Mary Pyo

Mary Pyo

Deductive Reasoning

Slide Duration:

Table of Contents

Section 1: Tools of Geometry
Coordinate Plane

16m 41s

Intro
0:00
The Coordinate System
0:12
Coordinate Plane: X-axis and Y-axis
0:15
Quadrants
1:02
Origin
2:00
Ordered Pair
2:17
Coordinate Plane
2:59
Example: Writing Coordinates
3:01
Coordinate Plane, cont.
4:15
Example: Graphing & Coordinate Plane
4:17
Collinear
5:58
Extra Example 1: Writing Coordinates & Quadrants
7:34
Extra Example 2: Quadrants
8:52
Extra Example 3: Graphing & Coordinate Plane
10:58
Extra Example 4: Collinear
12:50
Points, Lines and Planes

17m 17s

Intro
0:00
Points
0:07
Definition and Example of Points
0:09
Lines
0:50
Definition and Example of Lines
0:51
Planes
2:59
Definition and Example of Planes
3:00
Drawing and Labeling
4:40
Example 1: Drawing and Labeling
4:41
Example 2: Drawing and Labeling
5:54
Example 3: Drawing and Labeling
6:41
Example 4: Drawing and Labeling
8:23
Extra Example 1: Points, Lines and Planes
10:19
Extra Example 2: Naming Figures
11:16
Extra Example 3: Points, Lines and Planes
12:35
Extra Example 4: Draw and Label
14:44
Measuring Segments

31m 31s

Intro
0:00
Segments
0:06
Examples of Segments
0:08
Ruler Postulate
1:30
Ruler Postulate
1:31
Segment Addition Postulate
5:02
Example and Definition of Segment Addition Postulate
5:03
Segment Addition Postulate
8:01
Example 1: Segment Addition Postulate
8:04
Example 2: Segment Addition Postulate
11:15
Pythagorean Theorem
12:36
Definition of Pythagorean Theorem
12:37
Pythagorean Theorem, cont.
15:49
Example: Pythagorean Theorem
15:50
Distance Formula
16:48
Example and Definition of Distance Formula
16:49
Extra Example 1: Find Each Measure
20:32
Extra Example 2: Find the Missing Measure
22:11
Extra Example 3: Find the Distance Between the Two Points
25:36
Extra Example 4: Pythagorean Theorem
29:33
Midpoints and Segment Congruence

42m 26s

Intro
0:00
Definition of Midpoint
0:07
Midpoint
0:10
Midpoint Formulas
1:30
Midpoint Formula: On a Number Line
1:45
Midpoint Formula: In a Coordinate Plane
2:50
Midpoint
4:40
Example: Midpoint on a Number Line
4:43
Midpoint
6:05
Example: Midpoint in a Coordinate Plane
6:06
Midpoint
8:28
Example 1
8:30
Example 2
13:01
Segment Bisector
15:14
Definition and Example of Segment Bisector
15:15
Proofs
17:27
Theorem
17:53
Proof
18:21
Midpoint Theorem
19:37
Example: Proof & Midpoint Theorem
19:38
Extra Example 1: Midpoint on a Number Line
23:44
Extra Example 2: Drawing Diagrams
26:25
Extra Example 3: Midpoint
29:14
Extra Example 4: Segment Bisector
33:21
Angles

42m 34s

Intro
0:00
Angles
0:05
Angle
0:07
Ray
0:23
Opposite Rays
2:09
Angles
3:22
Example: Naming Angle
3:23
Angles
6:39
Interior, Exterior, Angle
6:40
Measure and Degrees
7:38
Protractor Postulate
8:37
Example: Protractor Postulate
8:38
Angle Addition Postulate
11:41
Example: Angle addition Postulate
11:42
Classifying Angles
14:10
Acute Angle
14:16
Right Angles
14:30
Obtuse Angle
14:41
Angle Bisector
15:02
Example: Angle Bisector
15:04
Angle Relationships
16:43
Adjacent Angles
16:47
Vertical Angles
17:49
Linear Pair
19:40
Angle Relationships
20:31
Right Angles
20:32
Supplementary Angles
21:15
Complementary Angles
21:33
Extra Example 1: Angles
24:08
Extra Example 2: Angles
29:06
Extra Example 3: Angles
32:05
Extra Example 4 Angles
35:44
Section 2: Reasoning & Proof
Inductive Reasoning

19m

Intro
0:00
Inductive Reasoning
0:05
Conjecture
0:06
Inductive Reasoning
0:15
Examples
0:55
Example: Sequence
0:56
More Example: Sequence
2:00
Using Inductive Reasoning
2:50
Example: Conjecture
2:51
More Example: Conjecture
3:48
Counterexamples
4:56
Counterexample
4:58
Extra Example 1: Conjecture
6:59
Extra Example 2: Sequence and Pattern
10:20
Extra Example 3: Inductive Reasoning
12:46
Extra Example 4: Conjecture and Counterexample
15:17
Conditional Statements

42m 47s

Intro
0:00
If Then Statements
0:05
If Then Statements
0:06
Other Forms
2:29
Example: Without Then
2:40
Example: Using When
3:03
Example: Hypothesis
3:24
Identify the Hypothesis and Conclusion
3:52
Example 1: Hypothesis and Conclusion
3:58
Example 2: Hypothesis and Conclusion
4:31
Example 3: Hypothesis and Conclusion
5:38
Write in If Then Form
6:16
Example 1: Write in If Then Form
6:23
Example 2: Write in If Then Form
6:57
Example 3: Write in If Then Form
7:39
Other Statements
8:40
Other Statements
8:41
Converse Statements
9:18
Converse Statements
9:20
Converses and Counterexamples
11:04
Converses and Counterexamples
11:05
Example 1: Converses and Counterexamples
12:02
Example 2: Converses and Counterexamples
15:10
Example 3: Converses and Counterexamples
17:08
Inverse Statement
19:58
Definition and Example
19:59
Inverse Statement
21:46
Example 1: Inverse and Counterexample
21:47
Example 2: Inverse and Counterexample
23:34
Contrapositive Statement
25:20
Definition and Example
25:21
Contrapositive Statement
26:58
Example: Contrapositive Statement
27:00
Summary
29:03
Summary of Lesson
29:04
Extra Example 1: Hypothesis and Conclusion
32:20
Extra Example 2: If-Then Form
33:23
Extra Example 3: Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive
34:54
Extra Example 4: Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive
37:56
Point, Line, and Plane Postulates

17m 24s

Intro
0:00
What are Postulates?
0:09
Definition of Postulates
0:10
Postulates
1:22
Postulate 1: Two Points
1:23
Postulate 2: Three Points
2:02
Postulate 3: Line
2:45
Postulates, cont..
3:08
Postulate 4: Plane
3:09
Postulate 5: Two Points in a Plane
3:53
Postulates, cont..
4:46
Postulate 6: Two Lines Intersect
4:47
Postulate 7: Two Plane Intersect
5:28
Using the Postulates
6:34
Examples: True or False
6:35
Using the Postulates
10:18
Examples: True or False
10:19
Extra Example 1: Always, Sometimes, or Never
12:22
Extra Example 2: Always, Sometimes, or Never
13:15
Extra Example 3: Always, Sometimes, or Never
14:16
Extra Example 4: Always, Sometimes, or Never
15:03
Deductive Reasoning

36m 3s

Intro
0:00
Deductive Reasoning
0:06
Definition of Deductive Reasoning
0:07
Inductive vs. Deductive
2:51
Inductive Reasoning
2:52
Deductive reasoning
3:19
Law of Detachment
3:47
Law of Detachment
3:48
Examples of Law of Detachment
4:31
Law of Syllogism
7:32
Law of Syllogism
7:33
Example 1: Making a Conclusion
9:02
Example 2: Making a Conclusion
12:54
Using Laws of Logic
14:12
Example 1: Determine the Logic
14:42
Example 2: Determine the Logic
17:02
Using Laws of Logic, cont.
18:47
Example 3: Determine the Logic
19:03
Example 4: Determine the Logic
20:56
Extra Example 1: Determine the Conclusion and Law
22:12
Extra Example 2: Determine the Conclusion and Law
25:39
Extra Example 3: Determine the Logic and Law
29:50
Extra Example 4: Determine the Logic and Law
31:27
Proofs in Algebra: Properties of Equality

44m 31s

Intro
0:00
Properties of Equality
0:10
Addition Property of Equality
0:28
Subtraction Property of Equality
1:10
Multiplication Property of Equality
1:41
Division Property of Equality
1:55
Addition Property of Equality Using Angles
2:46
Properties of Equality, cont.
4:10
Reflexive Property of Equality
4:11
Symmetric Property of Equality
5:24
Transitive Property of Equality
6:10
Properties of Equality, cont.
7:04
Substitution Property of Equality
7:05
Distributive Property of Equality
8:34
Two Column Proof
9:40
Example: Two Column Proof
9:46
Proof Example 1
16:13
Proof Example 2
23:49
Proof Example 3
30:33
Extra Example 1: Name the Property of Equality
38:07
Extra Example 2: Name the Property of Equality
40:16
Extra Example 3: Name the Property of Equality
41:35
Extra Example 4: Name the Property of Equality
43:02
Proving Segment Relationship

41m 2s

Intro
0:00
Good Proofs
0:12
Five Essential Parts
0:13
Proof Reasons
1:38
Undefined
1:40
Definitions
2:06
Postulates
2:42
Previously Proven Theorems
3:24
Congruence of Segments
4:10
Theorem: Congruence of Segments
4:12
Proof Example
10:16
Proof: Congruence of Segments
10:17
Setting Up Proofs
19:13
Example: Two Segments with Equal Measures
19:15
Setting Up Proofs
21:48
Example: Vertical Angles are Congruent
21:50
Setting Up Proofs
23:59
Example: Segment of a Triangle
24:00
Extra Example 1: Congruence of Segments
27:03
Extra Example 2: Setting Up Proofs
28:50
Extra Example 3: Setting Up Proofs
30:55
Extra Example 4: Two-Column Proof
33:11
Proving Angle Relationships

33m 37s

Intro
0:00
Supplement Theorem
0:05
Supplementary Angles
0:06
Congruence of Angles
2:37
Proof: Congruence of Angles
2:38
Angle Theorems
6:54
Angle Theorem 1: Supplementary Angles
6:55
Angle Theorem 2: Complementary Angles
10:25
Angle Theorems
11:32
Angle Theorem 3: Right Angles
11:35
Angle Theorem 4: Vertical Angles
12:09
Angle Theorem 5: Perpendicular Lines
12:57
Using Angle Theorems
13:45
Example 1: Always, Sometimes, or Never
13:50
Example 2: Always, Sometimes, or Never
14:28
Example 3: Always, Sometimes, or Never
16:21
Extra Example 1: Always, Sometimes, or Never
16:53
Extra Example 2: Find the Measure of Each Angle
18:55
Extra Example 3: Find the Measure of Each Angle
25:03
Extra Example 4: Two-Column Proof
27:08
Section 3: Perpendicular & Parallel Lines
Parallel Lines and Transversals

37m 35s

Intro
0:00
Lines
0:06
Parallel Lines
0:09
Skew Lines
2:02
Transversal
3:42
Angles Formed by a Transversal
4:28
Interior Angles
5:53
Exterior Angles
6:09
Consecutive Interior Angles
7:04
Alternate Exterior Angles
9:47
Alternate Interior Angles
11:22
Corresponding Angles
12:27
Angles Formed by a Transversal
15:29
Relationship Between Angles
15:30
Extra Example 1: Intersecting, Parallel, or Skew
19:26
Extra Example 2: Draw a Diagram
21:37
Extra Example 3: Name the Figures
24:12
Extra Example 4: Angles Formed by a Transversal
28:38
Angles and Parallel Lines

41m 53s

Intro
0:00
Corresponding Angles Postulate
0:05
Corresponding Angles Postulate
0:06
Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
3:05
Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
3:07
Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem
5:16
Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem
5:17
Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem
6:42
Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem
6:43
Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal
7:18
Example: Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal
7:19
Perpendicular Transversal Theorem
14:54
Perpendicular Transversal Theorem
14:55
Extra Example 1: State the Postulate or Theorem
16:37
Extra Example 2: Find the Measure of the Numbered Angle
18:53
Extra Example 3: Find the Measure of Each Angle
25:13
Extra Example 4: Find the Values of x, y, and z
36:26
Slope of Lines

44m 6s

Intro
0:00
Definition of Slope
0:06
Slope Equation
0:13
Slope of a Line
3:45
Example: Find the Slope of a Line
3:47
Slope of a Line
8:38
More Example: Find the Slope of a Line
8:40
Slope Postulates
12:32
Proving Slope Postulates
12:33
Parallel or Perpendicular Lines
17:23
Example: Parallel or Perpendicular Lines
17:24
Using Slope Formula
20:02
Example: Using Slope Formula
20:03
Extra Example 1: Slope of a Line
25:10
Extra Example 2: Slope of a Line
26:31
Extra Example 3: Graph the Line
34:11
Extra Example 4: Using the Slope Formula
38:50
Proving Lines Parallel

25m 55s

Intro
0:00
Postulates
0:06
Postulate 1: Parallel Lines
0:21
Postulate 2: Parallel Lines
2:16
Parallel Postulate
3:28
Definition and Example of Parallel Postulate
3:29
Theorems
4:29
Theorem 1: Parallel Lines
4:40
Theorem 2: Parallel Lines
5:37
Theorems, cont.
6:10
Theorem 3: Parallel Lines
6:11
Extra Example 1: Determine Parallel Lines
6:56
Extra Example 2: Find the Value of x
11:42
Extra Example 3: Opposite Sides are Parallel
14:48
Extra Example 4: Proving Parallel Lines
20:42
Parallels and Distance

19m 48s

Intro
0:00
Distance Between a Points and Line
0:07
Definition and Example
0:08
Distance Between Parallel Lines
1:51
Definition and Example
1:52
Extra Example 1: Drawing a Segment to Represent Distance
3:02
Extra Example 2: Drawing a Segment to Represent Distance
4:27
Extra Example 3: Graph, Plot, and Construct a Perpendicular Segment
5:13
Extra Example 4: Distance Between Two Parallel Lines
15:37
Section 4: Congruent Triangles
Classifying Triangles

28m 43s

Intro
0:00
Triangles
0:09
Triangle: A Three-Sided Polygon
0:10
Sides
1:00
Vertices
1:22
Angles
1:56
Classifying Triangles by Angles
2:59
Acute Triangle
3:19
Obtuse Triangle
4:08
Right Triangle
4:44
Equiangular Triangle
5:38
Definition and Example of an Equiangular Triangle
5:39
Classifying Triangles by Sides
6:57
Scalene Triangle
7:17
Isosceles Triangle
7:57
Equilateral Triangle
8:12
Isosceles Triangle
8:58
Labeling Isosceles Triangle
9:00
Labeling Right Triangle
10:44
Isosceles Triangle
11:10
Example: Find x, AB, BC, and AC
11:11
Extra Example 1: Classify Each Triangle
13:45
Extra Example 2: Always, Sometimes, or Never
16:28
Extra Example 3: Find All the Sides of the Isosceles Triangle
20:29
Extra Example 4: Distance Formula and Triangle
22:29
Measuring Angles in Triangles

44m 43s

Intro
0:00
Angle Sum Theorem
0:09
Angle Sum Theorem for Triangle
0:11
Using Angle Sum Theorem
4:06
Find the Measure of the Missing Angle
4:07
Third Angle Theorem
4:58
Example: Third Angle Theorem
4:59
Exterior Angle Theorem
7:58
Example: Exterior Angle Theorem
8:00
Flow Proof of Exterior Angle Theorem
15:14
Flow Proof of Exterior Angle Theorem
15:17
Triangle Corollaries
27:21
Triangle Corollary 1
27:50
Triangle Corollary 2
30:42
Extra Example 1: Find the Value of x
32:55
Extra Example 2: Find the Value of x
34:20
Extra Example 3: Find the Measure of the Angle
35:38
Extra Example 4: Find the Measure of Each Numbered Angle
39:00
Exploring Congruent Triangles

26m 46s

Intro
0:00
Congruent Triangles
0:15
Example of Congruent Triangles
0:17
Corresponding Parts
3:39
Corresponding Angles and Sides of Triangles
3:40
Definition of Congruent Triangles
11:24
Definition of Congruent Triangles
11:25
Triangle Congruence
16:37
Congruence of Triangles
16:38
Extra Example 1: Congruence Statement
18:24
Extra Example 2: Congruence Statement
21:26
Extra Example 3: Draw and Label the Figure
23:09
Extra Example 4: Drawing Triangles
24:04
Proving Triangles Congruent

47m 51s

Intro
0:00
SSS Postulate
0:18
Side-Side-Side Postulate
0:27
SAS Postulate
2:26
Side-Angle-Side Postulate
2:29
SAS Postulate
3:57
Proof Example
3:58
ASA Postulate
11:47
Angle-Side-Angle Postulate
11:53
AAS Theorem
14:13
Angle-Angle-Side Theorem
14:14
Methods Overview
16:16
Methods Overview
16:17
SSS
16:33
SAS
17:06
ASA
17:50
AAS
18:17
CPCTC
19:14
Extra Example 1:Proving Triangles are Congruent
21:29
Extra Example 2: Proof
25:40
Extra Example 3: Proof
30:41
Extra Example 4: Proof
38:41
Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles

27m 53s

Intro
0:00
Isosceles Triangle Theorem
0:07
Isosceles Triangle Theorem
0:09
Isosceles Triangle Theorem
2:26
Example: Using the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
2:27
Isosceles Triangle Theorem Converse
3:29
Isosceles Triangle Theorem Converse
3:30
Equilateral Triangle Theorem Corollaries
4:30
Equilateral Triangle Theorem Corollary 1
4:59
Equilateral Triangle Theorem Corollary 2
5:55
Extra Example 1: Find the Value of x
7:08
Extra Example 2: Find the Value of x
10:04
Extra Example 3: Proof
14:04
Extra Example 4: Proof
22:41
Section 5: Triangle Inequalities
Special Segments in Triangles

43m 44s

Intro
0:00
Perpendicular Bisector
0:06
Perpendicular Bisector
0:07
Perpendicular Bisector
4:07
Perpendicular Bisector Theorems
4:08
Median
6:30
Definition of Median
6:31
Median
9:41
Example: Median
9:42
Altitude
12:22
Definition of Altitude
12:23
Angle Bisector
14:33
Definition of Angle Bisector
14:34
Angle Bisector
16:41
Angle Bisector Theorems
16:42
Special Segments Overview
18:57
Perpendicular Bisector
19:04
Median
19:32
Altitude
19:49
Angle Bisector
20:02
Examples: Special Segments
20:18
Extra Example 1: Draw and Label
22:36
Extra Example 2: Draw the Altitudes for Each Triangle
24:37
Extra Example 3: Perpendicular Bisector
27:57
Extra Example 4: Draw, Label, and Write Proof
34:33
Right Triangles

26m 34s

Intro
0:00
LL Theorem
0:21
Leg-Leg Theorem
0:25
HA Theorem
2:23
Hypotenuse-Angle Theorem
2:24
LA Theorem
4:49
Leg-Angle Theorem
4:50
LA Theorem
6:18
Example: Find x and y
6:19
HL Postulate
8:22
Hypotenuse-Leg Postulate
8:23
Extra Example 1: LA Theorem & HL Postulate
10:57
Extra Example 2: Find x So That Each Pair of Triangles is Congruent
14:15
Extra Example 3: Two-column Proof
17:02
Extra Example 4: Two-column Proof
21:01
Indirect Proofs and Inequalities

33m 30s

Intro
0:00
Writing an Indirect Proof
0:09
Step 1
0:49
Step 2
2:32
Step 3
3:00
Indirect Proof
4:30
Example: 2 + 6 = 8
5:00
Example: The Suspect is Guilty
5:40
Example: Measure of Angle A < Measure of Angle B
6:06
Definition of Inequality
7:47
Definition of Inequality & Example
7:48
Properties of Inequality
9:55
Comparison Property
9:58
Transitive Property
10:33
Addition and Subtraction Properties
12:01
Multiplication and Division Properties
13:07
Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem
14:12
Example: Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem
14:13
Extra Example 1: Draw a Diagram for the Statement
18:32
Extra Example 2: Name the Property for Each Statement
19:56
Extra Example 3: State the Assumption
21:22
Extra Example 4: Write an Indirect Proof
25:39
Inequalities for Sides and Angles of a Triangle

17m 26s

Intro
0:00
Side to Angles
0:10
If One Side of a Triangle is Longer Than Another Side
0:11
Converse: Angles to Sides
1:57
If One Angle of a Triangle Has a Greater Measure Than Another Angle
1:58
Extra Example 1: Name the Angles in the Triangle From Least to Greatest
2:38
Extra Example 2: Find the Longest and Shortest Segment in the Triangle
3:47
Extra Example 3: Angles and Sides of a Triangle
4:51
Extra Example 4: Two-column Proof
9:08
Triangle Inequality

28m 11s

Intro
0:00
Triangle Inequality Theorem
0:05
Triangle Inequality Theorem
0:06
Triangle Inequality Theorem
4:22
Example 1: Triangle Inequality Theorem
4:23
Example 2: Triangle Inequality Theorem
9:40
Extra Example 1: Determine if the Three Numbers can Represent the Sides of a Triangle
12:00
Extra Example 2: Finding the Third Side of a Triangle
13:34
Extra Example 3: Always True, Sometimes True, or Never True
18:18
Extra Example 4: Triangle and Vertices
22:36
Inequalities Involving Two Triangles

29m 36s

Intro
0:00
SAS Inequality Theorem
0:06
SAS Inequality Theorem & Example
0:25
SSS Inequality Theorem
4:33
SSS Inequality Theorem & Example
4:34
Extra Example 1: Write an Inequality Comparing the Segments
6:08
Extra Example 2: Determine if the Statement is True
9:52
Extra Example 3: Write an Inequality for x
14:20
Extra Example 4: Two-column Proof
17:44
Section 6: Quadrilaterals
Parallelograms

29m 11s

Intro
0:00
Quadrilaterals
0:06
Four-sided Polygons
0:08
Non Examples of Quadrilaterals
0:47
Parallelograms
1:35
Parallelograms
1:36
Properties of Parallelograms
4:28
Opposite Sides of a Parallelogram are Congruent
4:29
Opposite Angles of a Parallelogram are Congruent
5:49
Angles and Diagonals
6:24
Consecutive Angles in a Parallelogram are Supplementary
6:25
The Diagonals of a Parallelogram Bisect Each Other
8:42
Extra Example 1: Complete Each Statement About the Parallelogram
10:26
Extra Example 2: Find the Values of x, y, and z of the Parallelogram
13:21
Extra Example 3: Find the Distance of Each Side to Verify the Parallelogram
16:35
Extra Example 4: Slope of Parallelogram
23:15
Proving Parallelograms

42m 43s

Intro
0:00
Parallelogram Theorems
0:09
Theorem 1
0:20
Theorem 2
1:50
Parallelogram Theorems, Cont.
3:10
Theorem 3
3:11
Theorem 4
4:15
Proving Parallelogram
6:21
Example: Determine if Quadrilateral ABCD is a Parallelogram
6:22
Summary
14:01
Both Pairs of Opposite Sides are Parallel
14:14
Both Pairs of Opposite Sides are Congruent
15:09
Both Pairs of Opposite Angles are Congruent
15:24
Diagonals Bisect Each Other
15:44
A Pair of Opposite Sides is Both Parallel and Congruent
16:13
Extra Example 1: Determine if Each Quadrilateral is a Parallelogram
16:54
Extra Example 2: Find the Value of x and y
20:23
Extra Example 3: Determine if the Quadrilateral ABCD is a Parallelogram
24:05
Extra Example 4: Two-column Proof
30:28
Rectangles

29m 47s

Intro
0:00
Rectangles
0:03
Definition of Rectangles
0:04
Diagonals of Rectangles
2:52
Rectangles: Diagonals Property 1
2:53
Rectangles: Diagonals Property 2
3:30
Proving a Rectangle
4:40
Example: Determine Whether Parallelogram ABCD is a Rectangle
4:41
Rectangles Summary
9:22
Opposite Sides are Congruent and Parallel
9:40
Opposite Angles are Congruent
9:51
Consecutive Angles are Supplementary
9:58
Diagonals are Congruent and Bisect Each Other
10:05
All Four Angles are Right Angles
10:40
Extra Example 1: Find the Value of x
11:03
Extra Example 2: Name All Congruent Sides and Angles
13:52
Extra Example 3: Always, Sometimes, or Never True
19:39
Extra Example 4: Determine if ABCD is a Rectangle
26:45
Squares and Rhombi

39m 14s

Intro
0:00
Rhombus
0:09
Definition of a Rhombus
0:10
Diagonals of a Rhombus
2:03
Rhombus: Diagonals Property 1
2:21
Rhombus: Diagonals Property 2
3:49
Rhombus: Diagonals Property 3
4:36
Rhombus
6:17
Example: Use the Rhombus to Find the Missing Value
6:18
Square
8:17
Definition of a Square
8:20
Summary Chart
11:06
Parallelogram
11:07
Rectangle
12:56
Rhombus
13:54
Square
14:44
Extra Example 1: Diagonal Property
15:44
Extra Example 2: Use Rhombus ABCD to Find the Missing Value
19:39
Extra Example 3: Always, Sometimes, or Never True
23:06
Extra Example 4: Determine the Quadrilateral
28:02
Trapezoids and Kites

30m 48s

Intro
0:00
Trapezoid
0:10
Definition of Trapezoid
0:12
Isosceles Trapezoid
2:57
Base Angles of an Isosceles Trapezoid
2:58
Diagonals of an Isosceles Trapezoid
4:05
Median of a Trapezoid
4:26
Median of a Trapezoid
4:27
Median of a Trapezoid
6:41
Median Formula
7:00
Kite
8:28
Definition of a Kite
8:29
Quadrilaterals Summary
11:19
A Quadrilateral with Two Pairs of Adjacent Congruent Sides
11:20
Extra Example 1: Isosceles Trapezoid
14:50
Extra Example 2: Median of Trapezoid
18:28
Extra Example 3: Always, Sometimes, or Never
24:13
Extra Example 4: Determine if the Figure is a Trapezoid
26:49
Section 7: Proportions and Similarity
Using Proportions and Ratios

20m 10s

Intro
0:00
Ratio
0:05
Definition and Examples of Writing Ratio
0:06
Proportion
2:05
Definition of Proportion
2:06
Examples of Proportion
2:29
Using Ratio
5:53
Example: Ratio
5:54
Extra Example 1: Find Three Ratios Equivalent to 2/5
9:28
Extra Example 2: Proportion and Cross Products
10:32
Extra Example 3: Express Each Ratio as a Fraction
13:18
Extra Example 4: Fin the Measure of a 3:4:5 Triangle
17:26
Similar Polygons

27m 53s

Intro
0:00
Similar Polygons
0:05
Definition of Similar Polygons
0:06
Example of Similar Polygons
2:32
Scale Factor
4:26
Scale Factor: Definition and Example
4:27
Extra Example 1: Determine if Each Pair of Figures is Similar
7:03
Extra Example 2: Find the Values of x and y
11:33
Extra Example 3: Similar Triangles
19:57
Extra Example 4: Draw Two Similar Figures
23:36
Similar Triangles

34m 10s

Intro
0:00
AA Similarity
0:10
Definition of AA Similarity
0:20
Example of AA Similarity
2:32
SSS Similarity
4:46
Definition of SSS Similarity
4:47
Example of SSS Similarity
6:00
SAS Similarity
8:04
Definition of SAS Similarity
8:05
Example of SAS Similarity
9:12
Extra Example 1: Determine Whether Each Pair of Triangles is Similar
10:59
Extra Example 2: Determine Which Triangles are Similar
16:08
Extra Example 3: Determine if the Statement is True or False
23:11
Extra Example 4: Write Two-Column Proof
26:25
Parallel Lines and Proportional Parts

24m 7s

Intro
0:00
Triangle Proportionality
0:07
Definition of Triangle Proportionality
0:08
Example of Triangle Proportionality
0:51
Triangle Proportionality Converse
2:19
Triangle Proportionality Converse
2:20
Triangle Mid-segment
3:42
Triangle Mid-segment: Definition and Example
3:43
Parallel Lines and Transversal
6:51
Parallel Lines and Transversal
6:52
Extra Example 1: Complete Each Statement
8:59
Extra Example 2: Determine if the Statement is True or False
12:28
Extra Example 3: Find the Value of x and y
15:35
Extra Example 4: Find Midpoints of a Triangle
20:43
Parts of Similar Triangles

27m 6s

Intro
0:00
Proportional Perimeters
0:09
Proportional Perimeters: Definition and Example
0:10
Similar Altitudes
2:23
Similar Altitudes: Definition and Example
2:24
Similar Angle Bisectors
4:50
Similar Angle Bisectors: Definition and Example
4:51
Similar Medians
6:05
Similar Medians: Definition and Example
6:06
Angle Bisector Theorem
7:33
Angle Bisector Theorem
7:34
Extra Example 1: Parts of Similar Triangles
10:52
Extra Example 2: Parts of Similar Triangles
14:57
Extra Example 3: Parts of Similar Triangles
19:27
Extra Example 4: Find the Perimeter of Triangle ABC
23:14
Section 8: Applying Right Triangles & Trigonometry
Pythagorean Theorem

21m 14s

Intro
0:00
Pythagorean Theorem
0:05
Pythagorean Theorem & Example
0:06
Pythagorean Converse
1:20
Pythagorean Converse & Example
1:21
Pythagorean Triple
2:42
Pythagorean Triple
2:43
Extra Example 1: Find the Missing Side
4:59
Extra Example 2: Determine Right Triangle
7:40
Extra Example 3: Determine Pythagorean Triple
11:30
Extra Example 4: Vertices and Right Triangle
14:29
Geometric Mean

40m 59s

Intro
0:00
Geometric Mean
0:04
Geometric Mean & Example
0:05
Similar Triangles
4:32
Similar Triangles
4:33
Geometric Mean-Altitude
11:10
Geometric Mean-Altitude & Example
11:11
Geometric Mean-Leg
14:47
Geometric Mean-Leg & Example
14:18
Extra Example 1: Geometric Mean Between Each Pair of Numbers
20:10
Extra Example 2: Similar Triangles
23:46
Extra Example 3: Geometric Mean of Triangles
28:30
Extra Example 4: Geometric Mean of Triangles
36:58
Special Right Triangles

37m 57s

Intro
0:00
45-45-90 Triangles
0:06
Definition of 45-45-90 Triangles
0:25
45-45-90 Triangles
5:51
Example: Find n
5:52
30-60-90 Triangles
8:59
Definition of 30-60-90 Triangles
9:00
30-60-90 Triangles
12:25
Example: Find n
12:26
Extra Example 1: Special Right Triangles
15:08
Extra Example 2: Special Right Triangles
18:22
Extra Example 3: Word Problems & Special Triangles
27:40
Extra Example 4: Hexagon & Special Triangles
33:51
Ratios in Right Triangles

40m 37s

Intro
0:00
Trigonometric Ratios
0:08
Definition of Trigonometry
0:13
Sine (sin), Cosine (cos), & Tangent (tan)
0:50
Trigonometric Ratios
3:04
Trig Functions
3:05
Inverse Trig Functions
5:02
SOHCAHTOA
8:16
sin x
9:07
cos x
10:00
tan x
10:32
Example: SOHCAHTOA & Triangle
12:10
Extra Example 1: Find the Value of Each Ratio or Angle Measure
14:36
Extra Example 2: Find Sin, Cos, and Tan
18:51
Extra Example 3: Find the Value of x Using SOHCAHTOA
22:55
Extra Example 4: Trigonometric Ratios in Right Triangles
32:13
Angles of Elevation and Depression

21m 4s

Intro
0:00
Angle of Elevation
0:10
Definition of Angle of Elevation & Example
0:11
Angle of Depression
1:19
Definition of Angle of Depression & Example
1:20
Extra Example 1: Name the Angle of Elevation and Depression
2:22
Extra Example 2: Word Problem & Angle of Depression
4:41
Extra Example 3: Word Problem & Angle of Elevation
14:02
Extra Example 4: Find the Missing Measure
18:10
Law of Sines

35m 25s

Intro
0:00
Law of Sines
0:20
Law of Sines
0:21
Law of Sines
3:34
Example: Find b
3:35
Solving the Triangle
9:19
Example: Using the Law of Sines to Solve Triangle
9:20
Extra Example 1: Law of Sines and Triangle
17:43
Extra Example 2: Law of Sines and Triangle
20:06
Extra Example 3: Law of Sines and Triangle
23:54
Extra Example 4: Law of Sines and Triangle
28:59
Law of Cosines

52m 43s

Intro
0:00
Law of Cosines
0:35
Law of Cosines
0:36
Law of Cosines
6:22
Use the Law of Cosines When Both are True
6:23
Law of Cosines
8:35
Example: Law of Cosines
8:36
Extra Example 1: Law of Sines or Law of Cosines?
13:35
Extra Example 2: Use the Law of Cosines to Find the Missing Measure
17:02
Extra Example 3: Solve the Triangle
30:49
Extra Example 4: Find the Measure of Each Diagonal of the Parallelogram
41:39
Section 9: Circles
Segments in a Circle

22m 43s

Intro
0:00
Segments in a Circle
0:10
Circle
0:11
Chord
0:59
Diameter
1:32
Radius
2:07
Secant
2:17
Tangent
3:10
Circumference
3:56
Introduction to Circumference
3:57
Example: Find the Circumference of the Circle
5:09
Circumference
6:40
Example: Find the Circumference of the Circle
6:41
Extra Example 1: Use the Circle to Answer the Following
9:10
Extra Example 2: Find the Missing Measure
12:53
Extra Example 3: Given the Circumference, Find the Perimeter of the Triangle
15:51
Extra Example 4: Find the Circumference of Each Circle
19:24
Angles and Arc

35m 24s

Intro
0:00
Central Angle
0:06
Definition of Central Angle
0:07
Sum of Central Angles
1:17
Sum of Central Angles
1:18
Arcs
2:27
Minor Arc
2:30
Major Arc
3:47
Arc Measure
5:24
Measure of Minor Arc
5:24
Measure of Major Arc
6:53
Measure of a Semicircle
7:11
Arc Addition Postulate
8:25
Arc Addition Postulate
8:26
Arc Length
9:43
Arc Length and Example
9:44
Concentric Circles
16:05
Concentric Circles
16:06
Congruent Circles and Arcs
17:50
Congruent Circles
17:51
Congruent Arcs
18:47
Extra Example 1: Minor Arc, Major Arc, and Semicircle
20:14
Extra Example 2: Measure and Length of Arc
22:52
Extra Example 3: Congruent Arcs
25:48
Extra Example 4: Angles and Arcs
30:33
Arcs and Chords

21m 51s

Intro
0:00
Arcs and Chords
0:07
Arc of the Chord
0:08
Theorem 1: Congruent Minor Arcs
1:01
Inscribed Polygon
2:10
Inscribed Polygon
2:11
Arcs and Chords
3:18
Theorem 2: When a Diameter is Perpendicular to a Chord
3:19
Arcs and Chords
5:05
Theorem 3: Congruent Chords
5:06
Extra Example 1: Congruent Arcs
10:35
Extra Example 2: Length of Arc
13:50
Extra Example 3: Arcs and Chords
17:09
Extra Example 4: Arcs and Chords
19:45
Inscribed Angles

27m 53s

Intro
0:00
Inscribed Angles
0:07
Definition of Inscribed Angles
0:08
Inscribed Angles
0:58
Inscribed Angle Theorem 1
0:59
Inscribed Angles
3:29
Inscribed Angle Theorem 2
3:30
Inscribed Angles
4:38
Inscribed Angle Theorem 3
4:39
Inscribed Quadrilateral
5:50
Inscribed Quadrilateral
5:51
Extra Example 1: Central Angle, Inscribed Angle, and Intercepted Arc
7:02
Extra Example 2: Inscribed Angles
9:24
Extra Example 3: Inscribed Angles
14:00
Extra Example 4: Complete the Proof
17:58
Tangents

26m 16s

Intro
0:00
Tangent Theorems
0:04
Tangent Theorem 1
0:05
Tangent Theorem 1 Converse
0:55
Common Tangents
1:34
Common External Tangent
2:12
Common Internal Tangent
2:30
Tangent Segments
3:08
Tangent Segments
3:09
Circumscribed Polygons
4:11
Circumscribed Polygons
4:12
Extra Example 1: Tangents & Circumscribed Polygons
5:50
Extra Example 2: Tangents & Circumscribed Polygons
8:35
Extra Example 3: Tangents & Circumscribed Polygons
11:50
Extra Example 4: Tangents & Circumscribed Polygons
15:43
Secants, Tangents, & Angle Measures

27m 50s

Intro
0:00
Secant
0:08
Secant
0:09
Secant and Tangent
0:49
Secant and Tangent
0:50
Interior Angles
2:56
Secants & Interior Angles
2:57
Exterior Angles
7:21
Secants & Exterior Angles
7:22
Extra Example 1: Secants, Tangents, & Angle Measures
10:53
Extra Example 2: Secants, Tangents, & Angle Measures
13:31
Extra Example 3: Secants, Tangents, & Angle Measures
19:54
Extra Example 4: Secants, Tangents, & Angle Measures
22:29
Special Segments in a Circle

23m 8s

Intro
0:00
Chord Segments
0:05
Chord Segments
0:06
Secant Segments
1:36
Secant Segments
1:37
Tangent and Secant Segments
4:10
Tangent and Secant Segments
4:11
Extra Example 1: Special Segments in a Circle
5:53
Extra Example 2: Special Segments in a Circle
7:58
Extra Example 3: Special Segments in a Circle
11:24
Extra Example 4: Special Segments in a Circle
18:09
Equations of Circles

27m 1s

Intro
0:00
Equation of a Circle
0:06
Standard Equation of a Circle
0:07
Example 1: Equation of a Circle
0:57
Example 2: Equation of a Circle
1:36
Extra Example 1: Determine the Coordinates of the Center and the Radius
4:56
Extra Example 2: Write an Equation Based on the Given Information
7:53
Extra Example 3: Graph Each Circle
16:48
Extra Example 4: Write the Equation of Each Circle
19:17
Section 10: Polygons & Area
Polygons

27m 24s

Intro
0:00
Polygons
0:10
Polygon vs. Not Polygon
0:18
Convex and Concave
1:46
Convex vs. Concave Polygon
1:52
Regular Polygon
4:04
Regular Polygon
4:05
Interior Angle Sum Theorem
4:53
Triangle
5:03
Quadrilateral
6:05
Pentagon
6:38
Hexagon
7:59
20-Gon
9:36
Exterior Angle Sum Theorem
12:04
Exterior Angle Sum Theorem
12:05
Extra Example 1: Drawing Polygons
13:51
Extra Example 2: Convex Polygon
15:16
Extra Example 3: Exterior Angle Sum Theorem
18:21
Extra Example 4: Interior Angle Sum Theorem
22:20
Area of Parallelograms

17m 46s

Intro
0:00
Parallelograms
0:06
Definition and Area Formula
0:07
Area of Figure
2:00
Area of Figure
2:01
Extra Example 1:Find the Area of the Shaded Area
3:14
Extra Example 2: Find the Height and Area of the Parallelogram
6:00
Extra Example 3: Find the Area of the Parallelogram Given Coordinates and Vertices
10:11
Extra Example 4: Find the Area of the Figure
14:31
Area of Triangles Rhombi, & Trapezoids

20m 31s

Intro
0:00
Area of a Triangle
0:06
Area of a Triangle: Formula and Example
0:07
Area of a Trapezoid
2:31
Area of a Trapezoid: Formula
2:32
Area of a Trapezoid: Example
6:55
Area of a Rhombus
8:05
Area of a Rhombus: Formula and Example
8:06
Extra Example 1: Find the Area of the Polygon
9:51
Extra Example 2: Find the Area of the Figure
11:19
Extra Example 3: Find the Area of the Figure
14:16
Extra Example 4: Find the Height of the Trapezoid
18:10
Area of Regular Polygons & Circles

36m 43s

Intro
0:00
Regular Polygon
0:08
SOHCAHTOA
0:54
30-60-90 Triangle
1:52
45-45-90 Triangle
2:40
Area of a Regular Polygon
3:39
Area of a Regular Polygon
3:40
Are of a Circle
7:55
Are of a Circle
7:56
Extra Example 1: Find the Area of the Regular Polygon
8:22
Extra Example 2: Find the Area of the Regular Polygon
16:48
Extra Example 3: Find the Area of the Shaded Region
24:11
Extra Example 4: Find the Area of the Shaded Region
32:24
Perimeter & Area of Similar Figures

18m 17s

Intro
0:00
Perimeter of Similar Figures
0:08
Example: Scale Factor & Perimeter of Similar Figures
0:09
Area of Similar Figures
2:44
Example:Scale Factor & Area of Similar Figures
2:55
Extra Example 1: Complete the Table
6:09
Extra Example 2: Find the Ratios of the Perimeter and Area of the Similar Figures
8:56
Extra Example 3: Find the Unknown Area
12:04
Extra Example 4: Use the Given Area to Find AB
14:26
Geometric Probability

38m 40s

Intro
0:00
Length Probability Postulate
0:05
Length Probability Postulate
0:06
Are Probability Postulate
2:34
Are Probability Postulate
2:35
Are of a Sector of a Circle
4:11
Are of a Sector of a Circle Formula
4:12
Are of a Sector of a Circle Example
7:51
Extra Example 1: Length Probability
11:07
Extra Example 2: Area Probability
12:14
Extra Example 3: Area Probability
17:17
Extra Example 4: Area of a Sector of a Circle
26:23
Section 11: Solids
Three-Dimensional Figures

23m 39s

Intro
0:00
Polyhedrons
0:05
Polyhedrons: Definition and Examples
0:06
Faces
1:08
Edges
1:55
Vertices
2:23
Solids
2:51
Pyramid
2:54
Cylinder
3:45
Cone
4:09
Sphere
4:23
Prisms
5:00
Rectangular, Regular, and Cube Prisms
5:02
Platonic Solids
9:48
Five Types of Regular Polyhedra
9:49
Slices and Cross Sections
12:07
Slices
12:08
Cross Sections
12:47
Extra Example 1: Name the Edges, Faces, and Vertices of the Polyhedron
14:23
Extra Example 2: Determine if the Figure is a Polyhedron and Explain Why
17:37
Extra Example 3: Describe the Slice Resulting from the Cut
19:12
Extra Example 4: Describe the Shape of the Intersection
21:25
Surface Area of Prisms and Cylinders

38m 50s

Intro
0:00
Prisms
0:06
Bases
0:07
Lateral Faces
0:52
Lateral Edges
1:19
Altitude
1:58
Prisms
2:24
Right Prism
2:25
Oblique Prism
2:56
Classifying Prisms
3:27
Right Rectangular Prism
3:28
4:55
Oblique Pentagonal Prism
6:26
Right Hexagonal Prism
7:14
Lateral Area of a Prism
7:42
Lateral Area of a Prism
7:43
Surface Area of a Prism
13:44
Surface Area of a Prism
13:45
Cylinder
16:18
Cylinder: Right and Oblique
16:19
Lateral Area of a Cylinder
18:02
Lateral Area of a Cylinder
18:03
Surface Area of a Cylinder
20:54
Surface Area of a Cylinder
20:55
Extra Example 1: Find the Lateral Area and Surface Are of the Prism
21:51
Extra Example 2: Find the Lateral Area of the Prism
28:15
Extra Example 3: Find the Surface Area of the Prism
31:57
Extra Example 4: Find the Lateral Area and Surface Area of the Cylinder
34:17
Surface Area of Pyramids and Cones

26m 10s

Intro
0:00
Pyramids
0:07
Pyramids
0:08
Regular Pyramids
1:52
Regular Pyramids
1:53
Lateral Area of a Pyramid
4:33
Lateral Area of a Pyramid
4:34
Surface Area of a Pyramid
9:19
Surface Area of a Pyramid
9:20
Cone
10:09
Right and Oblique Cone
10:10
Lateral Area and Surface Area of a Right Cone
11:20
Lateral Area and Surface Are of a Right Cone
11:21
Extra Example 1: Pyramid and Prism
13:11
Extra Example 2: Find the Lateral Area of the Regular Pyramid
15:00
Extra Example 3: Find the Surface Area of the Pyramid
18:29
Extra Example 4: Find the Lateral Area and Surface Area of the Cone
22:08
Volume of Prisms and Cylinders

21m 59s

Intro
0:00
Volume of Prism
0:08
Volume of Prism
0:10
Volume of Cylinder
3:38
Volume of Cylinder
3:39
Extra Example 1: Find the Volume of the Prism
5:10
Extra Example 2: Find the Volume of the Cylinder
8:03
Extra Example 3: Find the Volume of the Prism
9:35
Extra Example 4: Find the Volume of the Solid
19:06
Volume of Pyramids and Cones

22m 2s

Intro
0:00
Volume of a Cone
0:08
Volume of a Cone: Example
0:10
Volume of a Pyramid
3:02
Volume of a Pyramid: Example
3:03
Extra Example 1: Find the Volume of the Pyramid
4:56
Extra Example 2: Find the Volume of the Solid
6:01
Extra Example 3: Find the Volume of the Pyramid
10:28
Extra Example 4: Find the Volume of the Octahedron
16:23
Surface Area and Volume of Spheres

14m 46s

Intro
0:00
Special Segments
0:06
Radius
0:07
Chord
0:31
Diameter
0:55
Tangent
1:20
Sphere
1:43
Plane & Sphere
1:44
Hemisphere
2:56
Surface Area of a Sphere
3:25
Surface Area of a Sphere
3:26
Volume of a Sphere
4:08
Volume of a Sphere
4:09
Extra Example 1: Determine Whether Each Statement is True or False
4:24
Extra Example 2: Find the Surface Area of the Sphere
6:17
Extra Example 3: Find the Volume of the Sphere with a Diameter of 20 Meters
7:25
Extra Example 4: Find the Surface Area and Volume of the Solid
9:17
Congruent and Similar Solids

16m 6s

Intro
0:00
Scale Factor
0:06
Scale Factor: Definition and Example
0:08
Congruent Solids
1:09
Congruent Solids
1:10
Similar Solids
2:17
Similar Solids
2:18
Extra Example 1: Determine if Each Pair of Solids is Similar, Congruent, or Neither
3:35
Extra Example 2: Determine if Each Statement is True or False
7:47
Extra Example 3: Find the Scale Factor and the Ratio of the Surface Areas and Volume
10:14
Extra Example 4: Find the Volume of the Larger Prism
12:14
Section 12: Transformational Geometry
Mapping

14m 12s

Intro
0:00
Transformation
0:04
Rotation
0:32
Translation
1:03
Reflection
1:17
Dilation
1:24
Transformations
1:45
Examples
1:46
Congruence Transformation
2:51
Congruence Transformation
2:52
Extra Example 1: Describe the Transformation that Occurred in the Mappings
3:37
Extra Example 2: Determine if the Transformation is an Isometry
5:16
Extra Example 3: Isometry
8:16
Reflections

23m 17s

Intro
0:00
Reflection
0:05
Definition of Reflection
0:06
Line of Reflection
0:35
Point of Reflection
1:22
Symmetry
1:59
Line of Symmetry
2:00
Point of Symmetry
2:48
Extra Example 1: Draw the Image over the Line of Reflection and the Point of Reflection
3:45
Extra Example 2: Determine Lines and Point of Symmetry
6:59
Extra Example 3: Graph the Reflection of the Polygon
11:15
Extra Example 4: Graph the Coordinates
16:07
Translations

18m 43s

Intro
0:00
Translation
0:05
Translation: Preimage & Image
0:06
Example
0:56
Composite of Reflections
6:28
Composite of Reflections
6:29
Extra Example 1: Translation
7:48
Extra Example 2: Image, Preimage, and Translation
12:38
Extra Example 3: Find the Translation Image Using a Composite of Reflections
15:08
Extra Example 4: Find the Value of Each Variable in the Translation
17:18
Rotations

21m 26s

Intro
0:00
Rotations
0:04
Rotations
0:05
Performing Rotations
2:13
Composite of Two Successive Reflections over Two Intersecting Lines
2:14
Angle of Rotation: Angle Formed by Intersecting Lines
4:29
Angle of Rotation
5:30
Rotation Postulate
5:31
Extra Example 1: Find the Rotated Image
7:32
Extra Example 2: Rotations and Coordinate Plane
10:33
Extra Example 3: Find the Value of Each Variable in the Rotation
14:29
Extra Example 4: Draw the Polygon Rotated 90 Degree Clockwise about P
16:13
Dilation

37m 6s

Intro
0:00
Dilations
0:06
Dilations
0:07
Scale Factor
1:36
Scale Factor
1:37
Example 1
2:06
Example 2
6:22
Scale Factor
8:20
Positive Scale Factor
8:21
Negative Scale Factor
9:25
Enlargement
12:43
Reduction
13:52
Extra Example 1: Find the Scale Factor
16:39
Extra Example 2: Find the Measure of the Dilation Image
19:32
Extra Example 3: Find the Coordinates of the Image with Scale Factor and the Origin as the Center of Dilation
26:18
Extra Example 4: Graphing Polygon, Dilation, and Scale Factor
32:08
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Lecture Comments (5)

4 answers

Last reply by: Kyle Letterer
Sun Aug 5, 2018 2:38 PM

Post by Edmund Mercado on February 20, 2012

On Using Laws of Logic, cont.: How does it follow logically that if you live dangerously, then you like to dance?

Deductive Reasoning

  • Deductive reasoning: The process of reasoning logically from given statements to a conclusion. If given statements are true, then deductive reasoning produces a true conclusion.
  • Inductive reasoning uses examples and patterns to make conjectures
  • Deductive reasoning uses logic and rules to make a conclusion
  • Law of Detachment: If a conditional is true and its hypothesis is true, then the conclusion is true. If p→q, is true and p is true, then q is true.
  • Law of Syllogism: If p→q and q→r are true conditionals, then p→r is also true. This is similar to the Transitive Property of Equality.

Deductive Reasoning

The following statement is true: If a student is late for the exam, he will fail the class.
Make a conclusion for this condition: David is late for the exam.
David will fail the class.
Use the two true given statements, make a conclusion if possible.
1. If ∠1 and ∠2 are linear pairs, then m∠1 + m∠2 = 180o.
2. If m∠1 + m∠2 = 180o, then they are supplementary angles.
  
If ∠1 and ∠2 are linear pairs, then they are supplementary angles.
Use the two true given statements, make a conclusion if possible.
1. If a point is on line m, it is colinear with points A and B.
2. Point C is on line m.
  
Point C is colinear with points A and B.
Use the two true given statements, make a conclusion if possible. State which law is used.
1. If an angle is smaller than 90o, it is an acute angle.
2. ∠1 is 45o.
  
∠1 is an acute angle. The law of detachment.
Use the two true given statements, make a conclusion if possible. State which law is used
1. If you want to get A for this class, you have to be the top 10% of your class.
2. If you want to be the top 10% of your class, you have to work hard.
  
If you want to get A for this class, you have to work hard. Law of syllogism is used.
Determine if statement 3 follows logically from true statements 1 & 2 by using the law of logic. State which law is used.
1. Two angles are complementary if they add up to 90o.
2. m∠1 + m∠2 = 90o.
3. ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary.
  
Statement 3 follows true statements 1 & 2. Law of detachment is used here.
Determine if statement 3 follows logically from true statements 1 & 2 by using the law of logic. State which law is used.
1. If you jump out from the window, you will break your leg.
2. If you break your leg, you can not go to school.
3. If you jump out from the window, you can not go to school.
  
Statement 3 follows true statements 1 & 2. Law of syllogism is used here.
Determine if statement 3 follows logically from true statements 1 & 2 by using the law of logic. State which law is used.
1. If two lines intersect at a point, then they are coplanar.
2. If two lines are coplanar, all the points on them are coplanar.
3. If two lines intersect at a point, then all the points on them are coplanar.
  
Statement 3 follows true statements 1 & 2. Law of syllogism is used here.
Determine if statement 3 follows logically from true statements 1 & 2 by using the law of logic. State which law is used.
1. If a line passes through a point, then the line contains the point.
2. Line m passes through point A.
3. Line m contains point A.
  
Statement 3 follows true statements 1 & 2. Law of detachment is used here.
Determine if statement 3 follows logically from true statements 1 & 2 by using the law of logic. State which law is used.
1. If a triangle has a right angle, then it is a right triangle.
2. A right triangle follows the Pythagorean theorem.
3. If a triangle has a right angle, then it follows the Pythagorean theorem.
  
Statement 3 follows true statements 1 & 2. Law of syllogism is used here.

*These practice questions are only helpful when you work on them offline on a piece of paper and then use the solution steps function to check your answer.

Answer

Deductive Reasoning

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  • Intro 0:00
  • Deductive Reasoning 0:06
    • Definition of Deductive Reasoning
  • Inductive vs. Deductive 2:51
    • Inductive Reasoning
    • Deductive reasoning
  • Law of Detachment 3:47
    • Law of Detachment
    • Examples of Law of Detachment
  • Law of Syllogism 7:32
    • Law of Syllogism
    • Example 1: Making a Conclusion
    • Example 2: Making a Conclusion
  • Using Laws of Logic 14:12
    • Example 1: Determine the Logic
    • Example 2: Determine the Logic
  • Using Laws of Logic, cont. 18:47
    • Example 3: Determine the Logic
    • Example 4: Determine the Logic
  • Extra Example 1: Determine the Conclusion and Law 22:12
  • Extra Example 2: Determine the Conclusion and Law 25:39
  • Extra Example 3: Determine the Logic and Law 29:50
  • Extra Example 4: Determine the Logic and Law 31:27

Transcription: Deductive Reasoning

Welcome back to Educator.com.0000

This next lesson is on deductive reasoning.0002

Deductive reasoning is the process of reasoning logically--that is the keyword right here, "logically."0007

You are going to use logic from given statements to form a conclusion.0013

If given statements are true, then deductive reasoning produces a true conclusion.0019

As long as we have statements that we can show as true, then based on those statements, we can come to a true conclusion.0028

And this is the process of deductive reasoning.0044

Many professions use deductive reasoning: doctors, when diagnosing a patient's illness...0049

A few lessons ago, we learned about inductive reasoning; that is the opposite of deductive reasoning.0055

Inductive reasoning uses, remember, examples and past experiences.0061

But for deductive reasoning, each situation is unique, and you are going to look at basically facts and truths--0069

anything that is true--to come up with that conclusion.0078

Doctors, when you diagnose a patient's illness, have to look at all the facts and what is there to be able to diagnose the illness correctly.0082

You don't want doctors to diagnose based on inductive reasoning, because then, as long as you have the same symptom, then you have the same illness.0092

For example, if you have a bruise, and you go in to see the doctor, inductive reasoning would suggest that,0104

well, since the last two patients that came in with bruises had some sort of illness,0116

you will have the same illness also, just because you have a bruise.0124

But deductive reasoning...again, you have to look at each unique situation, and looking at that individual,0128

and all of the given statements, all of what is true, the facts there--using that, the doctors will diagnose the patient's illness.0137

Carpenters, when deciding what materials are needed at a worksite: each time a carpenter has a different site, they need a different material.0149

So, deciding what materials to use at that specific worksite is considered deductive reasoning.0160

Again, inductive reasoning is using examples, past experiences, and patterns to make conjectures.0174

You make conjectures; you make guesses, using "Well, it happened this way the last five times,0182

so the sixth time, I can make a conjecture that it is going to happen again."0190

So, a conjecture is an educated guess.0196

Now, with deductive reasoning, you use logic, and you use rules, to come to a conclusion.0199

With inductive reasoning, you are just kind of guessing, just by patterns, what is going to come up next.0208

But with deductive reasoning, you are actually looking at the situation, and you are going to use logic;0216

and you are going to use rules and facts to make a conclusion, to base it on something.0221

The first law of logic is the Law of Detachment.0230

Now, if a conditional is true, and the hypothesis is true, then the conclusion is true.0238

If you look at this, it will be easier to understand.0248

This is the conditional statement: if p → q is true, and p is true, then q will be true.0251

As long as the conditional is true and the hypothesis is true, then the conclusion will be true.0265

Here is an example: If a student gets an A on the final exam, then the student will pass the course.0273

That is the conditional p to q: If a student...here is p; all of this is p, "a student gets an A on a final exam."0280

Then, the student will pass the course; here is q; so p to q is true.0290

Now, David gets an A on the geometry final; here, this is this p, so that is true,0300

because the conditional statement says that if a student gets an A on the final exam, then the student will pass the course.0311

Well, David got an A on the final exam; then what can you conclude--what kind of conclusion can you make?0318

It is that David, then, will pass the course.0329

So, this conditional was true; "If a student gets an A on a final exam, then the student will pass the course"--that is the given conditional.0344

Then, David gets an A on the final exam; that is part of this.0355

So, if he gets an A on the final exam, then you can say that he is going to pass the course, because that is what the conditional says, and the conditional is true.0360

The next example: If two numbers are odd, then their sum is even.0370

Two numbers are odd--here is p; their sum is even--here is q.0380

And then, 3 and 5 are odd numbers; this is based on p--this is all based on p.0386

p → q is true, and this right here, "3 and 5 are odd numbers"...then my conclusion is that the sum of 3 and 5 is even.0394

The sum is going to be even, then, because this is the conditional.0420

If two numbers are odd, then their sum is even; and 3 and 5 are odd numbers; then, the sum of 3 and 5 is even.0424

You are using the conditional and a hypothesis; then you are going to come to a conclusion.0433

And this is the Law of Detachment: if p → q is true, and p is true, then q is true.0442

The next one is the Law of Syllogism; this one is very similar to the transitive property of equality.0454

If you remember, from Algebra I, you learned the transitive property.0461

The transitive property says that, if A equals B, and B equals C, then A equals C.0466

If A equals B, and B equals C, then, since these two are equal, A equals C.0475

This is very similar to that: the Law of Syllogism says that if the conditional p → q is true,0491

and q → r, that conditional, is true, then p → r is also true.0502

So then, here you have two different conditional statements.0511

You have p → q, and then you have q → r; now remember, this q and this q have to be the same.0515

p → q is true; q → r is true; this is a different conclusion; then, this hypothesis, p, to this conclusion, r, is going to also be true, just like this one.0522

A to B and B to C...then A is equal to C.0537

Let's just do a couple of examples: Using the two given statements, make a conclusion, if possible.0544

If M is the midpoint of segment AB, then AM is equal to MB.0554

If I have segment AB, and M is the midpoint (this is M), then AM is equal to MB.0563

If the measures of two segments are equal, then they are congruent.0580

Here, this segment and this segment are equal; right here, that is what it says.0602

Here is AM, and here is MB, and they are equal to each other; then, they are congruent.0609

So, all of this right here--this is all p; this first one would be p → q; and then, this is q.0616

This next one, "The measures of two segments are equal," is saying the same thing as this right here: AM = MB/two segments are equal.0636

So then, this is using q; then they are congruent--now, this is a new conclusion, so this is r; so this is q → r.0651

So, my conclusion...see, right here, the Law of Syllogism says p → q; there is p → q;0668

then q → r--this q → r; then p → r is also true.0674

So, I can come up with a true conditional statement by using this.0679

Then, I can say that my p is here; so if M is the midpoint of segment AB, then the segments are congruent.0686

And I can also say "then AM is congruent to MB," because this one uses AB, so I can just say AM is congruent to MB.0728

I can write it like this, or I can write it like this.0744

Here, I used p; all of this is p; and then, the segments are congruent, so that is r; so this was p to r.0747

So, since this is true, and this is true, then this is what I can conclude: p → r is also true, by the Law of Syllogism.0764

Let's do the next one: If two angles are vertical, then they do not form a linear pair.0776

Here is p; then they do not form a linear pair--this is q; this one is p → q.0787

Then, if two angles are vertical--look at this one--this is the same as right here; so this one is p.0801

Then, they are congruent; this is r; so this is p → r.0809

Well, here I have p → q; and the Law of Syllogism says that p → q and q → r have to be true.0819

I can't have p → q and then p → r; I can't come up with a true conclusion, because here it is not q → r; it is p → r.0828

With this, I can't form a conclusion; so this one is no conclusion.0840

Let's do a few examples: we are going to use the laws of logic, the ones that we just learned, the Law of Detachment and the Law of Syllogism.0853

And we are going to determine if statement 3, the third statement, follows logically from true statements 1 and 2.0865

Based on the first one and the second one, we are going to see if the third one is going to be a true conclusion.0874

Number 1: Right angles are congruent--that is the first statement.0883

Now, this is not written as a conditional; so if you want, you can rewrite it as a conditional.0889

Or you can just remember that this part right here is going to be the hypothesis, and this part right here is going to be the conclusion.0894

I will just write out the conditional of "right angles are congruent": "If the angles are right angles, then they are congruent."0904

And that is the congruent sign; if angles are right angles, then they are congruent.0926

Now, it is easier to see that this is my hypothesis; that is p; and "they are congruent"--this is q.0931

This first one was p → q; now, the second statement is "Angle A and angle B are right angles."0942

Here we have right angles; now, do we see that?--that sounds familiar to me.0954

It is right here; the angles are right angles; so angles A and B are right angles.0961

This is p; or we can write it here--p.0967

Then, angle A is congruent to angle B: is that the correct conclusion?0975

Well, here, if the angles are right angles, and it says that angle A and angle B are right angles, then what?0982

They are congruent; so then, this says that they are congruent; so this is q.0990

This is true; this is a valid conclusion, based on the Law of Detachment, because the Law of Detachment says that,0996

if p → q is true, and p is true, then q is true.1009

So, it is valid; this is the Law of Detachment.1013

The next one: Vertical angles are congruent.1023

Vertical angles: this one is p; them being congruent: that is q, so this one is p → q.1031

Angle 1 is congruent to angle 2--now, is that from p or q?1043

That is from q, because it says that angles are congruent here; so this one is q.1051

And angle 1 and angle 2 are vertical angles--this is p...this is actually...I wrote p instead of q right here.1058

This one is q, and the conclusion was that angle 1 and angle 2 are vertical angles, which is p.1069

Now, we don't have a law of logic that says that if p → q is true, and q is true, then p is true.1078

That is not any law; it looks like the Law of Detachment, but the Law of Detachment is that if p → q is true, and p is true, then q will be true.1088

OK, so in this case, this is an invalid conclusion.1103

See, p → q and p--then q will be true; it can't be the other way around.1114

This is invalid; this is actually the converse, and that is not true.1120

Again, using the Law of Detachment and the Law of Syllogism, determine if statement 3 follows logically from true statements 1 and 2.1131

And state which law is used.1140

The first one: inline skaters live dangerously: here, "inline skaters" would be p; they "live dangerously"--that is q.1144

"If you live dangerously"...that is the same thing as q; so this is q..."then you like to dance"; this is a new statement, so this is r.1162

"Inline skaters"--this is p--"like to dance"--this is r.1178

So, here "inline skaters live dangerously" is p → q; this is q → r; then the third statement,1188

"inline skaters like to dance"--this is p → r; and this is valid by the Law of Syllogism.1199

This one says, "Inline skaters live dangerously"; that is p → q.1216

If you live dangerously--that is the same statement as this one right here--then you like to dance; that is q → r.1223

So, this one right here and this one right here are the same.1232

"Inline skaters"--that same statement right there is p--"like to dance"--that is r.1237

And the Law of Syllogism, remember, says if p → q is true, and q → r is true, then p → r is true.1244

So, it is like the transitive property--the Law of Syllogism.1251

The next one: "If you drive safely, the life you save may be your own."1256

Here, this is p; "the life you save may be your own"--here is q.1266

"Shani drives safely"--that is from p; "the life she saves may be her own"--this one is q.1276

This is the same as this one; so the first statement is p → q, and the next one is p; the conclusion,1291

"the life she saves may be her own," is q; so based on 1 and 2, based on these two, we are able to get this.1304

Yes, this is valid; and this is one is by the Law of Detachment.1314

The Law of Detachment says that if p → q is true, and p is true, then q is true.1325

We are going to do a few more examples: the first one: Draw a conclusion, if possible; state which law is used.1335

If you eat to live, then you live to eat: "If you eat to live"--this one is p--"then you live to eat"--that is q; that is p → q.1344

"Christina eats to live": that is from statement p, so draw a conclusion.1362

Our conclusion is, then, "Christina lives to eat," because if p → q is true, and p is true, then I can conclude that q is true.1372

And this one was by the Law of Detachment.1393

The next one: "If a plane exists, then it contains at least three points not on the same line."1404

"If a plane exists"--there is p--"then it contains at least three points not on the same line"--there is q.1412

And to draw this out: this is just saying that if I have a plane, then contains at least three points in the plane that are not on the same line.1423

Plane N (let me draw plane N--here is plane N) contains points A, B, and C, which are not on the same line.1440

If a plane exists, then it contains at least three points not on the same line.1466

Plane N contains points A, B, and C, which are not on the same line.1471

Well, all of this right here is from statement Q; we have...so I have p → q, and then I have a q.1477

So, I cannot come to a conclusion; I cannot draw a conclusion, because there is no law that says that if p → q is true, and q is true, then p is true.1507

So, I can't say, "Then plane N exists"--that is not a conclusion that I can come to.1521

In this case, my answer will be no conclusion--it cannot be done.1527

Draw a conclusion, if possible; state which law is used.1541

If you spend money on it, then it is a business; if you spend money on it, then it is fun.1546

Let's label these: this right here is p; "then it is a business" is q; so this is p → q.1552

"If you spend money on it"--well, that is p; "then it is fun"--this is r; it is not the same as q, so it is r; this is p → r.1563

Now, can I draw a conclusion based on these statements?--no, because there is no law that says that,1579

if p → q is true, and p → r is true, then q → is true.1591

It has to be p → q; so the Law of Syllogism says p → q and q → r; then p → is true--this is the Law of Syllogism.1600

So, in this case, since it is p → q and p → r, this has no conclusion.1627

The next one: if a number is a whole number, then it is an integer.1640

Remember that whole numbers are numbers like 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on.1645

And integers are whole numbers and their negatives, so it is going to be -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, and so on; those are integers.1656

"If a number is a whole number"--there is my p--"then it is an integer"--there is a q.1672

"If a number is an integer"--isn't this q?--"then it is a rational number"--this is r.1684

And rational numbers are numbers that are integers (it could be -2); I can have fractions; I can have terminating decimals--all of that.1696

Now, remember: these given statements are true statements, and you are trying to see if you can use those true statements to draw a conclusion.1714

Here is p → q; this one is q → r; remember: if we have p → q and q →, then we can say that p → r is true.1727

That is going to be our conclusion: p → r; so I can say, "If a number is a whole number, then"--here is p--1737

I am going to draw my conclusion, p → r--"then it is a rational number."1759

All of this is p, and all of this is r; and that would be valid because of the Law of Syllogism.1771

The next example: Determine if statement 3 follows logically from statements 1 and 2; if it does, state which law is used.1791

Based on 1 and 2, we are going to see if number 3 is valid.1800

If you plan to attend the university of Notre Dame, then you need to be in the top 10% of your class.1806

Here is my p; "you need to be in the top 10% of your class"--there is my q; so this one is p → q.1823

Jonathan plans to attend Notre Dame; so this one is p.1836

Jonathan needs to be in the top 10% of his class; this is q--yes, that is q--"then he needs to be in the top 10% of the class."1848

Based on these two, numbers 1 and 2, these are true statements; statement 1 is true, and statement 2 is true.1861

Then, is my conclusion, my statement 3, true?--yes, this statement is valid, because of the Law of Detachment.1868

The next example: Determine if statement 3 follows logically from statements 1 and 2.1889

If it does, state which law was used.1896

We are going to see, again, if the third statement is valid or invalid, based on these two true statements.1899

So, if an angle has a measure less than 90, then it is acute.1908

"An angle has a measure less than 90"--that is my p; then "it is acute"--this is q; so my conditional is p → q.1915

"If an angle is acute"--well, isn't that what this is right here?--so here is q.1927

"Then its supplement is obtuse"--the supplement is an angle measure that makes it 180.1936

So, if we have two supplementary angles, then it is two angles that add up to 180.1950

A supplement of an angle would be the number, the angle measure, that you would have to add so that it would add up to 180.1955

Then, it is obtuse; this is r; this is the new statement, so here we have q → r.1963

"If an angle has a measure less than 90"--here is my p; all of this is p--"then its supplement is obtuse"--this is r.1972

So, this, my third statement, was p → r; well, does that follow any rule, any law?1996

p → q is true; q → r is true; then p → r is true; so this is valid, and it is from the Law of Syllogism.2006

And the next example: If a figure is a rectangle, then its opposite sides are congruent.2027

If I have a rectangle, its opposite sides are congruent; so this is congruent to here, and this is congruent to here.2035

AB is congruent to DC; so if I have ABCD, AB is congruent to DC, and AD is congruent to BC.2051

The figure is a rectangle--there is my p; then its opposite sides are congruent, so there is q.2067

AB is congruent to DC, and AD is congruent to BC.2075

Here is q, because it says "if the opposite sides are congruent"; ABCD is a rectangle; this is p.2092

I am going to use a different color for that one; this is p.2111

So, statements 1 and 2 are p → q, and statement 2 is q, and my third statement is p.2116

Can you use these two to make this conclusion, that p is true?--no, so this is invalid.2129

This statement right here is invalid; the Law of Detachment says, if p → q is true, and p has to be true, then q is true, not the other way around.2136

This one is invalid; make sure that this second statement has to be p, and then your conclusion is going to be q.2148

OK, well, that is it for this lesson; thank you for watching Educator.com.2160

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