INSTRUCTORS Raffi Hovasapian John Zhu

Raffi Hovasapian

Raffi Hovasapian

Example Problems for Limits at Infinity

Slide Duration:

Table of Contents

Section 1: Limits and Derivatives
Overview & Slopes of Curves

42m 8s

Intro
0:00
Overview & Slopes of Curves
0:21
Differential and Integral
0:22
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
6:36
Differentiation or Taking the Derivative
14:24
What Does the Derivative Mean and How do We Find it?
15:18
Example: f'(x)
19:24
Example: f(x) = sin (x)
29:16
General Procedure for Finding the Derivative of f(x)
37:33
More on Slopes of Curves

50m 53s

Intro
0:00
Slope of the Secant Line along a Curve
0:12
Slope of the Tangent Line to f(x) at a Particlar Point
0:13
Slope of the Secant Line along a Curve
2:59
Instantaneous Slope
6:51
Instantaneous Slope
6:52
Example: Distance, Time, Velocity
13:32
Instantaneous Slope and Average Slope
25:42
Slope & Rate of Change
29:55
Slope & Rate of Change
29:56
Example: Slope = 2
33:16
Example: Slope = 4/3
34:32
Example: Slope = 4 (m/s)
39:12
Example: Density = Mass / Volume
40:33
Average Slope, Average Rate of Change, Instantaneous Slope, and Instantaneous Rate of Change
47:46
Example Problems for Slopes of Curves

59m 12s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Water Tank
0:13
Part A: Which is the Independent Variable and Which is the Dependent?
2:00
Part B: Average Slope
3:18
Part C: Express These Slopes as Rates-of-Change
9:28
Part D: Instantaneous Slope
14:54
Example II: y = √(x-3)
28:26
Part A: Calculate the Slope of the Secant Line
30:39
Part B: Instantaneous Slope
41:26
Part C: Equation for the Tangent Line
43:59
Example III: Object in the Air
49:37
Part A: Average Velocity
50:37
Part B: Instantaneous Velocity
55:30
Desmos Tutorial

18m 43s

Intro
0:00
Desmos Tutorial
1:42
Desmos Tutorial
1:43
Things You Must Learn To Do on Your Particular Calculator
2:39
Things You Must Learn To Do on Your Particular Calculator
2:40
Example I: y=sin x
4:54
Example II: y=x³ and y = d/(dx) (x³)
9:22
Example III: y = x² {-5 <= x <= 0} and y = cos x {0 < x < 6}
13:15
The Limit of a Function

51m 53s

Intro
0:00
The Limit of a Function
0:14
The Limit of a Function
0:15
Graph: Limit of a Function
12:24
Table of Values
16:02
lim x→a f(x) Does not Say What Happens When x = a
20:05
Example I: f(x) = x²
24:34
Example II: f(x) = 7
27:05
Example III: f(x) = 4.5
30:33
Example IV: f(x) = 1/x
34:03
Example V: f(x) = 1/x²
36:43
The Limit of a Function, Cont.
38:16
Infinity and Negative Infinity
38:17
Does Not Exist
42:45
Summary
46:48
Example Problems for the Limit of a Function

24m 43s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Explain in Words What the Following Symbols Mean
0:10
Example II: Find the Following Limit
5:21
Example III: Use the Graph to Find the Following Limits
7:35
Example IV: Use the Graph to Find the Following Limits
11:48
Example V: Sketch the Graph of a Function that Satisfies the Following Properties
15:25
Example VI: Find the Following Limit
18:44
Example VII: Find the Following Limit
20:06
Calculating Limits Mathematically

53m 48s

Intro
0:00
Plug-in Procedure
0:09
Plug-in Procedure
0:10
Limit Laws
9:14
Limit Law 1
10:05
Limit Law 2
10:54
Limit Law 3
11:28
Limit Law 4
11:54
Limit Law 5
12:24
Limit Law 6
13:14
Limit Law 7
14:38
Plug-in Procedure, Cont.
16:35
Plug-in Procedure, Cont.
16:36
Example I: Calculating Limits Mathematically
20:50
Example II: Calculating Limits Mathematically
27:37
Example III: Calculating Limits Mathematically
31:42
Example IV: Calculating Limits Mathematically
35:36
Example V: Calculating Limits Mathematically
40:58
Limits Theorem
44:45
Limits Theorem 1
44:46
Limits Theorem 2: Squeeze Theorem
46:34
Example VI: Calculating Limits Mathematically
49:26
Example Problems for Calculating Limits Mathematically

21m 22s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Evaluate the Following Limit by Showing Each Application of a Limit Law
0:16
Example II: Evaluate the Following Limit
1:51
Example III: Evaluate the Following Limit
3:36
Example IV: Evaluate the Following Limit
8:56
Example V: Evaluate the Following Limit
11:19
Example VI: Calculating Limits Mathematically
13:19
Example VII: Calculating Limits Mathematically
14:59
Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity

50m 1s

Intro
0:00
Limit as x Goes to Infinity
0:14
Limit as x Goes to Infinity
0:15
Let's Look at f(x) = 1 / (x-3)
1:04
Summary
9:34
Example I: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity
12:16
Example II: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity
21:22
Example III: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity
24:10
Example IV: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity
36:00
Example Problems for Limits at Infinity

36m 31s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity
0:14
Example II: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity
3:27
Example III: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity
8:11
Example IV: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity
14:20
Example V: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity
20:07
Example VI: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity
23:36
Continuity

53m

Intro
0:00
Definition of Continuity
0:08
Definition of Continuity
0:09
Example: Not Continuous
3:52
Example: Continuous
4:58
Example: Not Continuous
5:52
Procedure for Finding Continuity
9:45
Law of Continuity
13:44
Law of Continuity
13:45
Example I: Determining Continuity on a Graph
15:55
Example II: Show Continuity & Determine the Interval Over Which the Function is Continuous
17:57
Example III: Is the Following Function Continuous at the Given Point?
22:42
Theorem for Composite Functions
25:28
Theorem for Composite Functions
25:29
Example IV: Is cos(x³ + ln x) Continuous at x=π/2?
27:00
Example V: What Value of A Will make the Following Function Continuous at Every Point of Its Domain?
34:04
Types of Discontinuity
39:18
Removable Discontinuity
39:33
Jump Discontinuity
40:06
Infinite Discontinuity
40:32
Intermediate Value Theorem
40:58
Intermediate Value Theorem: Hypothesis & Conclusion
40:59
Intermediate Value Theorem: Graphically
43:40
Example VI: Prove That the Following Function Has at Least One Real Root in the Interval [4,6]
47:46
Derivative I

40m 2s

Intro
0:00
Derivative
0:09
Derivative
0:10
Example I: Find the Derivative of f(x)=x³
2:20
Notations for the Derivative
7:32
Notations for the Derivative
7:33
Derivative & Rate of Change
11:14
Recall the Rate of Change
11:15
Instantaneous Rate of Change
17:04
Graphing f(x) and f'(x)
19:10
Example II: Find the Derivative of x⁴ - x²
24:00
Example III: Find the Derivative of f(x)=√x
30:51
Derivatives II

53m 45s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Find the Derivative of (2+x)/(3-x)
0:18
Derivatives II
9:02
f(x) is Differentiable if f'(x) Exists
9:03
Recall: For a Limit to Exist, Both Left Hand and Right Hand Limits Must Equal to Each Other
17:19
Geometrically: Differentiability Means the Graph is Smooth
18:44
Example II: Show Analytically that f(x) = |x| is Nor Differentiable at x=0
20:53
Example II: For x > 0
23:53
Example II: For x < 0
25:36
Example II: What is f(0) and What is the lim |x| as x→0?
30:46
Differentiability & Continuity
34:22
Differentiability & Continuity
34:23
How Can a Function Not be Differentiable at a Point?
39:38
How Can a Function Not be Differentiable at a Point?
39:39
Higher Derivatives
41:58
Higher Derivatives
41:59
Derivative Operator
45:12
Example III: Find (dy)/(dx) & (d²y)/(dx²) for y = x³
49:29
More Example Problems for The Derivative

31m 38s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Sketch f'(x)
0:10
Example II: Sketch f'(x)
2:14
Example III: Find the Derivative of the Following Function sing the Definition
3:49
Example IV: Determine f, f', and f'' on a Graph
12:43
Example V: Find an Equation for the Tangent Line to the Graph of the Following Function at the Given x-value
13:40
Example VI: Distance vs. Time
20:15
Example VII: Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
23:56
Example VIII: Graph the Displacement Function
28:20
Section 2: Differentiation
Differentiation of Polynomials & Exponential Functions

47m 35s

Intro
0:00
Differentiation of Polynomials & Exponential Functions
0:15
Derivative of a Function
0:16
Derivative of a Constant
2:35
Power Rule
3:08
If C is a Constant
4:19
Sum Rule
5:22
Exponential Functions
6:26
Example I: Differentiate
7:45
Example II: Differentiate
12:38
Example III: Differentiate
15:13
Example IV: Differentiate
16:20
Example V: Differentiate
19:19
Example VI: Find the Equation of the Tangent Line to a Function at a Given Point
12:18
Example VII: Find the First & Second Derivatives
25:59
Example VIII
27:47
Part A: Find the Velocity & Acceleration Functions as Functions of t
27:48
Part B: Find the Acceleration after 3 Seconds
30:12
Part C: Find the Acceleration when the Velocity is 0
30:53
Part D: Graph the Position, Velocity, & Acceleration Graphs
32:50
Example IX: Find a Cubic Function Whose Graph has Horizontal Tangents
34:53
Example X: Find a Point on a Graph
42:31
The Product, Power & Quotient Rules

47m 25s

Intro
0:00
The Product, Power and Quotient Rules
0:19
Differentiate Functions
0:20
Product Rule
5:30
Quotient Rule
9:15
Power Rule
10:00
Example I: Product Rule
13:48
Example II: Quotient Rule
16:13
Example III: Power Rule
18:28
Example IV: Find dy/dx
19:57
Example V: Find dy/dx
24:53
Example VI: Find dy/dx
28:38
Example VII: Find an Equation for the Tangent to the Curve
34:54
Example VIII: Find d²y/dx²
38:08
Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions

41m 8s

Intro
0:00
Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions
0:09
Let's Find the Derivative of f(x) = sin x
0:10
Important Limits to Know
4:59
d/dx (sin x)
6:06
d/dx (cos x)
6:38
d/dx (tan x)
6:50
d/dx (csc x)
7:02
d/dx (sec x)
7:15
d/dx (cot x)
7:27
Example I: Differentiate f(x) = x² - 4 cos x
7:56
Example II: Differentiate f(x) = x⁵ tan x
9:04
Example III: Differentiate f(x) = (cos x) / (3 + sin x)
10:56
Example IV: Differentiate f(x) = e^x / (tan x - sec x)
14:06
Example V: Differentiate f(x) = (csc x - 4) / (cot x)
15:37
Example VI: Find an Equation of the Tangent Line
21:48
Example VII: For What Values of x Does the Graph of the Function x + 3 cos x Have a Horizontal Tangent?
25:17
Example VIII: Ladder Problem
28:23
Example IX: Evaluate
33:22
Example X: Evaluate
36:38
The Chain Rule

24m 56s

Intro
0:00
The Chain Rule
0:13
Recall the Composite Functions
0:14
Derivatives of Composite Functions
1:34
Example I: Identify f(x) and g(x) and Differentiate
6:41
Example II: Identify f(x) and g(x) and Differentiate
9:47
Example III: Differentiate
11:03
Example IV: Differentiate f(x) = -5 / (x² + 3)³
12:15
Example V: Differentiate f(x) = cos(x² + c²)
14:35
Example VI: Differentiate f(x) = cos⁴x +c²
15:41
Example VII: Differentiate
17:03
Example VIII: Differentiate f(x) = sin(tan x²)
19:01
Example IX: Differentiate f(x) = sin(tan² x)
21:02
More Chain Rule Example Problems

25m 32s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Differentiate f(x) = sin(cos(tanx))
0:38
Example II: Find an Equation for the Line Tangent to the Given Curve at the Given Point
2:25
Example III: F(x) = f(g(x)), Find F' (6)
4:22
Example IV: Differentiate & Graph both the Function & the Derivative in the Same Window
5:35
Example V: Differentiate f(x) = ( (x-8)/(x+3) )⁴
10:18
Example VI: Differentiate f(x) = sec²(12x)
12:28
Example VII: Differentiate
14:41
Example VIII: Differentiate
19:25
Example IX: Find an Expression for the Rate of Change of the Volume of the Balloon with Respect to Time
21:13
Implicit Differentiation

52m 31s

Intro
0:00
Implicit Differentiation
0:09
Implicit Differentiation
0:10
Example I: Find (dy)/(dx) by both Implicit Differentiation and Solving Explicitly for y
12:15
Example II: Find (dy)/(dx) of x³ + x²y + 7y² = 14
19:18
Example III: Find (dy)/(dx) of x³y² + y³x² = 4x
21:43
Example IV: Find (dy)/(dx) of the Following Equation
24:13
Example V: Find (dy)/(dx) of 6sin x cos y = 1
29:00
Example VI: Find (dy)/(dx) of x² cos² y + y sin x = 2sin x cos y
31:02
Example VII: Find (dy)/(dx) of √(xy) = 7 + y²e^x
37:36
Example VIII: Find (dy)/(dx) of 4(x²+y²)² = 35(x²-y²)
41:03
Example IX: Find (d²y)/(dx²) of x² + y² = 25
44:05
Example X: Find (d²y)/(dx²) of sin x + cos y = sin(2x)
47:48
Section 3: Applications of the Derivative
Linear Approximations & Differentials

47m 34s

Intro
0:00
Linear Approximations & Differentials
0:09
Linear Approximations & Differentials
0:10
Example I: Linear Approximations & Differentials
11:27
Example II: Linear Approximations & Differentials
20:19
Differentials
30:32
Differentials
30:33
Example III: Linear Approximations & Differentials
34:09
Example IV: Linear Approximations & Differentials
35:57
Example V: Relative Error
38:46
Related Rates

45m 33s

Intro
0:00
Related Rates
0:08
Strategy for Solving Related Rates Problems #1
0:09
Strategy for Solving Related Rates Problems #2
1:46
Strategy for Solving Related Rates Problems #3
2:06
Strategy for Solving Related Rates Problems #4
2:50
Strategy for Solving Related Rates Problems #5
3:38
Example I: Radius of a Balloon
5:15
Example II: Ladder
12:52
Example III: Water Tank
19:08
Example IV: Distance between Two Cars
29:27
Example V: Line-of-Sight
36:20
More Related Rates Examples

37m 17s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Shadow
0:14
Example II: Particle
4:45
Example III: Water Level
10:28
Example IV: Clock
20:47
Example V: Distance between a House and a Plane
29:11
Maximum & Minimum Values of a Function

40m 44s

Intro
0:00
Maximum & Minimum Values of a Function, Part 1
0:23
Absolute Maximum
2:20
Absolute Minimum
2:52
Local Maximum
3:38
Local Minimum
4:26
Maximum & Minimum Values of a Function, Part 2
6:11
Function with Absolute Minimum but No Absolute Max, Local Max, and Local Min
7:18
Function with Local Max & Min but No Absolute Max & Min
8:48
Formal Definitions
10:43
Absolute Maximum
11:18
Absolute Minimum
12:57
Local Maximum
14:37
Local Minimum
16:25
Extreme Value Theorem
18:08
Theorem: f'(c) = 0
24:40
Critical Number (Critical Value)
26:14
Procedure for Finding the Critical Values of f(x)
28:32
Example I: Find the Critical Values of f(x) x + sinx
29:51
Example II: What are the Absolute Max & Absolute Minimum of f(x) = x + 4 sinx on [0,2π]
35:31
Example Problems for Max & Min

40m 44s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Identify Absolute and Local Max & Min on the Following Graph
0:11
Example II: Sketch the Graph of a Continuous Function
3:11
Example III: Sketch the Following Graphs
4:40
Example IV: Find the Critical Values of f (x) = 3x⁴ - 7x³ + 4x²
6:13
Example V: Find the Critical Values of f(x) = |2x - 5|
8:42
Example VI: Find the Critical Values
11:42
Example VII: Find the Critical Values f(x) = cos²(2x) on [0,2π]
16:57
Example VIII: Find the Absolute Max & Min f(x) = 2sinx + 2cos x on [0,(π/3)]
20:08
Example IX: Find the Absolute Max & Min f(x) = (ln(2x)) / x on [1,3]
24:39
The Mean Value Theorem

25m 54s

Intro
0:00
Rolle's Theorem
0:08
Rolle's Theorem: If & Then
0:09
Rolle's Theorem: Geometrically
2:06
There May Be More than 1 c Such That f'( c ) = 0
3:30
Example I: Rolle's Theorem
4:58
The Mean Value Theorem
9:12
The Mean Value Theorem: If & Then
9:13
The Mean Value Theorem: Geometrically
11:07
Example II: Mean Value Theorem
13:43
Example III: Mean Value Theorem
21:19
Using Derivatives to Graph Functions, Part I

25m 54s

Intro
0:00
Using Derivatives to Graph Functions, Part I
0:12
Increasing/ Decreasing Test
0:13
Example I: Find the Intervals Over Which the Function is Increasing & Decreasing
3:26
Example II: Find the Local Maxima & Minima of the Function
19:18
Example III: Find the Local Maxima & Minima of the Function
31:39
Using Derivatives to Graph Functions, Part II

44m 58s

Intro
0:00
Using Derivatives to Graph Functions, Part II
0:13
Concave Up & Concave Down
0:14
What Does This Mean in Terms of the Derivative?
6:14
Point of Inflection
8:52
Example I: Graph the Function
13:18
Example II: Function x⁴ - 5x²
19:03
Intervals of Increase & Decrease
19:04
Local Maxes and Mins
25:01
Intervals of Concavity & X-Values for the Points of Inflection
29:18
Intervals of Concavity & Y-Values for the Points of Inflection
34:18
Graphing the Function
40:52
Example Problems I

49m 19s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Intervals, Local Maxes & Mins
0:26
Example II: Intervals, Local Maxes & Mins
5:05
Example III: Intervals, Local Maxes & Mins, and Inflection Points
13:40
Example IV: Intervals, Local Maxes & Mins, Inflection Points, and Intervals of Concavity
23:02
Example V: Intervals, Local Maxes & Mins, Inflection Points, and Intervals of Concavity
34:36
Example Problems III

59m 1s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Intervals, Local Maxes & Mins, Inflection Points, Intervals of Concavity, and Asymptotes
0:11
Example II: Intervals, Local Maxes & Mins, Inflection Points, Intervals of Concavity, and Asymptotes
21:24
Example III: Cubic Equation f(x) = Ax³ + Bx² + Cx + D
37:56
Example IV: Intervals, Local Maxes & Mins, Inflection Points, Intervals of Concavity, and Asymptotes
46:19
L'Hospital's Rule

30m 9s

Intro
0:00
L'Hospital's Rule
0:19
Indeterminate Forms
0:20
L'Hospital's Rule
3:38
Example I: Evaluate the Following Limit Using L'Hospital's Rule
8:50
Example II: Evaluate the Following Limit Using L'Hospital's Rule
10:30
Indeterminate Products
11:54
Indeterminate Products
11:55
Example III: L'Hospital's Rule & Indeterminate Products
13:57
Indeterminate Differences
17:00
Indeterminate Differences
17:01
Example IV: L'Hospital's Rule & Indeterminate Differences
18:57
Indeterminate Powers
22:20
Indeterminate Powers
22:21
Example V: L'Hospital's Rule & Indeterminate Powers
25:13
Example Problems for L'Hospital's Rule

38m 14s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Evaluate the Following Limit
0:17
Example II: Evaluate the Following Limit
2:45
Example III: Evaluate the Following Limit
6:54
Example IV: Evaluate the Following Limit
8:43
Example V: Evaluate the Following Limit
11:01
Example VI: Evaluate the Following Limit
14:48
Example VII: Evaluate the Following Limit
17:49
Example VIII: Evaluate the Following Limit
20:37
Example IX: Evaluate the Following Limit
25:16
Example X: Evaluate the Following Limit
32:44
Optimization Problems I

49m 59s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Find the Dimensions of the Box that Gives the Greatest Volume
1:23
Fundamentals of Optimization Problems
18:08
Fundamental #1
18:33
Fundamental #2
19:09
Fundamental #3
19:19
Fundamental #4
20:59
Fundamental #5
21:55
Fundamental #6
23:44
Example II: Demonstrate that of All Rectangles with a Given Perimeter, the One with the Largest Area is a Square
24:36
Example III: Find the Points on the Ellipse 9x² + y² = 9 Farthest Away from the Point (1,0)
35:13
Example IV: Find the Dimensions of the Rectangle of Largest Area that can be Inscribed in a Circle of Given Radius R
43:10
Optimization Problems II

55m 10s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Optimization Problem
0:13
Example II: Optimization Problem
17:34
Example III: Optimization Problem
35:06
Example IV: Revenue, Cost, and Profit
43:22
Newton's Method

30m 22s

Intro
0:00
Newton's Method
0:45
Newton's Method
0:46
Example I: Find x2 and x3
13:18
Example II: Use Newton's Method to Approximate
15:48
Example III: Find the Root of the Following Equation to 6 Decimal Places
19:57
Example IV: Use Newton's Method to Find the Coordinates of the Inflection Point
23:11
Section 4: Integrals
Antiderivatives

55m 26s

Intro
0:00
Antiderivatives
0:23
Definition of an Antiderivative
0:24
Antiderivative Theorem
7:58
Function & Antiderivative
12:10
x^n
12:30
1/x
13:00
e^x
13:08
cos x
13:18
sin x
14:01
sec² x
14:11
secxtanx
14:18
1/√(1-x²)
14:26
1/(1+x²)
14:36
-1/√(1-x²)
14:45
Example I: Find the Most General Antiderivative for the Following Functions
15:07
Function 1: f(x) = x³ -6x² + 11x - 9
15:42
Function 2: f(x) = 14√(x) - 27 4√x
19:12
Function 3: (fx) = cos x - 14 sinx
20:53
Function 4: f(x) = (x⁵+2√x )/( x^(4/3) )
22:10
Function 5: f(x) = (3e^x) - 2/(1+x²)
25:42
Example II: Given the Following, Find the Original Function f(x)
26:37
Function 1: f'(x) = 5x³ - 14x + 24, f(2) = 40
27:55
Function 2: f'(x) 3 sinx + sec²x, f(π/6) = 5
30:34
Function 3: f''(x) = 8x - cos x, f(1.5) = 12.7, f'(1.5) = 4.2
32:54
Function 4: f''(x) = 5/(√x), f(2) 15, f'(2) = 7
37:54
Example III: Falling Object
41:58
Problem 1: Find an Equation for the Height of the Ball after t Seconds
42:48
Problem 2: How Long Will It Take for the Ball to Strike the Ground?
48:30
Problem 3: What is the Velocity of the Ball as it Hits the Ground?
49:52
Problem 4: Initial Velocity of 6 m/s, How Long Does It Take to Reach the Ground?
50:46
The Area Under a Curve

51m 3s

Intro
0:00
The Area Under a Curve
0:13
Approximate Using Rectangles
0:14
Let's Do This Again, Using 4 Different Rectangles
9:40
Approximate with Rectangles
16:10
Left Endpoint
18:08
Right Endpoint
25:34
Left Endpoint vs. Right Endpoint
30:58
Number of Rectangles
34:08
True Area
37:36
True Area
37:37
Sigma Notation & Limits
43:32
When You Have to Explicitly Solve Something
47:56
Example Problems for Area Under a Curve

33m 7s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Using Left Endpoint & Right Endpoint to Approximate Area Under a Curve
0:10
Example II: Using 5 Rectangles, Approximate the Area Under the Curve
11:32
Example III: Find the True Area by Evaluating the Limit Expression
16:07
Example IV: Find the True Area by Evaluating the Limit Expression
24:52
The Definite Integral

43m 19s

Intro
0:00
The Definite Integral
0:08
Definition to Find the Area of a Curve
0:09
Definition of the Definite Integral
4:08
Symbol for Definite Integral
8:45
Regions Below the x-axis
15:18
Associating Definite Integral to a Function
19:38
Integrable Function
27:20
Evaluating the Definite Integral
29:26
Evaluating the Definite Integral
29:27
Properties of the Definite Integral
35:24
Properties of the Definite Integral
35:25
Example Problems for The Definite Integral

32m 14s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Approximate the Following Definite Integral Using Midpoints & Sub-intervals
0:11
Example II: Express the Following Limit as a Definite Integral
5:28
Example III: Evaluate the Following Definite Integral Using the Definition
6:28
Example IV: Evaluate the Following Integral Using the Definition
17:06
Example V: Evaluate the Following Definite Integral by Using Areas
25:41
Example VI: Definite Integral
30:36
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

24m 17s

Intro
0:00
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
0:17
Evaluating an Integral
0:18
Lim as x → ∞
12:19
Taking the Derivative
14:06
Differentiation & Integration are Inverse Processes
15:04
1st Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
20:08
1st Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
20:09
2nd Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
22:30
2nd Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
22:31
Example Problems for the Fundamental Theorem

25m 21s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Find the Derivative of the Following Function
0:17
Example II: Find the Derivative of the Following Function
1:40
Example III: Find the Derivative of the Following Function
2:32
Example IV: Find the Derivative of the Following Function
5:55
Example V: Evaluate the Following Integral
7:13
Example VI: Evaluate the Following Integral
9:46
Example VII: Evaluate the Following Integral
12:49
Example VIII: Evaluate the Following Integral
13:53
Example IX: Evaluate the Following Graph
15:24
Local Maxs and Mins for g(x)
15:25
Where Does g(x) Achieve Its Absolute Max on [0,8]
20:54
On What Intervals is g(x) Concave Up/Down?
22:20
Sketch a Graph of g(x)
24:34
More Example Problems, Including Net Change Applications

34m 22s

Intro
0:00
Example I: Evaluate the Following Indefinite Integral
0:10
Example II: Evaluate the Following Definite Integral
0:59
Example III: Evaluate the Following Integral
2:59
Example IV: Velocity Function
7:46
Part A: Net Displacement
7:47
Part B: Total Distance Travelled
13:15
Example V: Linear Density Function
20:56
Example VI: Acceleration Function
25:10
Part A: Velocity Function at Time t
25:11
Part B: Total Distance Travelled During the Time Interval
28:38
Solving Integrals by Substitution

27m 20s

Intro
0:00
Table of Integrals
0:35
Example I: Evaluate the Following Indefinite Integral
2:02
Example II: Evaluate the Following Indefinite Integral
7:27
Example IIII: Evaluate the Following Indefinite Integral
10:57
Example IV: Evaluate the Following Indefinite Integral
12:33
Example V: Evaluate the Following
14:28
Example VI: Evaluate the Following
16:00
Example VII: Evaluate the Following
19:01
Example VIII: Evaluate the Following
21:49
Example IX: Evaluate the Following
24:34
Section 5: Applications of Integration
Areas Between Curves

34m 56s

Intro
0:00
Areas Between Two Curves: Function of x
0:08
Graph 1: Area Between f(x) & g(x)
0:09
Graph 2: Area Between f(x) & g(x)
4:07
Is It Possible to Write as a Single Integral?
8:20
Area Between the Curves on [a,b]
9:24
Absolute Value
10:32
Formula for Areas Between Two Curves: Top Function - Bottom Function
17:03
Areas Between Curves: Function of y
17:49
What if We are Given Functions of y?
17:50
Formula for Areas Between Two Curves: Right Function - Left Function
21:48
Finding a & b
22:32
Example Problems for Areas Between Curves

42m 55s

Intro
0:00
Instructions for the Example Problems
0:10
Example I: y = 7x - x² and y=x
0:37
Example II: x=y²-3, x=e^((1/2)y), y=-1, and y=2
6:25
Example III: y=(1/x), y=(1/x³), and x=4
12:25
Example IV: 15-2x² and y=x²-5
15:52
Example V: x=(1/8)y³ and x=6-y²
20:20
Example VI: y=cos x, y=sin(2x), [0,π/2]
24:34
Example VII: y=2x², y=10x², 7x+2y=10
29:51
Example VIII: Velocity vs. Time
33:23
Part A: At 2.187 Minutes, Which care is Further Ahead?
33:24
Part B: If We Shaded the Region between the Graphs from t=0 to t=2.187, What Would This Shaded Area Represent?
36:32
Part C: At 4 Minutes Which Car is Ahead?
37:11
Part D: At What Time Will the Cars be Side by Side?
37:50
Volumes I: Slices

34m 15s

Intro
0:00
Volumes I: Slices
0:18
Rotate the Graph of y=√x about the x-axis
0:19
How can I use Integration to Find the Volume?
3:16
Slice the Solid Like a Loaf of Bread
5:06
Volumes Definition
8:56
Example I: Find the Volume of the Solid Obtained by Rotating the Region Bounded by the Given Functions about the Given Line of Rotation
12:18
Example II: Find the Volume of the Solid Obtained by Rotating the Region Bounded by the Given Functions about the Given Line of Rotation
19:05
Example III: Find the Volume of the Solid Obtained by Rotating the Region Bounded by the Given Functions about the Given Line of Rotation
25:28
Volumes II: Volumes by Washers

51m 43s

Intro
0:00
Volumes II: Volumes by Washers
0:11
Rotating Region Bounded by y=x³ & y=x around the x-axis
0:12
Equation for Volumes by Washer
11:14
Process for Solving Volumes by Washer
13:40
Example I: Find the Volume of the Solid Obtained by Rotating the Region Bounded by the Following Functions around the Given Axis
15:58
Example II: Find the Volume of the Solid Obtained by Rotating the Region Bounded by the Following Functions around the Given Axis
25:07
Example III: Find the Volume of the Solid Obtained by Rotating the Region Bounded by the Following Functions around the Given Axis
34:20
Example IV: Find the Volume of the Solid Obtained by Rotating the Region Bounded by the Following Functions around the Given Axis
44:05
Volumes III: Solids That Are Not Solids-of-Revolution

49m 36s

Intro
0:00
Solids That Are Not Solids-of-Revolution
0:11
Cross-Section Area Review
0:12
Cross-Sections That Are Not Solids-of-Revolution
7:36
Example I: Find the Volume of a Pyramid Whose Base is a Square of Side-length S, and Whose Height is H
10:54
Example II: Find the Volume of a Solid Whose Cross-sectional Areas Perpendicular to the Base are Equilateral Triangles
20:39
Example III: Find the Volume of a Pyramid Whose Base is an Equilateral Triangle of Side-Length A, and Whose Height is H
29:27
Example IV: Find the Volume of a Solid Whose Base is Given by the Equation 16x² + 4y² = 64
36:47
Example V: Find the Volume of a Solid Whose Base is the Region Bounded by the Functions y=3-x² and the x-axis
46:13
Volumes IV: Volumes By Cylindrical Shells

50m 2s

Intro
0:00
Volumes by Cylindrical Shells
0:11
Find the Volume of the Following Region
0:12
Volumes by Cylindrical Shells: Integrating Along x
14:12
Volumes by Cylindrical Shells: Integrating Along y
14:40
Volumes by Cylindrical Shells Formulas
16:22
Example I: Using the Method of Cylindrical Shells, Find the Volume of the Solid
18:33
Example II: Using the Method of Cylindrical Shells, Find the Volume of the Solid
25:57
Example III: Using the Method of Cylindrical Shells, Find the Volume of the Solid
31:38
Example IV: Using the Method of Cylindrical Shells, Find the Volume of the Solid
38:44
Example V: Using the Method of Cylindrical Shells, Find the Volume of the Solid
44:03
The Average Value of a Function

32m 13s

Intro
0:00
The Average Value of a Function
0:07
Average Value of f(x)
0:08
What if The Domain of f(x) is Not Finite?
2:23
Let's Calculate Average Value for f(x) = x² [2,5]
4:46
Mean Value Theorem for Integrate
9:25
Example I: Find the Average Value of the Given Function Over the Given Interval
14:06
Example II: Find the Average Value of the Given Function Over the Given Interval
18:25
Example III: Find the Number A Such that the Average Value of the Function f(x) = -4x² + 8x + 4 Equals 2 Over the Interval [-1,A]
24:04
Example IV: Find the Average Density of a Rod
27:47
Section 6: Techniques of Integration
Integration by Parts

50m 32s

Intro
0:00
Integration by Parts
0:08
The Product Rule for Differentiation
0:09
Integrating Both Sides Retains the Equality
0:52
Differential Notation
2:24
Example I: ∫ x cos x dx
5:41
Example II: ∫ x² sin(2x)dx
12:01
Example III: ∫ (e^x) cos x dx
18:19
Example IV: ∫ (sin^-1) (x) dx
23:42
Example V: ∫₁⁵ (lnx)² dx
28:25
Summary
32:31
Tabular Integration
35:08
Case 1
35:52
Example: ∫x³sinx dx
36:39
Case 2
40:28
Example: ∫e^(2x) sin 3x
41:14
Trigonometric Integrals I

24m 50s

Intro
0:00
Example I: ∫ sin³ (x) dx
1:36
Example II: ∫ cos⁵(x)sin²(x)dx
4:36
Example III: ∫ sin⁴(x)dx
9:23
Summary for Evaluating Trigonometric Integrals of the Following Type: ∫ (sin^m) (x) (cos^p) (x) dx
15:59
#1: Power of sin is Odd
16:00
#2: Power of cos is Odd
16:41
#3: Powers of Both sin and cos are Odd
16:55
#4: Powers of Both sin and cos are Even
17:10
Example IV: ∫ tan⁴ (x) sec⁴ (x) dx
17:34
Example V: ∫ sec⁹(x) tan³(x) dx
20:55
Summary for Evaluating Trigonometric Integrals of the Following Type: ∫ (sec^m) (x) (tan^p) (x) dx
23:31
#1: Power of sec is Odd
23:32
#2: Power of tan is Odd
24:04
#3: Powers of sec is Odd and/or Power of tan is Even
24:18
Trigonometric Integrals II

22m 12s

Intro
0:00
Trigonometric Integrals II
0:09
Recall: ∫tanx dx
0:10
Let's Find ∫secx dx
3:23
Example I: ∫ tan⁵ (x) dx
6:23
Example II: ∫ sec⁵ (x) dx
11:41
Summary: How to Deal with Integrals of Different Types
19:04
Identities to Deal with Integrals of Different Types
19:05
Example III: ∫cos(5x)sin(9x)dx
19:57
More Example Problems for Trigonometric Integrals

17m 22s

Intro
0:00
Example I: ∫sin²(x)cos⁷(x)dx
0:14
Example II: ∫x sin²(x) dx
3:56
Example III: ∫csc⁴ (x/5)dx
8:39
Example IV: ∫( (1-tan²x)/(sec²x) ) dx
11:17
Example V: ∫ 1 / (sinx-1) dx
13:19
Integration by Partial Fractions I

55m 12s

Intro
0:00
Integration by Partial Fractions I
0:11
Recall the Idea of Finding a Common Denominator
0:12
Decomposing a Rational Function to Its Partial Fractions
4:10
2 Types of Rational Function: Improper & Proper
5:16
Improper Rational Function
7:26
Improper Rational Function
7:27
Proper Rational Function
11:16
Proper Rational Function & Partial Fractions
11:17
Linear Factors
14:04
Irreducible Quadratic Factors
15:02
Case 1: G(x) is a Product of Distinct Linear Factors
17:10
Example I: Integration by Partial Fractions
20:33
Case 2: D(x) is a Product of Linear Factors
40:58
Example II: Integration by Partial Fractions
44:41
Integration by Partial Fractions II

42m 57s

Intro
0:00
Case 3: D(x) Contains Irreducible Factors
0:09
Example I: Integration by Partial Fractions
5:19
Example II: Integration by Partial Fractions
16:22
Case 4: D(x) has Repeated Irreducible Quadratic Factors
27:30
Example III: Integration by Partial Fractions
30:19
Section 7: Differential Equations
Introduction to Differential Equations

46m 37s

Intro
0:00
Introduction to Differential Equations
0:09
Overview
0:10
Differential Equations Involving Derivatives of y(x)
2:08
Differential Equations Involving Derivatives of y(x) and Function of y(x)
3:23
Equations for an Unknown Number
6:28
What are These Differential Equations Saying?
10:30
Verifying that a Function is a Solution of the Differential Equation
13:00
Verifying that a Function is a Solution of the Differential Equation
13:01
Verify that y(x) = 4e^x + 3x² + 6x + e^π is a Solution of this Differential Equation
17:20
General Solution
22:00
Particular Solution
24:36
Initial Value Problem
27:42
Example I: Verify that a Family of Functions is a Solution of the Differential Equation
32:24
Example II: For What Values of K Does the Function Satisfy the Differential Equation
36:07
Example III: Verify the Solution and Solve the Initial Value Problem
39:47
Separation of Variables

28m 8s

Intro
0:00
Separation of Variables
0:28
Separation of Variables
0:29
Example I: Solve the Following g Initial Value Problem
8:29
Example II: Solve the Following g Initial Value Problem
13:46
Example III: Find an Equation of the Curve
18:48
Population Growth: The Standard & Logistic Equations

51m 7s

Intro
0:00
Standard Growth Model
0:30
Definition of the Standard/Natural Growth Model
0:31
Initial Conditions
8:00
The General Solution
9:16
Example I: Standard Growth Model
10:45
Logistic Growth Model
18:33
Logistic Growth Model
18:34
Solving the Initial Value Problem
25:21
What Happens When t → ∞
36:42
Example II: Solve the Following g Initial Value Problem
41:50
Relative Growth Rate
46:56
Relative Growth Rate
46:57
Relative Growth Rate Version for the Standard model
49:04
Slope Fields

24m 37s

Intro
0:00
Slope Fields
0:35
Slope Fields
0:36
Graphing the Slope Fields, Part 1
11:12
Graphing the Slope Fields, Part 2
15:37
Graphing the Slope Fields, Part 3
17:25
Steps to Solving Slope Field Problems
20:24
Example I: Draw or Generate the Slope Field of the Differential Equation y'=x cos y
22:38
Section 8: AP Practic Exam
AP Practice Exam: Section 1, Part A No Calculator

45m 29s

Intro
0:00
Exam Link
0:10
Problem #1
1:26
Problem #2
2:52
Problem #3
4:42
Problem #4
7:03
Problem #5
10:01
Problem #6
13:49
Problem #7
15:16
Problem #8
19:06
Problem #9
23:10
Problem #10
28:10
Problem #11
31:30
Problem #12
33:53
Problem #13
37:45
Problem #14
41:17
AP Practice Exam: Section 1, Part A No Calculator, cont.

41m 55s

Intro
0:00
Problem #15
0:22
Problem #16
3:10
Problem #17
5:30
Problem #18
8:03
Problem #19
9:53
Problem #20
14:51
Problem #21
17:30
Problem #22
22:12
Problem #23
25:48
Problem #24
29:57
Problem #25
33:35
Problem #26
35:57
Problem #27
37:57
Problem #28
40:04
AP Practice Exam: Section I, Part B Calculator Allowed

58m 47s

Intro
0:00
Problem #1
1:22
Problem #2
4:55
Problem #3
10:49
Problem #4
13:05
Problem #5
14:54
Problem #6
17:25
Problem #7
18:39
Problem #8
20:27
Problem #9
26:48
Problem #10
28:23
Problem #11
34:03
Problem #12
36:25
Problem #13
39:52
Problem #14
43:12
Problem #15
47:18
Problem #16
50:41
Problem #17
56:38
AP Practice Exam: Section II, Part A Calculator Allowed

25m 40s

Intro
0:00
Problem #1: Part A
1:14
Problem #1: Part B
4:46
Problem #1: Part C
8:00
Problem #2: Part A
12:24
Problem #2: Part B
16:51
Problem #2: Part C
17:17
Problem #3: Part A
18:16
Problem #3: Part B
19:54
Problem #3: Part C
21:44
Problem #3: Part D
22:57
AP Practice Exam: Section II, Part B No Calculator

31m 20s

Intro
0:00
Problem #4: Part A
1:35
Problem #4: Part B
5:54
Problem #4: Part C
8:50
Problem #4: Part D
9:40
Problem #5: Part A
11:26
Problem #5: Part B
13:11
Problem #5: Part C
15:07
Problem #5: Part D
19:57
Problem #6: Part A
22:01
Problem #6: Part B
25:34
Problem #6: Part C
28:54
Loading...
This is a quick preview of the lesson. For full access, please Log In or Sign up.
For more information, please see full course syllabus of AP Calculus AB
Bookmark & Share Embed

Share this knowledge with your friends!

Copy & Paste this embed code into your website’s HTML

Please ensure that your website editor is in text mode when you paste the code.
(In Wordpress, the mode button is on the top right corner.)
  ×
  • - Allow users to view the embedded video in full-size.
Since this lesson is not free, only the preview will appear on your website.
  • Discussion

  • Answer Engine

  • Study Guides

  • Download Lecture Slides

  • Table of Contents

  • Transcription

Start Learning Now

Our free lessons will get you started (Adobe Flash® required).
Get immediate access to our entire library.

Sign up for Educator.com

Membership Overview

  • Unlimited access to our entire library of courses.
  • Search and jump to exactly what you want to learn.
  • *Ask questions and get answers from the community and our teachers!
  • Practice questions with step-by-step solutions.
  • Download lesson files for programming and software training practice.
  • Track your course viewing progress.
  • Download lecture slides for taking notes.
  • Learn at your own pace... anytime, anywhere!

Related Articles:

Example Problems for Limits at Infinity

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  • Intro 0:00
  • Example I: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity 0:14
  • Example II: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity 3:27
  • Example III: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity 8:11
  • Example IV: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity 14:20
  • Example V: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity 20:07
  • Example VI: Calculating Limits as x Goes to Infinity 23:36

Transcription: Example Problems for Limits at Infinity

Hello, welcome back to www.educator.com, welcome back to AP Calculus.0000

Today, I thought we would do some more example problems for limits at infinity0004

or as x goes to positive or negative infinity.0009

Let us jump right on in.0011

Evaluate the following limit x² + 6x - 12/ x³ + x² + x + 4, as the limit as x goes to negative infinity.0015

Here we have a rational function.0029

We know how to deal with rational functions.0031

We pretty much just divide the top and bottom, by the highest power of x in the denominator.0035

The first thing you do is basically plug in.0048

You evaluate the limit to see, before you actually have to manipulate.0050

In this case, when we put in negative infinity into here and here, what we are going to end up with is,0054

I will say plugging in, we get infinity/ negative infinity.0062

x², this term is going to dominate, this term is going to dominate.0083

Negative infinity², negative number² is positive.0089

Negative number³ is going to be negative.0092

We are going to get something like this which does not make sense.0094

This is going to be the limit as x goes to negative infinity of x² + 6x - 12/ the greatest power in the denominator which is x³.0100

That is our manipulation x³ + x² + x + 4/ x³.0112

This gives us the limit as x approaches negative infinity of, here we have 1/ x + 6/ x² – 12/ x³ / 1 + 1/ x + 1/ x² + 4/ x³.0121

Now when we take the limit as x goes to negative infinity, this is 0, this is 0, this is 0.0152

All of these go to 0 and you are left with 0/1 which is an actual finite number 0.0159

Our limit is 0.0166

Again, it is always nice to confirm this with a graph.0169

This is our function, down here a little table of values.0177

Basically, what this part of the table of values does is it confirms the fact that we start negative,0181

the function crosses the 0.0186

And then actually comes up and gets closer and closer to 0 which is the limit.0191

As x gets really big, the function gets close to 0 which is what we just calculated analytically.0199

Evaluate the following limit.0209

The limit as x goes to infinity of x + 4/ 8x³ + 1.0211

A couple of things to notice.0218

Again, instead of just launching right in this, you want to stop and ask yourself some questions.0219

Here the radical is the denominator.0223

It is a rational function.0226

We have to think about these things.0227

8x³ + 1, it is under the radical sign.0229

It, itself has to be greater than 0.0233

Let us see what the conditions are here.0236

Here the 8x³ + 1 is in the denominator.0241

We know that that value cannot be 0.0251

It cannot equal 0.0257

Since we cannot have the square root of a negative number, 8x³ + 1 has to be greater than 0.0266

It could be greater than or equal to 0.0275

But then, if it were equal to 0 then you have a 0 in the denominator.0277

That is why we have only the relation greater than.0279

I will write not greater than or equal to, which normally we could.0283

Let us go ahead and work this out first.0288

8x³ + 1 is greater than 0.0290

We have 8x³ greater than -1.0295

We have x³ greater than -1.0298

That is greater than -1/8, which implies that x itself has to be greater than -1/2.0307

That is our domain.0317

We said not that relation, greater than -1/2.0320

Here we do not have to worry about going to negative infinity.0324

All we have to worry about here is going to positive infinity.0328

Because x cannot be, x cannot go to negative infinity.0331

We do not have to worry about x going to negative infinity.0339

We saved ourselves a little bit of work.0352

Our x + 4/ 8x³ + 1, it is a rational function.0356

We want to divide it by the greatest power of x in the denominator.0368

This is going to be x + 4, x³/ √x³.0379

This is going to be x + 4/ x³/2.0396

The √x³ is x³/2 / 8x³ + 1/ x³.0405

That is going to equal, this is going to be 1/ x ^½.0418

This is going to be + 4/ x³/2.0424

This is going to be √8 + 1/ x³.0429

Now we go ahead and take the limit.0440

The limit as x goes to infinity of 1/ x ^½ + 4/ x³/2 / √8 + 1/ x³.0445

As x goes to infinity, this goes to 0, this goes to 0, this goes to 0.0463

We end up with 0/ √8 which is a finite number.0468

Our limit is 0.0472

The graph that we get is this.0477

We see as x gets really big, the function gets closer and closer and closer to 0.0480

There we go, confirmed it graphically.0487

Evaluate the following limit.0492

The limit of √9x ⁺10 – x³/ x + 5 + 100.0494

The best way to handle this is, let us try this.0503

Again, my way is not the right way.0511

It is just one way, you might come up with, 5 different people might come up with 5 different ways of doing this limit.0513

That is totally fine, that is the beauty of this.0518

Let us do the following.0531

Let us take this 9x ⁺10 – x³.0533

As x goes to infinity, here only 9x ⁺10 term is going to dominate.0541

I’m just going to deal with that term.0557

The same thing for the denominator.0559

For the denominator, the x⁵ is the one that I'm going to take.0560

Basically, what the limit that I'm going to take is the limit as x approaches infinity of √9x ⁺10/ x⁵.0569

Essentially, I just said that this does not matter and this does not matter.0582

The limit is going to be essentially the same.0585

I just deal with those.0587

This is going to equal to the limits as x approaches infinity, √9x ⁺10 = absolute value of 3x⁵.0591

Remember, the square root of something is the absolute value of something/ x⁵.0608

For x greater than 0, in other words x going to positive infinity.0618

The absolute value of 3x⁵/ x⁵, when x is greater than 0, this is just 3x⁵/ x⁵ = 3.0625

The limit as x approaches positive infinity of 3 = 3.0640

Now for x less than 0, this 3x⁵ absolute value/ x⁵, it is actually going to be -3x⁵/ x⁵ = -3.0648

The limit as x goes to negative infinity of -3 = -3.0668

Here you are going to end up with two different asymptotes, 3 and -3.0678

Now notice the difference between the following.0687

We finished the problem but we are going to talk about something.0693

Notice the difference between following.0700

When I take √x ⁺10, I get the absolute value of x⁵.0708

The absolute value of x⁵ is either going to be x⁵ because when x is greater than 0 or it is going to be,0717

I actually did it in reverse, that is why I got a little confused here.0740

It is going to be –x⁵ and that is when x is less than 0.0742

When x is greater than 0, it is going to be x⁵.0751

The reason is because this is an odd power.0755

x⁵ itself, depending on whether x is positive or negative, this inside is going to be a positive or negative number.0768

If what is in here is positive, then it is going to go one way.0780

If what is in here is negative, it is going to go the other way.0785

However, if I take something like x⁸, this is going to give me,0788

we said that the square root of a thing is going to be absolute value of x⁴.0798

Here it does not matter.0804

If x is positive or negative, it is an even power.0806

An even power is always going to be positive number.0812

Therefore, this is just going to be x⁴ because it is an even power.0816

Be careful of that, you have to watch the powers.0823

When you pass from the square root of something, we said the square root of something is the absolute of something.0825

But the power itself is going to make a difference on whether you separate or whether you do not.0831

Let us take a look at the graph of the function that we just did.0838

We said that as x goes to positive infinity, the function approaches 3.0842

As x goes to negative infinity, the function approaches -3.0849

I did not draw out the horizontal asymptotes here.0854

I just want you to see that, but it is essentially what we did.0855

Evaluate the following limit, the limit as x approaches positive infinity of 16x² + x.0863

You might be tempted to do something like this.0875

Let me write this down.0877

We are tempted to say as x goes to positive infinity, this term is going to dominate, which is true.0879

We are tempted to say that we can treat this as √16x² which is equal to 4x.0898

We can just say that 4x - 4x is equal to 0.0909

The limit is x approaches this is just 0.0913

That is not the case.0917

The problem is the x term may contribute to such a point that, what you end up with is infinity – infinity.0919

This will go to infinity, this will go to infinity.0944

But infinity – infinity, we are not exactly sure about the rates at which this goes to infinity and this goes to negative infinity.0946

Because we are not sure about how fast that happens,0955

we do not know if it goes to 0 or if it goes to infinity, or if it goes to some other number in between.0957

This is an indeterminate form, infinity – infinity.0964

We have to handle it differently.0967

Let us deal with the function itself, before we actually take the limit.0970

Here when we put the infinity in, we get infinity - infinity which does not make sense.0974

We have to manipulate it.0979

We have 16x² + x under the radical, -4x.0982

I’m going to go ahead and rationalize this out.0989

I’m going to multiply by its conjugate.0991

16x² + x, this is going to be + 4x/ 16x² + x + 4x.0994

When I multiply this out, I end up with 16x² + x.1007

This is going to be -16x²/ √16x² + x/ +4x.1013

Those go away, leaving me with just x/ 16x² + x + 4x.1027

We have a rational function, even though we have a square root in the denominator,1040

let us go ahead and divide by the largest power in the denominator which is what we always do in the denominator.1043

The largest power in the denominator is essentially going to be the √x².1060

It is going to be x, but it is going to be √x².1065

What we have is the following.1069

We are going to have x/x, that is the numerator.1072

We are going to have 16x² + x, all under the radical, + 4x all under x, which is going to equal 1/ √16x² + 4x/ x².1075

This one, I’m going to treat x as √x².1115

I’m going to get 16x² + 4x/ x², + 4x/ x, I’m going to leave this as x.1121

This x for these two, because under the radical I’m just going to treat it as √x².1132

That ends up equaling 1/ √16, this is x.1141

+ 1/ x and this is + 4.1155

There we go, now we can take the limit.1160

The limit as x approaches positive infinity of 1/ √16 + 1/ x + 4.1164

As x goes to infinity, the 1/x goes to 0.1175

We are left with 1/ 4 + 4.1181

√16 is 4, you will get 1/8.1184

Sure enough, that is what it looks like.1192

This is our asymptote, this is y = 1/8.1194

This is our origin, as x goes to positive infinity, the function itself gets closer and closer to 1/8.1198

That is the limit.1206

Evaluate the following limit as x goes to infinity, 1 – 5e ⁺x/ 1 + 3e ⁺x.1210

When we put x in, we are going to end up with -infinity/ infinity which is in indeterminate form.1220

We have to do something with it.1231

1 – 5e ⁺x/ 1 + 3e ⁺x, we can do the same thing that we did with rational functions.1235

This is going to be the same as, I’m going to divide everything by e ⁺x.1244

1 - 5e ⁺x, the top and the bottom, I mean, / 1 + 3e ⁺x/ e ⁺x.1249

What I end up with is 1/ e ⁺x - 5/ 1/ e ⁺x + 3.1258

I’m going to take the limit of that.1272

The limit as x goes to, I’m going to do positive infinity first.1274

1/ e ⁺x – 5, put the 1/ e ⁺x + 3.1283

As x goes to infinity, e ⁺x goes to infinity that means this thing goes to 0, this thing goes to 0.1291

I'm left with -5/3.1297

As x goes to positive infinity, my function actually goes to -5/3.1299

I have a horizontal asymptote at 5/3, -5/3.1306

Now for x going to negative infinity, I have the following.1311

The limit as x goes to negative infinity of 1 - 5e ⁺x/ 1 + 3e ⁺x.1318

x is a negative number, it is negative infinity.1332

e ⁺negative number is 1/ e ⁺positive number.1336

This is actually equivalent to the limit as x goes to positive infinity of 1 - 5/ e ⁺x.1339

It is e ⁻x is the same as e ⁻x is 1/ e ⁺x.1357

Because we are going to negative infinity, x is negative number.1366

Because it is a negative number, I can just drop it into the denominator and make it a positive number.1372

1 - 5 and then 1 + 3/ e ⁺x.1377

As x goes to infinity, this goes to 0, you are left with 1.1383

Sure enough, there you go.1392

As x goes to negative infinity, we approach y = 1.1394

As x goes to positive infinity, our function approaches y = -5/3.1401

That is it, just nice manipulation.1410

Let us see what we got.1417

Now the whole idea of a reachable finite numerical limit is as x gets closer and closer to a certain number or as x goes to infinity,1418

but f(x) gets closer and closer to a certain number like we just saw -5/3 or 1.1427

This latter number is the limit.1434

The question here is how big would x have to be, in order for the function f(x) = e ⁻x/25 + 21439

to be less than a distance of 0.001 away from its limit?1449

Closer and closer, closer and closer means we can take it as close as we want.1455

In this case, the tolerance that I'm looking for is 0.001 away from its limit.1459

The first thing we want to do, what is the limit?1467

What is the limit as x goes to infinity of e ⁻x/ 25 + 2.1474

Let us just deal with positive infinity here.1489

This is the same as e ⁻x/25.1507

This is the same as the limit as x goes to positive infinity of 1/ e ⁺x /25 + 2.1512

As x goes to infinity, e ⁺x/25 goes to infinity.1532

This goes to 0.1537

The limit is actually 2.1542

The limit of this function as x goes to infinity is equal to 2.1544

I probably going to need more room.1557

Let me go ahead and go and work in red.1559

Now e ⁻x/25 is always greater than 0.1566

e ^- x/ 25 + 2 is always going to be greater than 2.1576

f(x) which is equal to e ^- x/25 + 2, we said that the limit of this function as x goes to infinity is 2.1592

But we said that the function is always greater than 2 which means that1602

the function is actually approaching 2 from above.1606

It actually looks like this, this is our graph and this is our asymptote at 2.1610

The function is doing this.1619

The limit is 2, that is this dash line right here.1622

We know that the function itself, because this is always greater than 0, the function itself e ⁻x/25 + 2 is always going to be greater than 2.1627

It is always going to be above it.1635

It is above it, it is getting closer to it from above.1637

That is what is happening here physically, getting closer to the 2.1640

That is happening from above.1645

We want to make this distance, that distance right there.1648

We will call it d, we want that distance to be less than 0.001.1651

Our question is asking how far out do we have to go?1659

What x value passed which x value will this distance?1663

This distance between the function and limit be less than 0.001, that is what this is asking.1668

Again, we said we will call that d.1680

D is equal to the function itself - the limit.1685

Here was the limit, here was the function, this is the distance right there.1694

We want that distance, that distance is f(x) – l.1698

Here is our origin, this is 0,0.1704

This number - this number gives me the distance between them.1708

It is f(x) – l.1712

We know what f(x) is, that is just e ⁻x/25 + 2.1714

We know what l is, it is -2.1719

These go away, we want this distance which is e ⁻x/25, we want it to be less than 0.001.1724

Now we can solve this equation for x.1737

I’m going to go ahead and take the natlog of both sides.1744

I have -x/25 is less than the natlog of 0.001.1750

I’m going to make this a little more clear here, 0.001.1765

-x is less than 25 × the natlog of 0.001, that means x is greater than -25 × the natlog of 0.001.1771

Whenever I do, the natlog of 0.001 is going to be a negative number.1790

Negative × a negative, when I put this in the calculator, I get x has to be greater than 172.069.1795

The limit was this number.1808

The whole idea of the limit is we want to get closer and closer and closer.1810

In this particular case, we specified what we meant by closer and closer.1813

I want it closer than 0.001, the function to be less than not far away from the limit.1817

I knew that the function was approaching it from above.1823

The distance between the function and limit, that is what I want it to be, less than 0.01.1827

The distance between the function and limit is the function - the limit.1832

This distance, that distance right there.1836

I set it and I solve for x.1839

As long as x is bigger than 172.69, f(x) - l is going to be less than 0.001.1841

In other words, the function is going to be less than 0.001 units away from its limit.1853

What if f actually approached it from below?1865

What if we have something like this?1868

Let us say again, this was our limit.1874

This time let us say that the function came from below.1877

Now this is f(x) and this is the origin.1880

The limit is above the function.1884

The distance that we are interested in is this distance.1889

The distance between the function and limit.1891

Here the distance is going to equal the length - the function.1894

The length is a bigger number.1902

We want it to be positive.1905

It is going to be l – f(x).1907

Now we combine f(x) - l and l - f(x) as the absolute value of f(x) – l.1910

This distance, and if we are coming from above, this distance,1927

they will be the same if we use the absolute value because distance is a positive number.1930

You cannot have a negative distance.1936

We just combine those two, when we give the definition of a limit by using the absolute value sign.1938

It is that absolute value sign that has confounded and intimidated the students for about 150 years now.1944

Our formal mathematical definition of the limit.1955

We are concerned with the formal mathematical definition of the limit.1975

I told you not to believe about that, I do not believe that these kind of definitions,1977

these precise definitions do not belong in this level.1984

This level is about intuition.1986

By intuition, we mean the idea of how close can you get.1988

We speak of closer and closer and closer.1992

There is a way of describing that symbolically.1995

What do we mean by closer and closer, that is what I'm going to describe here.1997

Again, I just want you to see it because some of your classes will deal with it,2001

some of your classes would not deal with it.2004

But I wanted you to see the idea and where it actually came from.2006

Our formal mathematical definition of, when we say something like the limit as x approaches infinity of f(x) = l.2011

When we say that some function as x goes to infinity,2023

that the function actually approaches a finite limit, this symbol, here is what it means mathematically.2027

The formal definition is for any choice of a number that we will symbolize with ε,2035

which is going to be always greater than 0, there is an x value somewhere on the real line.2052

Such that the absolute value of f(x) - the limit is going to be less than this choice of ε,2065

whenever x is greater then x sub 0.2076

In the previous example, we found our x sub 0, that was our 172.2080

We found an x sub 0.2090

Our ε in that problem, we chose 0.001 as our ε.2093

We wanted to make the difference between the function and the limit less than 0.001.2100

We found an x sub 0 of 172.69.2104

Why do I keep writing 6, that is strange.2110

Any x value that is bigger than 172.69, we will make the difference between the function and the limit less than 0.001.2115

The precise general mathematical definition is, for any choice of the number ε greater than 0,2124

there exists an x sub 0 such that whenever x is bigger than x sub 0,2131

the difference between f(x) and its limit is going to be less than ε.2138

You can see why this stuff is confusing and why is it that it actually does not belong at this level.2142

Again, for those of you that go on in mathematics and taking analysis course, math majors mostly, this is what you will do.2147

You will go back and you actually work with epsilons, deltas, and x sub 0.2154

You will prove why certain things are the way they are.2159

At this level, we just want to be able to accept that those proofs had been done.2162

We want to be able to use it to solve problems.2166

We want to learn how to compute.2169

We want to use it as a tool.2171

We do not want to justify it.2173

Later, you can justify it, as a math major.2174

Now we just want to be able to use it.2177

This idea of closer and closer and closer to a limit is absolutely fine.2179

It is that intuition, if you want to do it.2185

Thank you so much for joining us here at www.educator.com.2188

We will see you next time, bye.2190

Educator®

Please sign in to participate in this lecture discussion.

Resetting Your Password?
OR

Start Learning Now

Our free lessons will get you started (Adobe Flash® required).
Get immediate access to our entire library.

Membership Overview

  • Available 24/7. Unlimited Access to Our Entire Library.
  • Search and jump to exactly what you want to learn.
  • *Ask questions and get answers from the community and our teachers!
  • Practice questions with step-by-step solutions.
  • Download lecture slides for taking notes.
  • Track your course viewing progress.
  • Accessible anytime, anywhere with our Android and iOS apps.