Example 3: Calculate ∆U |
23:12 | |
| | |
Constant-Pressure Conditions |
26:05 | |
| | |
| Constant-Pressure Conditions |
26:06 | |
| | |
Calculating Enthalpy: Phase Changes |
27:29 | |
| | |
| Melting, Vaporization, and Sublimation |
27:30 | |
| | |
| Freezing, Condensation and Deposition |
28:25 | |
| | |
| Enthalpy Values For Phase Changes |
28:40 | |
| | |
| Example 4: How Much Energy In The Form of heat is Required to Melt 1.36 Grams of Ice? |
29:40 | |
| | |
Calculating Enthalpy: Heats of Reaction |
31:22 | |
| | |
| Example 5: Calculate The Heat In kJ Associated With The Complete Reaction of 155 g NH₃ |
31:23 | |
| | |
Using Standard Enthalpies of Formation |
33:53 | |
| | |
| Standard Enthalpies of Formation |
33:54 | |
| | |
Using Standard Enthalpies of Formation |
36:12 | |
| | |
| Example 6: Calculate The Standard Enthalpies of Formation For The Following Reaction |
36:13 | |
| | |
Enthalpy From a Series of Reactions |
39:58 | |
| | |
| Hess's Law |
39:59 | |
| | |
Coffee-Cup Calorimetry |
42:43 | |
| | |
| Coffee-Cup Calorimetry |
42:44 | |
| | |
| Example 7: Calculate ∆H° of Reaction |
45:10 | |
| | |
Summary |
47:12 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1 |
48:58 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2 |
51:24 | |
| VI. Quantum Theory of Atoms |
| |
Structure of Atoms |
42:33 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:07 | |
| | |
Introduction |
1:01 | |
| | |
| Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment |
1:02 | |
| | |
Electromagnetic Radiation |
2:31 | |
| | |
| Radiation |
2:32 | |
| | |
| Three Parameters: Energy, Frequency, and Wavelength |
2:52 | |
| | |
Electromagnetic Radiation |
5:18 | |
| | |
| The Electromagnetic Spectrum |
5:19 | |
| | |
Atomic Spectroscopy and The Bohr Model |
7:46 | |
| | |
| Wavelengths of Light |
7:47 | |
| | |
Atomic Spectroscopy Cont'd |
9:45 | |
| | |
| The Bohr Model |
9:46 | |
| | |
Atomic Spectroscopy Cont'd |
12:21 | |
| | |
| The Balmer Series |
12:22 | |
| | |
| Rydberg Equation For Predicting The Wavelengths of Light |
13:04 | |
| | |
The Wave Nature of Matter |
15:11 | |
| | |
| The Wave Nature of Matter |
15:12 | |
| | |
The Wave Nature of Matter |
19:10 | |
| | |
| New School of Thought |
19:11 | |
| | |
| Einstein: Energy |
19:49 | |
| | |
| Hertz and Planck: Photoelectric Effect |
20:16 | |
| | |
| de Broglie: Wavelength of a Moving Particle |
21:14 | |
| | |
Quantum Mechanics and The Atom |
22:15 | |
| | |
| Heisenberg: Uncertainty Principle |
22:16 | |
| | |
| Schrodinger: Wavefunctions |
23:08 | |
| | |
Quantum Mechanics and The Atom |
24:02 | |
| | |
| Principle Quantum Number |
24:03 | |
| | |
| Angular Momentum Quantum Number |
25:06 | |
| | |
| Magnetic Quantum Number |
26:27 | |
| | |
| Spin Quantum Number |
28:42 | |
| | |
The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals |
29:15 | |
| | |
| Radial Wave Function |
29:16 | |
| | |
| Probability Distribution Function |
32:08 | |
| | |
The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals |
34:02 | |
| | |
| 3-Dimensional Space of Wavefunctions |
34:03 | |
| | |
Summary |
35:57 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1 |
37:07 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2 |
40:23 | |
| VII. Electron Configurations and Periodicity |
| |
Periodic Trends |
38:50 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:09 | |
| | |
Introduction |
0:36 | |
| | |
Electron Configuration of Atoms |
1:33 | |
| | |
| Electron Configuration & Atom's Electrons |
1:34 | |
| | |
| Electron Configuration Format |
1:56 | |
| | |
Electron Configuration of Atoms Cont'd |
3:01 | |
| | |
| Aufbau Principle |
3:02 | |
| | |
Electron Configuration of Atoms Cont'd |
6:53 | |
| | |
| Electron Configuration Format 1: Li, O, and Cl |
6:56 | |
| | |
| Electron Configuration Format 2: Li, O, and Cl |
9:11 | |
| | |
Electron Configuration of Atoms Cont'd |
12:48 | |
| | |
| Orbital Box Diagrams |
12:49 | |
| | |
| Pauli Exclusion Principle |
13:11 | |
| | |
| Hund's Rule |
13:36 | |
| | |
Electron Configuration of Atoms Cont'd |
17:35 | |
| | |
| Exceptions to The Aufbau Principle: Cr |
17:36 | |
| | |
| Exceptions to The Aufbau Principle: Cu |
18:15 | |
| | |
Electron Configuration of Atoms Cont'd |
20:22 | |
| | |
| Electron Configuration of Monatomic Ions: Al |
20:23 | |
| | |
| Electron Configuration of Monatomic Ions: Al³⁺ |
20:46 | |
| | |
| Electron Configuration of Monatomic Ions: Cl |
21:57 | |
| | |
| Electron Configuration of Monatomic Ions: Cl¹⁻ |
22:09 | |
| | |
Electron Configuration Cont'd |
24:31 | |
| | |
| Paramagnetism |
24:32 | |
| | |
| Diamagnetism |
25:00 | |
| | |
Atomic Radii |
26:08 | |
| | |
| Atomic Radii |
26:09 | |
| | |
| In a Column of the Periodic Table |
26:25 | |
| | |
| In a Row of the Periodic Table |
26:46 | |
| | |
Ionic Radii |
27:30 | |
| | |
| Ionic Radii |
27:31 | |
| | |
| Anions |
27:42 | |
| | |
| Cations |
27:57 | |
| | |
| Isoelectronic Species |
28:12 | |
| | |
Ionization Energy |
29:00 | |
| | |
| Ionization Energy |
29:01 | |
| | |
Electron Affinity |
31:37 | |
| | |
| Electron Affinity |
31:37 | |
| | |
Summary |
33:43 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Ground State Configuration and Orbital Box Diagram |
34:21 | |
| | |
| Fe |
34:48 | |
| | |
| P |
35:32 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2 |
36:38 | |
| | |
| Which Has The Larger Ionization Energy: Na or Li? |
36:39 | |
| | |
| Which Has The Larger Atomic Size: O or N ? |
37:23 | |
| | |
| Which Has The Larger Atomic Size: O²⁻ or N³⁻ ? |
38:00 | |
| VIIII. Molecular Geometry & Bonding Theory |
| |
Bonding & Molecular Structure |
52:39 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:08 | |
| | |
Introduction |
1:10 | |
| | |
Types of Chemical Bonds |
1:53 | |
| | |
| Ionic Bond |
1:54 | |
| | |
| Molecular Bond |
2:42 | |
| | |
Electronegativity and Bond Polarity |
3:26 | |
| | |
| Electronegativity (EN) |
3:27 | |
| | |
| Periodic Trend |
4:36 | |
| | |
Electronegativity and Bond Polarity Cont'd |
6:04 | |
| | |
| Bond Polarity: Polar Covalent Bond |
6:05 | |
| | |
| Bond Polarity: Nonpolar Covalent Bond |
8:53 | |
| | |
Lewis Electron Dot Structure of Atoms |
9:48 | |
| | |
| Lewis Electron Dot Structure of Atoms |
9:49 | |
| | |
Lewis Structures of Polyatomic Species |
12:51 | |
| | |
| Single Bonds |
12:52 | |
| | |
| Double Bonds |
13:28 | |
| | |
| Nonbonding Electrons |
13:59 | |
| | |
Lewis Structures of Polyatomic Species Cont'd |
14:45 | |
| | |
| Drawing Lewis Structures: Step 1 |
14:48 | |
| | |
| Drawing Lewis Structures: Step 2 |
15:16 | |
| | |
| Drawing Lewis Structures: Step 3 |
15:52 | |
| | |
| Drawing Lewis Structures: Step 4 |
17:31 | |
| | |
| Drawing Lewis Structures: Step 5 |
19:08 | |
| | |
| Drawing Lewis Structure Example: Carbonate |
19:33 | |
| | |
Resonance and Formal Charges (FC) |
24:06 | |
| | |
| Resonance Structures |
24:07 | |
| | |
| Formal Charge |
25:20 | |
| | |
Resonance and Formal Charges Cont'd |
27:46 | |
| | |
| More On Formal Charge |
27:47 | |
| | |
Resonance and Formal Charges Cont'd |
28:21 | |
| | |
| Good Resonance Structures |
28:22 | |
| | |
VSEPR Theory |
31:08 | |
| | |
| VSEPR Theory Continue |
31:09 | |
| | |
VSEPR Theory Cont'd |
32:53 | |
| | |
| VSEPR Geometries |
32:54 | |
| | |
| Steric Number |
33:04 | |
| | |
| Basic Geometry |
33:50 | |
| | |
| Molecular Geometry |
35:50 | |
| | |
Molecular Polarity |
37:51 | |
| | |
| Steps In Determining Molecular Polarity |
37:52 | |
| | |
| Example 1: Polar |
38:47 | |
| | |
| Example 2: Nonpolar |
39:10 | |
| | |
| Example 3: Polar |
39:36 | |
| | |
| Example 4: Polar |
40:08 | |
| | |
Bond Properties: Order, Length, and Energy |
40:38 | |
| | |
| Bond Order |
40:39 | |
| | |
| Bond Length |
41:21 | |
| | |
| Bond Energy |
41:55 | |
| | |
Summary |
43:09 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1 |
43:42 | |
| | |
| XeO₃ |
44:03 | |
| | |
| I₃⁻ |
47:02 | |
| | |
| SF₅ |
49:16 | |
| |
Advanced Bonding Theories |
71:41 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:09 | |
| | |
Introduction |
0:38 | |
| | |
Valence Bond Theory |
3:07 | |
| | |
| Valence Bond Theory |
3:08 | |
| | |
| spᶟ Hybridized Carbon Atom |
4:19 | |
| | |
Valence Bond Theory Cont'd |
6:24 | |
| | |
| spᶟ Hybridized |
6:25 | |
| | |
| Hybrid Orbitals For Water |
7:26 | |
| | |
Valence Bond Theory Cont'd (spᶟ) |
11:53 | |
| | |
| Example 1: NH₃ |
11:54 | |
| | |
Valence Bond Theory Cont'd (sp²) |
14:48 | |
| | |
| sp² Hybridization |
14:49 | |
| | |
| Example 2: BF₃ |
16:44 | |
| | |
Valence Bond Theory Cont'd (sp) |
22:44 | |
| | |
| sp Hybridization |
22:46 | |
| | |
| Example 3: HCN |
23:38 | |
| | |
Valence Bond Theory Cont'd (sp³d and sp³d²) |
27:36 | |
| | |
| Valence Bond Theory: sp³d and sp³d² |
27:37 | |
| | |
Molecular Orbital Theory |
29:10 | |
| | |
| Valence Bond Theory Doesn't Always Account For a Molecule's Magnetic Behavior |
29:11 | |
| | |
Molecular Orbital Theory Cont'd |
30:37 | |
| | |
| Molecular Orbital Theory |
30:38 | |
| | |
| Wavefunctions |
31:04 | |
| | |
| How s-orbitals Can Interact |
32:23 | |
| | |
| Bonding Nature of p-orbitals: Head-on |
35:34 | |
| | |
| Bonding Nature of p-orbitals: Parallel |
39:04 | |
| | |
| Interaction Between s and p-orbital |
40:45 | |
| | |
| Molecular Orbital Diagram For Homonuclear Diatomics: H₂ |
42:21 | |
| | |
| Molecular Orbital Diagram For Homonuclear Diatomics: He₂ |
45:23 | |
| | |
| Molecular Orbital Diagram For Homonuclear Diatomic: Li₂ |
46:39 | |
| | |
| Molecular Orbital Diagram For Homonuclear Diatomic: Li₂⁺ |
47:42 | |
| | |
| Molecular Orbital Diagram For Homonuclear Diatomic: B₂ |
48:57 | |
| | |
| Molecular Orbital Diagram For Homonuclear Diatomic: N₂ |
54:04 | |
| | |
| Molecular Orbital Diagram: Molecular Oxygen |
55:57 | |
| | |
| Molecular Orbital Diagram For Heteronuclear Diatomics: Hydrochloric Acid |
62:16 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Determine the Atomic Hybridization |
67:20 | |
| | |
| XeO₃ |
67:21 | |
| | |
| SF₆ |
67:49 | |
| | |
| I₃⁻ |
68:20 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2 |
69:04 | |
| IX. Gases, Solids, & Liquids |
| |
Gases |
35:06 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:07 | |
| | |
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases |
1:23 | |
| | |
| The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases |
1:24 | |
| | |
Parameters To Characterize Gases |
3:35 | |
| | |
| Parameters To Characterize Gases: Pressure |
3:37 | |
| | |
| Interpreting Pressure On a Particulate Level |
4:43 | |
| | |
Parameters Cont'd |
6:08 | |
| | |
| Units For Expressing Pressure: Psi, Pascal |
6:19 | |
| | |
| Units For Expressing Pressure: mm Hg |
6:42 | |
| | |
| Units For Expressing Pressure: atm |
6:58 | |
| | |
| Units For Expressing Pressure: torr |
7:24 | |
| | |
Parameters Cont'd |
8:09 | |
| | |
| Parameters To Characterize Gases: Volume |
8:10 | |
| | |
| Common Units of Volume |
9:00 | |
| | |
Parameters Cont'd |
9:11 | |
| | |
| Parameters To Characterize Gases: Temperature |
9:12 | |
| | |
| Particulate Level |
9:36 | |
| | |
| Parameters To Characterize Gases: Moles |
10:24 | |
| | |
The Simple Gas Laws |
10:43 | |
| | |
| Gas Laws Are Only Valid For
|
10:44 | |
| | |
| Charles' Law |
11:24 | |
| | |
The Simple Gas Laws |
13:13 | |
| | |
| Boyle's Law |
13:14 | |
| | |
The Simple Gas Laws |
15:28 | |
| | |
| Gay-Lussac's Law |
15:29 | |
| | |
The Simple Gas Laws |
17:11 | |
| | |
| Avogadro's Law |
17:12 | |
| | |
The Ideal Gas Law |
18:43 | |
| | |
| The Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT |
18:44 | |
| | |
Applications of the Ideal Gas Law |
20:12 | |
| | |
| Standard Temperature and Pressure for Gases |
20:13 | |
| | |
Applications of the Ideal Gas Law |
21:43 | |
| | |
| Ideal Gas Law & Gas Density |
21:44 | |
| | |
Gas Pressures and Partial Pressures |
23:18 | |
| | |
| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures |
23:19 | |
| | |
Gas Stoichiometry |
24:15 | |
| | |
| Stoichiometry Problems Involving Gases |
24:16 | |
| | |
| Using The Ideal Gas Law to Get to Moles |
25:16 | |
| | |
| Using Molar Volume to Get to Moles |
25:39 | |
| | |
Gas Stoichiometry Cont'd |
26:03 | |
| | |
| Example 1: How Many Liters of O₂ at STP are Needed to Form 10.5 g of Water Vapor? |
26:04 | |
| | |
Summary |
28:33 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Calculate the Molar Mass of the Gas |
29:28 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: What Mass of Ag₂O is Required to Form 3888 mL of O₂ Gas When Measured at 734 mm Hg and 25°C? |
31:59 | |
| |
Intermolecular Forces & Liquids |
33:47 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:10 | |
| | |
Introduction |
0:46 | |
| | |
| Intermolecular Forces (IMF) |
0:47 | |
| | |
Intermolecular Forces of Polar Molecules |
1:32 | |
| | |
| Ion-dipole Forces |
1:33 | |
| | |
| Example: Salt Dissolved in Water |
1:50 | |
| | |
| Coulomb's Law & the Force of Attraction Between Ions and/or Dipoles |
3:06 | |
| | |
IMF of Polar Molecules cont'd |
4:36 | |
| | |
| Enthalpy of Solvation or Enthalpy of Hydration |
4:37 | |
| | |
IMF of Polar Molecules cont'd |
6:01 | |
| | |
| Dipole-dipole Forces |
6:02 | |
| | |
IMF of Polar Molecules cont'd |
7:22 | |
| | |
| Hydrogen Bonding |
7:23 | |
| | |
| Example: Hydrogen Bonding of Water |
8:06 | |
| | |
IMF of Nonpolar Molecules |
9:37 | |
| | |
| Dipole-induced Dipole Attraction |
9:38 | |
| | |
IMF of Nonpolar Molecules cont'd |
11:34 | |
| | |
| Induced Dipole Attraction, London Dispersion Forces, or Vand der Waals Forces |
11:35 | |
| | |
| Polarizability |
13:46 | |
| | |
IMF of Nonpolar Molecules cont'd |
14:26 | |
| | |
| Intermolecular Forces (IMF) and Polarizability |
14:31 | |
| | |
Properties of Liquids |
16:48 | |
| | |
| Standard Molar Enthalpy of Vaporization |
16:49 | |
| | |
| Trends in Boiling Points of Representative Liquids: H₂O vs. H₂S |
17:43 | |
| | |
Properties of Liquids cont'd |
18:36 | |
| | |
| Aliphatic Hydrocarbons |
18:37 | |
| | |
| Branched Hydrocarbons |
20:52 | |
| | |
Properties of Liquids cont'd |
22:10 | |
| | |
| Vapor Pressure |
22:11 | |
| | |
| The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation |
24:30 | |
| | |
Properties of Liquids cont'd |
25:52 | |
| | |
| Boiling Point |
25:53 | |
| | |
Properties of Liquids cont'd |
27:07 | |
| | |
| Surface Tension |
27:08 | |
| | |
| Viscosity |
28:06 | |
| | |
Summary |
29:04 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Determine Which of the Following Liquids Will Have the Lower Vapor Pressure |
30:21 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: Determine Which of the Following Liquids Will Have the Largest Standard Molar Enthalpy of Vaporization |
31:37 | |
| |
The Chemistry of Solids |
25:13 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:07 | |
| | |
Introduction |
0:46 | |
| | |
| General Characteristics |
0:47 | |
| | |
| Particulate-level Drawing |
1:09 | |
| | |
The Basic Structure of Solids: Crystal Lattices |
1:37 | |
| | |
| The Unit Cell Defined |
1:38 | |
| | |
| Primitive Cubic |
2:50 | |
| | |
Crystal Lattices cont'd |
3:58 | |
| | |
| Body-centered Cubic |
3:59 | |
| | |
| Face-centered Cubic |
5:02 | |
| | |
Lattice Enthalpy and Trends |
6:27 | |
| | |
| Introduction to Lattice Enthalpy |
6:28 | |
| | |
| Equation to Calculate Lattice Enthalpy |
7:21 | |
| | |
Different Types of Crystalline Solids |
9:35 | |
| | |
| Molecular Solids |
9:36 | |
| | |
| Network Solids |
10:25 | |
| | |
Phase Changes Involving Solids |
11:03 | |
| | |
| Melting & Thermodynamic Value |
11:04 | |
| | |
| Freezing & Thermodynamic Value |
11:49 | |
| | |
Phase Changes cont'd |
12:40 | |
| | |
| Sublimation & Thermodynamic Value |
12:41 | |
| | |
| Depositions & Thermodynamic Value |
13:13 | |
| | |
Phase Diagrams |
13:40 | |
| | |
| Introduction to Phase Diagrams |
13:41 | |
| | |
| Phase Diagram of H₂O: Melting Point |
14:12 | |
| | |
| Phase Diagram of H₂O: Normal Boiling Point |
14:50 | |
| | |
| Phase Diagram of H₂O: Sublimation Point |
15:02 | |
| | |
| Phase Diagram of H₂O: Point C ( Supercritical Point) |
15:32 | |
| | |
Phase Diagrams cont'd |
16:31 | |
| | |
| Phase Diagram of Dry Ice |
16:32 | |
| | |
Summary |
18:15 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1, Part A: Of the Group I Fluorides, Which Should Have the Highest Lattice Enthalpy? |
19:01 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1, Part B: Of the Lithium Halides, Which Should Have the Lowest Lattice Enthalpy? |
19:54 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: How Many Joules of Energy is Required to Melt 546 mg of Ice at Standard Pressure? |
20:55 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 3: Phase Diagram of Helium |
22:42 | |
| X. Solutions, Rates of Reaction, & Equilibrium |
| |
Solutions & Their Behavior |
38:06 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:10 | |
| | |
Units of Concentration |
1:40 | |
| | |
| Molarity |
1:41 | |
| | |
| Molality |
3:30 | |
| | |
| Weight Percent |
4:26 | |
| | |
| ppm |
5:16 | |
| | |
Like Dissolves Like |
6:28 | |
| | |
| Like Dissolves Like |
6:29 | |
| | |
Factors Affecting Solubility |
9:35 | |
| | |
| The Effect of Pressure: Henry's Law |
9:36 | |
| | |
| The Effect of Temperature on Gas Solubility |
12:16 | |
| | |
| The Effect of Temperature on Solid Solubility |
14:28 | |
| | |
Colligative Properties |
16:48 | |
| | |
| Colligative Properties |
16:49 | |
| | |
| Changes in Vapor Pressure: Raoult's Law |
17:19 | |
| | |
Colligative Properties cont'd |
19:53 | |
| | |
| Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression |
19:54 | |
| | |
Colligative Properties cont'd |
26:13 | |
| | |
| Definition of Osmosis |
26:14 | |
| | |
| Osmotic Pressure Example |
27:11 | |
| | |
Summary |
31:11 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Calculating Vapor Pressure |
32:53 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: Calculating Molality |
36:29 | |
| |
Chemical Kinetics |
37:45 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:06 | |
| | |
Introduction |
1:09 | |
| | |
| Chemical Kinetics and the Rate of a Reaction |
1:10 | |
| | |
| Factors Influencing Rate |
1:19 | |
| | |
Introduction cont'd |
2:27 | |
| | |
| How a Reaction Progresses Through Time |
2:28 | |
| | |
| Rate of Change Equation |
6:02 | |
| | |
Rate Laws |
7:06 | |
| | |
| Definition of Rate Laws |
7:07 | |
| | |
| General Form of Rate Laws |
7:37 | |
| | |
Rate Laws cont'd |
11:07 | |
| | |
| Rate Orders With Respect to Reactant and Concentration |
11:08 | |
| | |
Methods of Initial Rates |
13:38 | |
| | |
| Methods of Initial Rates |
13:39 | |
| | |
Integrated Rate Laws |
17:57 | |
| | |
| Integrated Rate Laws |
17:58 | |
| | |
| Graphically Determine the Rate Constant k |
18:52 | |
| | |
Reaction Mechanisms |
21:05 | |
| | |
| Step 1: Reversible |
21:18 | |
| | |
| Step 2: Rate-limiting Step |
21:44 | |
| | |
| Rate Law for the Reaction |
23:28 | |
| | |
Reaction Rates and Temperatures |
26:16 | |
| | |
| Reaction Rates and Temperatures |
26:17 | |
| | |
| The Arrhenius Equation |
29:06 | |
| | |
Catalysis |
30:31 | |
| | |
| Catalyst |
30:32 | |
| | |
Summary |
32:02 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Calculate the Rate Constant and the Time Required for the Reaction to be Completed |
32:54 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: Calculate the Energy of Activation and the Order of the Reaction |
35:24 | |
| |
Principles of Chemical Equilibrium |
34:09 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:08 | |
| | |
Introduction |
1:02 | |
| | |
The Equilibrium Constant |
3:08 | |
| | |
| The Equilibrium Constant |
3:09 | |
| | |
The Equilibrium Constant cont'd |
5:50 | |
| | |
| The Equilibrium Concentration and Constant for Solutions |
5:51 | |
| | |
| The Equilibrium Partial Pressure and Constant for Gases |
7:01 | |
| | |
| Relationship of Kc and Kp |
7:30 | |
| | |
Heterogeneous Equilibria |
8:23 | |
| | |
| Heterogeneous Equilibria |
8:24 | |
| | |
Manipulating K |
9:57 | |
| | |
| First Way of Manipulating K |
9:58 | |
| | |
| Second Way of Manipulating K |
11:48 | |
| | |
Manipulating K cont'd |
12:31 | |
| | |
| Third Way of Manipulating K |
12:32 | |
| | |
The Reaction Quotient Q |
14:42 | |
| | |
| The Reaction Quotient Q |
14:43 | |
| | |
| Q > K |
16:16 | |
| | |
| Q < K |
16:30 | |
| | |
| Q = K |
16:43 | |
| | |
Le Chatlier's Principle |
17:32 | |
| | |
| Restoring Equilibrium When It is Disturbed |
17:33 | |
| | |
| Disturbing a Chemical System at Equilibrium |
18:35 | |
| | |
Problem-Solving with ICE Tables |
19:05 | |
| | |
| Determining a Reaction's Equilibrium Constant With ICE Table |
19:06 | |
| | |
Problem-Solving with ICE Tables cont'd |
21:03 | |
| | |
| Example 1: Calculate O₂(g) at Equilibrium |
21:04 | |
| | |
Problem-Solving with ICE Tables cont'd |
22:53 | |
| | |
| Example 2: Calculate the Equilibrium Constant |
22:54 | |
| | |
Summary |
25:24 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Calculate the Equilibrium Constant |
27:59 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: Calculate The Equilibrium Concentration |
30:30 | |
| XI. Acids & Bases Chemistry |
| |
Acid-Base Chemistry |
43:44 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:06 | |
| | |
Introduction |
0:55 | |
| | |
| Bronsted-Lowry Acid & Bronsted -Lowry Base |
0:56 | |
| | |
| Water is an Amphiprotic Molecule |
2:40 | |
| | |
| Water Reacting With Itself |
2:58 | |
| | |
Introduction cont'd |
4:04 | |
| | |
| Strong Acids |
4:05 | |
| | |
| Strong Bases |
5:18 | |
| | |
Introduction cont'd |
6:16 | |
| | |
| Weak Acids and Bases |
6:17 | |
| | |
Quantifying Acid-Base Strength |
7:35 | |
| | |
| The pH Scale |
7:36 | |
| | |
Quantifying Acid-Base Strength cont'd |
9:55 | |
| | |
| The Acid-ionization Constant Ka and pKa |
9:56 | |
| | |
Quantifying Acid-Base Strength cont'd |
12:13 | |
| | |
| Example: Calculate the pH of a 1.2M Solution of Acetic Acid |
12:14 | |
| | |
Quantifying Acid-Base Strength |
15:06 | |
| | |
| Calculating the pH of Weak Base Solutions |
15:07 | |
| | |
Writing Out Acid-Base Equilibria |
17:45 | |
| | |
| Writing Out Acid-Base Equilibria |
17:46 | |
| | |
Writing Out Acid-Base Equilibria cont'd |
19:47 | |
| | |
| Consider the Following Equilibrium |
19:48 | |
| | |
| Conjugate Base and Conjugate Acid |
21:18 | |
| | |
Salts Solutions |
22:00 | |
| | |
| Salts That Produce Acidic Aqueous Solutions |
22:01 | |
| | |
| Salts That Produce Basic Aqueous Solutions |
23:15 | |
| | |
| Neutral Salt Solutions |
24:05 | |
| | |
Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids |
24:44 | |
| | |
| Example: Calculate the pH of a 1.2 M Solution of H₂SO₃ |
24:43 | |
| | |
Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids cont'd |
27:18 | |
| | |
| Calculate the pH of a 1.2 M Solution of Na₂SO₃ |
27:19 | |
| | |
Lewis Acids and Bases |
29:13 | |
| | |
| Lewis Acids |
29:14 | |
| | |
| Lewis Bases |
30:10 | |
| | |
| Example: Lewis Acids and Bases |
31:04 | |
| | |
Molecular Structure and Acidity |
32:03 | |
| | |
| The Effect of Charge |
32:04 | |
| | |
| Within a Period/Row |
33:07 | |
| | |
Molecular Structure and Acidity cont'd |
34:17 | |
| | |
| Within a Group/Column |
34:18 | |
| | |
| Oxoacids |
35:58 | |
| | |
Molecular Structure and Acidity cont'd |
37:54 | |
| | |
| Carboxylic Acids |
37:55 | |
| | |
| Hydrated Metal Cations |
39:23 | |
| | |
Summary |
40:39 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Calculate the pH of a 1.2 M Solution of NH₃ |
41:20 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: Predict If The Following Slat Solutions are Acidic, Basic, or Neutral |
42:37 | |
| |
Applications of Aqueous Equilibria |
55:26 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:07 | |
| | |
Calculating pH of an Acid-Base Mixture |
0:53 | |
| | |
| Equilibria Involving Direct Reaction With Water |
0:54 | |
| | |
| When a Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base React |
1:12 | |
| | |
| After Neutralization Occurs |
2:05 | |
| | |
Calculating pH of an Acid-Base Mixture cont'd |
2:51 | |
| | |
| Example: Calculating pH of an Acid-Base Mixture, Step 1 - Neutralization |
2:52 | |
| | |
| Example: Calculating pH of an Acid-Base Mixture, Step 2 - React With H₂O |
5:24 | |
| | |
Buffers |
7:45 | |
| | |
| Introduction to Buffers |
7:46 | |
| | |
| When Acid is Added to a Buffer |
8:50 | |
| | |
| When Base is Added to a Buffer |
9:54 | |
| | |
Buffers cont'd |
10:41 | |
| | |
| Calculating the pH |
10:42 | |
| | |
| Calculating the pH When 0.010 mol NaOH is Added to 1.0 L of the Buffer |
14:03 | |
| | |
Buffers cont'd |
14:10 | |
| | |
| Calculating the pH When 0.010 mol NaOH is Added to 1.0 L of the Buffer: Step 1 -Neutralization |
14:11 | |
| | |
| Calculating the pH When 0.010 mol NaOH is Added to 1.0 L of the Buffer: Step 2- ICE Table |
15:22 | |
| | |
Buffer Preparation and Capacity |
16:38 | |
| | |
| Example: Calculating the pH of a Buffer Solution |
16:42 | |
| | |
| Effective Buffer |
18:40 | |
| | |
Acid-Base Titrations |
19:33 | |
| | |
| Acid-Base Titrations: Basic Setup |
19:34 | |
| | |
Acid-Base Titrations cont'd |
22:12 | |
| | |
| Example: Calculate the pH at the Equivalence Point When 0.250 L of 0.0350 M HClO is Titrated With 1.00 M KOH |
22:13 | |
| | |
Acid-Base Titrations cont'd |
25:38 | |
| | |
| Titration Curve |
25:39 | |
| | |
Solubility Equilibria |
33:07 | |
| | |
| Solubility of Salts |
33:08 | |
| | |
| Solubility Product Constant: Ksp |
34:14 | |
| | |
Solubility Equilibria cont'd |
34:58 | |
| | |
| Q < Ksp |
34:59 | |
| | |
| Q > Ksp |
35:34 | |
| | |
Solubility Equilibria cont'd |
36:03 | |
| | |
| Common-ion Effect |
36:04 | |
| | |
| Example: Calculate the Solubility of PbCl₂ in 0.55 M NaCl |
36:30 | |
| | |
Solubility Equilibria cont'd |
39:02 | |
| | |
| When a Solid Salt Contains the Conjugate of a Weak Acid |
39:03 | |
| | |
| Temperature and Solubility |
40:41 | |
| | |
Complexation Equilibria |
41:10 | |
| | |
| Complex Ion |
41:11 | |
| | |
| Complex Ion Formation Constant: Kf |
42:26 | |
| | |
Summary |
43:35 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Question |
44:23 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Part a) Calculate the pH at the Beginning of the Titration |
45:48 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Part b) Calculate the pH at the Midpoint or Half-way Point |
48:04 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Part c) Calculate the pH at the Equivalence Point |
48:32 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Part d) Calculate the pH After 27.50 mL of the Acid was Added |
53:00 | |
| XII. Thermodynamics & Electrochemistry |
| |
Entropy & Free Energy |
36:13 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:08 | |
| | |
Introduction |
0:53 | |
| | |
Introduction to Entropy |
1:37 | |
| | |
| Introduction to Entropy |
1:38 | |
| | |
Entropy and Heat Flow |
6:31 | |
| | |
| Recall Thermodynamics |
6:32 | |
| | |
| Entropy is a State Function |
6:54 | |
| | |
| ∆S and Heat Flow |
7:28 | |
| | |
Entropy and Heat Flow cont'd |
8:18 | |
| | |
| Entropy and Heat Flow: Equations |
8:19 | |
| | |
| Endothermic Processes: ∆S > 0 |
8:44 | |
| | |
The Second Law of Thermodynamics |
10:04 | |
| | |
| Total ∆S = ∆S of System + ∆S of Surrounding |
10:05 | |
| | |
| Nature Favors Processes Where The Amount of Entropy Increases |
10:22 | |
| | |
The Third Law of Thermodynamics |
11:55 | |
| | |
| The Third Law of Thermodynamics & Zero Entropy |
11:56 | |
| | |
Problem-Solving involving Entropy |
12:36 | |
| | |
| Endothermic Process and ∆S |
12:37 | |
| | |
| Exothermic Process and ∆S |
13:19 | |
| | |
Problem-Solving cont'd |
13:46 | |
| | |
| Change in Physical States: From Solid to Liquid to Gas |
13:47 | |
| | |
| Change in Physical States: All Gases |
15:02 | |
| | |
Problem-Solving cont'd |
15:56 | |
| | |
| Calculating the ∆S for the System, Surrounding, and Total |
15:57 | |
| | |
| Example: Calculating the Total ∆S |
16:17 | |
| | |
Problem-Solving cont'd |
18:36 | |
| | |
| Problems Involving Standard Molar Entropies of Formation |
18:37 | |
| | |
Introduction to Gibb's Free Energy |
20:09 | |
| | |
| Definition of Free Energy ∆G |
20:10 | |
| | |
| Spontaneous Process and ∆G |
20:19 | |
| | |
Gibb's Free Energy cont'd |
22:28 | |
| | |
| Standard Molar Free Energies of Formation |
22:29 | |
| | |
| The Free Energies of Formation are Zero for All Compounds in the Standard State |
22:42 | |
| | |
Gibb's Free Energy cont'd |
23:31 | |
| | |
| ∆G° of the System = ∆H° of the System - T∆S° of the System |
23:32 | |
| | |
| Predicting Spontaneous Reaction Based on the Sign of ∆G° of the System |
24:24 | |
| | |
Gibb's Free Energy cont'd |
26:32 | |
| | |
| Effect of reactant and Product Concentration on the Sign of Free Energy |
26:33 | |
| | |
| ∆G° of Reaction = -RT ln K |
27:18 | |
| | |
Summary |
28:12 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Calculate ∆S° of Reaction |
28:48 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: Calculate the Temperature at Which the Reaction Becomes Spontaneous |
31:18 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 3: Calculate Kp |
33:47 | |
| |
Electrochemistry |
41:16 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:08 | |
| | |
Introduction |
0:53 | |
| | |
Redox Reactions |
1:42 | |
| | |
| Oxidation-Reduction Reaction Overview |
1:43 | |
| | |
Redox Reactions cont'd |
2:37 | |
| | |
| Which Reactant is Being Oxidized and Which is Being Reduced? |
2:38 | |
| | |
Redox Reactions cont'd |
6:34 | |
| | |
| Balance Redox Reaction In Neutral Solutions |
6:35 | |
| | |
Redox Reactions cont'd |
10:37 | |
| | |
| Balance Redox Reaction In Acidic and Basic Solutions: Step 1 |
10:38 | |
| | |
| Balance Redox Reaction In Acidic and Basic Solutions: Step 2 - Balance Each Half-Reaction |
11:22 | |
| | |
Redox Reactions cont'd |
12:19 | |
| | |
| Balance Redox Reaction In Acidic and Basic Solutions: Step 2 - Balance Hydrogen |
12:20 | |
| | |
Redox Reactions cont'd |
14:30 | |
| | |
| Balance Redox Reaction In Acidic and Basic Solutions: Step 3 |
14:34 | |
| | |
| Balance Redox Reaction In Acidic and Basic Solutions: Step 4 |
15:38 | |
| | |
Voltaic Cells |
17:01 | |
| | |
| Voltaic Cell or Galvanic Cell |
17:02 | |
| | |
| Cell Notation |
22:03 | |
| | |
Electrochemical Potentials |
25:22 | |
| | |
| Electrochemical Potentials |
25:23 | |
| | |
Electrochemical Potentials cont'd |
26:07 | |
| | |
| Table of Standard Reduction Potentials |
26:08 | |
| | |
The Nernst Equation |
30:41 | |
| | |
| The Nernst Equation |
30:42 | |
| | |
| It Can Be Shown That At Equilibrium E =0.00 |
32:15 | |
| | |
Gibb's Free Energy and Electrochemistry |
32:46 | |
| | |
| Gibbs Free Energy is Relatively Small if the Potential is Relatively High |
32:47 | |
| | |
| When E° is Very Large |
33:39 | |
| | |
Charge, Current and Time |
33:56 | |
| | |
| A Battery Has Three Main Parameters |
33:57 | |
| | |
| A Simple Equation Relates All of These Parameters |
34:09 | |
| | |
Summary |
34:50 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Redox Reaction |
35:26 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: Battery |
38:00 | |
| XIII. Transition Elements & Coordination Compounds |
| |
The Chemistry of The Transition Metals |
39:03 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:11 | |
| | |
Coordination Compounds |
1:20 | |
| | |
| Coordination Compounds |
1:21 | |
| | |
Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds |
2:48 | |
| | |
| Rule 1 |
3:01 | |
| | |
| Rule 2 |
3:12 | |
| | |
| Rule 3 |
4:07 | |
| | |
Nomenclature cont'd |
4:58 | |
| | |
| Rule 4 |
4:59 | |
| | |
| Rule 5 |
5:13 | |
| | |
| Rule 6 |
5:35 | |
| | |
| Rule 7 |
6:19 | |
| | |
| Rule 8 |
6:46 | |
| | |
Nomenclature cont'd |
7:39 | |
| | |
| Rule 9 |
7:40 | |
| | |
| Rule 10 |
7:45 | |
| | |
| Rule 11 |
8:00 | |
| | |
| Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds: NH₄[PtCl₃NH₃] |
8:11 | |
| | |
| Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds: [Cr(NH₃)₄(OH)₂]Br |
9:31 | |
| | |
Structures of Coordination Compounds |
10:54 | |
| | |
| Coordination Number or Steric Number |
10:55 | |
| | |
| Commonly Observed Coordination Numbers and Geometries: 4 |
11:14 | |
| | |
| Commonly Observed Coordination Numbers and Geometries: 6 |
12:00 | |
| | |
Isomers of Coordination Compounds |
13:13 | |
| | |
| Isomers of Coordination Compounds |
13:14 | |
| | |
| Geometrical Isomers of CN = 6 Include: ML₄L₂' |
13:30 | |
| | |
| Geometrical Isomers of CN = 6 Include: ML₃L₃' |
15:07 | |
| | |
Isomers cont'd |
17:00 | |
| | |
| Structural Isomers Overview |
17:01 | |
| | |
| Structural Isomers: Ionization |
18:06 | |
| | |
| Structural Isomers: Hydrate |
19:25 | |
| | |
| Structural Isomers: Linkage |
20:11 | |
| | |
| Structural Isomers: Coordination Isomers |
21:05 | |
| | |
Electronic Structure |
22:25 | |
| | |
| Crystal Field Theory |
22:26 | |
| | |
| Octahedral and Tetrahedral Field |
22:54 | |
| | |
Electronic Structure cont'd |
25:43 | |
| | |
| Vanadium (II) Ion in an Octahedral Field |
25:44 | |
| | |
| Chromium(III) Ion in an Octahedral Field |
26:37 | |
| | |
Electronic Structure cont'd |
28:47 | |
| | |
| Strong-Field Ligands and Weak-Field Ligands |
28:48 | |
| | |
Implications of Electronic Structure |
30:08 | |
| | |
| Compare the Magnetic Properties of: [Fe(OH₂)₆]²⁺ vs. [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ |
30:09 | |
| | |
| Discussion on Color |
31:57 | |
| | |
Summary |
34:41 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Name the Following Compound [Fe(OH)(OH₂)₅]Cl₂ |
35:08 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Name the Following Compound [Co(NH₃)₃(OH₂)₃]₂(SO₄)₃ |
36:24 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: Change in Magnetic Properties |
37:30 | |
| XIV. Nuclear Chemistry |
| |
Nuclear Chemistry |
16:39 |
| | |
Intro |
0:00 | |
| | |
Lesson Overview |
0:06 | |
| | |
Introduction |
0:40 | |
| | |
| Introduction to Nuclear Reactions |
0:41 | |
| | |
Types of Radioactive Decay |
2:10 | |
| | |
| Alpha Decay |
2:11 | |
| | |
| Beta Decay |
3:27 | |
| | |
| Gamma Decay |
4:40 | |
| | |
| Other Types of Particles of Varying Energy |
5:40 | |
| | |
Nuclear Equations |
6:47 | |
| | |
| Nuclear Equations |
6:48 | |
| | |
Nuclear Decay |
9:28 | |
| | |
| Nuclear Decay and the First-Order Kinetics |
9:29 | |
| | |
Summary |
11:31 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 1: Complete the Following Nuclear Equations |
12:13 | |
| | |
Sample Problem 2: How Old is the Rock? |
14:21 | |