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Enthalpy & Hess's Law
- ΔH = q for constant pressure processes. ΔH is called the change in Enthalpy of a system. It is also referred to as the Heat of reaction.
- A State Function is a thermodynamic property that does not depend on the path used to achieve a given state.
- Enthalpy is a State Function.
- Hess’ Law allows you to manipulate given chemical equations, so that, when you add the resulting equations, you achieve the equation desired. The Enthalpy of the desired equation is the sum of the Enthalpies of the individual equations.
Enthalpy & Hess's Law
Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.
- Intro 0:00
- Thermochemistry 1:43
- Defining Enthalpy & Hess's Law
- Example 1
- State Function
- Example 2
- Example 3
AP Chemistry Online Prep Course
Transcription: Enthalpy & Hess's Law
Welcome back to Educator.com; welcome back to AP Chemistry.0000
Today, we're going to continue our discussion of thermochemistry.0003
We're going to talk about enthalpy and Hess's Law.0007
I have to, before I begin...I wanted to discuss--just take a couple of minutes to talk about--thermodynamics and thermochemistry, and a lot of the terms that are sort of being thrown around, and some of the equations.0010
Back in the early...well, not early days; in the turn of the century, there is a saying about thermodynamics; a very famous thermodynamicist says this; he said, "None of us really understands thermodynamics; we just get used to it."0025
Now, of course, that is not completely true; we understand it; but to a large extent, a lot of it really is true.0037
Thermodynamics is a very, very strange thing; heat behaves in very difficult ways--very unusual ways.0043
These terms, like enthalpy and heat and energy and work, and pressure-volume...I know that a lot of that is very, very odd; it's difficult to wrap your mind around; it's difficult to sort of get a good, intuitive feeling for what is going on.0049
My recommendation for dealing with that is: don't really worry about it too much.0065
A lot of the comfort that comes from dealing with thermochemistry and thermodynamics, aside from some of the stuff like today's (it's actually not that bad)...a lot of it just comes from familiarity.0069
You will be seeing it over and over and over again, and you will be doing the problems over and over again, so that you will get more of a sense.0079
So, if you don't understand it the way you do other things, I wouldn't worry about it too much; that is just the nature of thermodynamics.0085
Again, just to throw something out there to make you put your mind at ease: it's like that for everybody.0092
With that, let's go ahead and get started.0099
OK, so let's start with a definition.0103
We're going to define enthalpy: enthalpy (which we use the symbol H for, and you will understand in a minute, when we actually equate it to heat) is equal to the energy of a system, plus the pressure of the system, times the volume of the system.0108
So, let's say I had some container of gas; it's going to have a certain energy that is associated with it; it's going to have a certain pressure that is associated with it and a certain volume that is associated with it.0132
By definition, that is the enthalpy; if I take the energy, plus the pressure, times the volume, I get the enthalpy.0142
Now, like most thermodynamic properties, we don't really know what absolute enthalpies are; the only thing we can actually measure (which is science: in science, we measure things) are changes in enthalpy.0149
So, ultimately, we are going to be concerned with ΔH; and, in fact, all of thermodynamics is going to be concerned with the Δ of some properties.0162
Later on in the course, we will talk about ΔS; we will talk about ΔG, which is free energy entropy; and H is enthalpy.0169
We are concerned more with Δ, and, a little bit later in this lesson, we will show why the Δ is important...in any case, just so you know...0177
The definition of enthalpy is the energy plus the pressure times the volume of the system.0189
Now, let's recall what we did last time: we said that the change in energy of a system is equal to q, plus the work, which was -PΔV.0194
Now, let me rearrange this; let me bring this -ΔV over to this side; q equals the change in energy, plus PΔV--now, let me just set that aside for a minute.0209
Now, let me come over here, and let me take my definition of H as equal to E, plus PV, and now I'll do ΔH.0222
Well, ΔH, which is final minus initial, equals Δ of this, which is the ΔE plus Δ of PV.0236
Well, in this particular case, if we keep the pressure constant, that means we can pull this out of the Δ; we end up having ΔH=ΔE+PΔV.0247
Notice what we have: we have that q, which is the heat that is transferred, is equal to the change in energy plus the pressure times the change in volume (constant pressure).0266
And we have that ΔH, just based on the definition, equals ΔE, plus pressure, times Δvolume.0276
These are the same; q equals ΔH at constant pressure.0282
So, this is a constant pressure situation here, OK?--at constant pressure (which is pretty much what we are doing--what we do most of our chemistry in, at a constant atmospheric pressure), q equals ΔH.0293
In other words, the enthalpy is nothing more than the heat that is transferred--the energy that flows as heat.0307
In other words, if a certain reaction takes place, and it gives off a certain amount of heat or it takes in a certain amount of heat, that heat is equal to the enthalpy.0314
So, I can talk about the enthalpy by just referring to the heat; all I have to do is deal with the heat--it happens to be the same as the enthalpy, under constant pressure conditions.0325
That is why constant pressure is really, really nice, because under those conditions, I don't have to deal with enthalpy; I just deal with the heat; they are equivalent.0335
Heat is a very easy thing to measure; you just run a reaction, and you measure how hot something gets or how cold something gets; that is your enthalpy.0343
It is a thermodynamic quantity that is related to heat; under constant pressure conditions, it is the heat--it is equivalent to the heat; so that is really nice.0351
This is the important thing to know.0362
Heat and enthalpy are equivalent in magnitude under constant pressure conditions.0366
OK, so when we talk about the enthalpy of a reaction, ΔHrxn, well, that is equivalent to the heat of the reaction.0370
We will often talk about the heat of the reaction.0380
OK, now, ΔH of the reaction is equal to...actually, you know what, no; I'm not going to...I'll save this for the next time; there is no need to confuse us with any information that we don't need right away.0392
OK, so let's just do a quick example to get a feel for what is going on--a little bit of stoichiometry.0408
Example 1: When 1 mole of C6H12O6, which is glucose, is fermented to ethanol at a constant pressure, 67 kilojoules of heat is released.0415
The system releases heat; heat is flowing out of the system; it is negative.0458
How much heat is released when 7.6 grams of glucose is fermented?0467
1 mole of glucose is fermented to ethanol at constant pressure; 67 kilojoules of heat is released--exothermic.0490
The enthalpy is negative; now heat and enthalpy is the same--constant pressure.0499
How much heat is released when 7.6 grams of glucose is fermented?0505
OK, so let's write out what this looks like to get a sense of how we sort of start these problems, and what it looks like, notationally, for a chemist.0509
So, C6H12O6 is fermented to 2 C2H5OH (ethanol--this is regular drinking alcohol), plus carbon dioxide gas.0518
And we often write the ΔH over here as -67 kilojoules; so we see that heat is released; ΔH is negative; it is an exothermic process.0534
That is what it means: exothermic--ΔH is negative; ΔH is negative--it is exothermic; it is giving off heat, which means, in addition to this product and this product, one of the other products is that much heat.0543
That is why we write it; imagine heat as that third product that also comes out of the reaction.0556
This heat comes from the bonds in the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; that is where it is coming from.0563
OK, let's draw a little energy diagram, so you see what is going on here.0569
C6H12O6: this is H, enthalpy (heat at constant pressure), and this is just the reaction coordinate.0576
The reaction coordinate just means that the reaction is proceeding in that direction.0588
Well, there are some...here we have the C2H5OH, ethanol, plus our CO2.0594
Now, what this means--this -67 kilojoules--as it turns out, thermodynamically, the reactants--there is more heat in these bonds; when going from glucose to ethanol as CO2, the amount of energy in these bonds is actually 67 kilojoules less.0605
So, this difference right here, from this point to this point, is the 67 kilojoules.0627
Because, again, energy cannot be created or destroyed, the energy in these bonds is returned into the energy of these bonds.0634
But now, I have an excess amount of energy; what am I going to do with it?--well, the reaction just releases it as heat.0642
That is what this says; it is going to a lower heat--this excess heat is what is given off.0647
That is why it is -67; this is what it actually looks like.0655
The products are thermodynamically at a lower energy.0658
OK, so let's go ahead and calculate: well, C6H12O6 is 180 grams per mole; we have 7.6 grams of it, times 1 mole--180 grams; that gives us 0.0422 mol, and I hope that I did my arithmetic correctly.0663
Well, I have 0.0422 mol, and it is telling me that it releases 67 kilojoules per mole (that is what the problem says).0694
It is a simple arithmetic problem.0705
-2.8 kilojoules of heat is released.0708
2,800 Joules of heat is released with 7.6 grams of glucose.0723
7.6 grams of glucose is not very much; it's a handful--not even a handful; it is 2,800 Joules; that is a lot of heat.0729
There is a lot of heat in those bonds; that is why the human body metabolizes glucose--it breaks it down, not into alcohol and CO2--it breaks it down completely into carbon dioxide and water, and all of the energy that is released--the body uses that energy to produce a molecule called adenosine triphosphate, and it is the adenosine triphosphate that runs the body.0743
That is our energy currency, and it all comes from the energy that is stored in the bonds of C6H12O6.0767
Well, just 7.6 grams produces 2,800 kilojoules of energy!0773
You can imagine the amount of glucose we actually take in, in the form of carbohydrates and other things; the body requires a lot of energy to run.0778
All right, now let's talk about something called a state function.0790
Let me...all right, let's define a state function.0798
A state function is a property (you could call it a state property; I don't know why they call it a state function, but it is a property) that does not depend on the path taken to achieve that state.0803
OK, so let's say I have something here and something there; these are two states; I can get from this state to this state--I can either go this way, directly, or I can go this way and come back; I can go this way, this way, this way, this way, this way, this way.0846
Now, as it turns out, there are certain properties that are not state functions, like heat and work.0862
So, for example, if I went from here to here, I would have to do a certain amount of work.0872
Clearly, if I went from here to here to here to here to here to here, I am doing more work.0876
But, as it turns out, energy (which, as we said, is equal to heat plus work, neither of which is a state function)--as it turns out, energy is a state function.0880
As it turns out, it doesn't matter how I get to the final state--all that matters is where I started and where I ended up.0894
That is why we are concerned with ΔS: ΔH, ΔG--those are state functions; enthalpy is another state function.0900
So, we said that enthalpy is equal to the change in energy, plus the pressure, times the change in volume, right?0907
Well, this is a state function; pressure is a state function--it doesn't matter how I get there; at a certain point, and at the pressure that I start and end up with, it is just a certain pressure; it doesn't matter how I get there.0916
Volume: it doesn't matter how I go from 3 liters to 5 liters; I can go up to 18 liters, drop down to .1 liter, and then go up to 5 liters; I have still just gone from 3 to 5--the net effect is the same.0929
So, ΔH is also a state function.0942
It is a state function because it is the sum of two state functions.0944
Energy is a state function despite the fact that neither of these is a state function.0948
This is also quite extraordinary, that that is the case.0953
OK, so as far as chemistry is concerned, now: chemistry--if we start with certain reactants, and we want to end up with certain products, well, as far as the enthalpy is concerned, it doesn't matter how I get there.0957
I can get there in 2 steps; 15 steps; 147 steps.0974
Now, yes, there are areas of chemistry where we are concerned about the steps, but as far as a thermodynamicist is concerned, all he cares about is the enthalpy at the beginning and the enthalpy at the end.0978
It is a state function; it doesn't matter how you get there; all that matters is that you get there.0988
It is the two states that matter; that is all that matters.0993
Because of that, we can actually take a reaction that we are interested in, and perform it, and if we want to find the enthalpy of that reaction, well, if we have enthalpies of other reactions that we can use to get to our final reaction, we get our final enthalpy.0996
OK, so now, this is the idea of Hess's Law.1014
And, rather than talking about it or writing about it, the best thing to do is just do a problem, and of course, it will make sense.1021
So, let me write out Hess's Law here.1026
Well, I won't write it out; we'll just do an example, and it will make sense.1032
OK, we want to find the ΔH for the reaction of sulfur, plus oxygen gas, going to sulfur dioxide gas.1036
In other words, there is a certain heat of reaction associated with this; either it absorbs heat to create SO2, or in the process of creating SO2, it releases heat.1059
I want to find the enthalpy--the heat of the reaction.1069
Well, how do I do that?1072
OK, so we want to find ΔH for the reaction; well, as it turns out, we just happen to know that we have a couple of reactions at our disposal.1074
We know that, if I take sulfur plus three-halves oxygen gas, in the process of creating sulfur trioxide gas, we happen to know that the ΔH of that is -395.2 kilojoules.1088
We also happen to know that sulfur dioxide gas, 2 moles of that, plus oxygen gas, goes to 2 sulfur trioxide gas, and we happen to know that the ΔH of that equals -198.2 kilojoules.1110
So, we have this reaction that we know the ΔH for; we have this reaction that we know the ΔH for.1134
Hess's Law says it doesn't matter how we get to our final reaction, if we can come up (oops, no, we don't want these stray lines here) with a way of manipulating these equations (switching them, multiplying them by coefficients, a lot like you do for linear equations in linear algebra or algebra courses that you have taken).1140
If we can fiddle around with them and add the equations to come up with a final equation--this one that we want--well, we will just add the ΔHs, and we will get the final enthalpy of the reaction, because again, ΔH is a state function; it doesn't matter how you get there, as long as you get there.1166
So, let's see what we are going to do.1184
So, how can I fiddle with these equations in order that, when I add them vertically, I end up with this equation?1186
OK, well, let's see; let's reverse...let's see, what can I do?1194
I am trying to create SO2 gas; so notice that SO2 here is on the right-hand side, but in these equations, SO3 is on the right-hand side.1201
The only equation that has SO2 in it is over here; I want to reverse it, and there is one SO2 here, but there are 2 SO2, so I am going to flip equation 2, and I'm going to divide it by 2.1212
OK, so let me...actually, let me rewrite everything again, so that we have it on one page.1228
We have S + O2 going to SO2; that is the reaction that we want; and we are given S + 3/2 O2 goes to SO3; ΔH equals -395.2 kilojoules.1241
Our second equation (we'll call that #1) is 2 sulfur dioxide gas, plus O2, goes to 2 SO3, and the ΔH for that is -198.2 kilojoules.1262
OK, so we said we want this equation from these equations.1279
We are going to flip this equation, #2; so, we are going to reverse #2 and divide it by 2.1284
When we reverse it and divide it by 2, this 2 SO3 comes to the left, and it ends up becoming just SO3; this 2 SO2 ends up on the right, but becomes SO2; and this O2 also ends up on the right, but it becomes 1/2 O2.1299
Now, what happens to the ΔH?--well, exactly what you think.1315
If you flip a reaction--if you flip an equation--you change the sign of ΔH; if you divide an equation by 2, you divide the ΔH by 2.1318
So now, the ΔH is no longer -198; it is going to equal +99.1 kilojoules.1327
And now, we leave the...here, our other equation is S + 3/2 O2 goes to SO3, so S is on the left--there is one S on the left--so let's leave that one alone.1337
We have S + 3/2 O2 going to SO3; that ΔH stays the same: -395.2 kilojoules.1351
Now, we just add straight down.1367
Everything that is on both sides--if there is something on the left and something on the right, they cancel.1369
SO3 on the left; SO3 on the right; it cancels.1375
S comes down; that is taken care of.1379
I have 3/2 O2 on the left; I have 1/2 O2 on the right; 3/2 minus 1/2 is equal to...well, there you go: O2 (two halves)...+ O2.1383
O2 is taken care of; now, the only thing left is the SO2.1400
There you go; I have the final equation that I wanted by messing around with the equations for which I did have information.1405
Now, all I do is: I just add the ΔHs.1413
When I add the ΔHs: +99.1, minus 395.2; we get -296.1 kilojoules.1416
I used reactions that I knew, manipulated the equations, made the appropriate changes to the enthalpy, and I added straight down, added straight down; now I have the enthalpy for this reaction.1426
This is Hess's Law; I can use reactions that I do know to find a reaction that I want.1439
OK, let's do another example here.1447
Let's do this on a new page.1454
Calculate the ΔH for the synthesis (which means formation) of di-nitrogen pentoxide gas, N2O5, from its elements.1461
OK, elements--so, the reaction that we want is nitrogen gas, plus oxygen gas, goes to N2O5 gas.1489
Now, we have to balance this: so, we have 5 and 2, so we'll put a 5 here; we'll put a 2 here.1505
We'll put a 2 here; now it's balanced.1512
This is the equation that we want; OK, now here are the equations that we have at our disposal.1515
Equation #1: we have H2 + 1/2 O2 goes to H2O; the ΔH of that is equal to -285.8 kilojoules.1521
Our second equation is: N2O5 + H2O goes to 2 HNO3, which is nitric acid; the ΔH of that is -76.6; exothermic, exothermic.1540
3: we have 1/2 N2 + 3/2 O2 + 1/2 H2 goes to HNO3; the ΔH of this is equal to -174.1 kilojoules.1565
So, our task is to take these three equations, manipulate them by multiplying by coefficients, reversing them, and then adding them straight down and arranging them in such a way so that, when they add, they add to the final equation.1585
OK, so let's see what we have; what can we do?1604
I notice I have N2O5 on the right, and here I have N2O5 on the left, so let me just leave that one alone for now.1608
Let me see: I have 2 N2 on the left, 5 O2; I have 2 N2, and the only equation here that has N2 in it is this one, so I'm going to multiply equation #3 by 4.1623
So, multiply #3 by 4, and what I end up with, when I multiply the third equation by 4--I get 2 N2 + 6 O2 + 2 H2 goes to 4 HNO3, and the ΔH also gets multiplied by 4.1638
Negative...so this is multiplied by 4 minus 696.4 kilojoules; so whatever I do to the equation, I do the same thing to the enthalpy.1673
OK, now let's see what I have; HNO3...I have 4 HNO3, but I don't have any HNO3 here, so I need 4 HNO3s on the left.1683
I have 2 HNO3s here, so I'm going to flip this equation and multiply it by w.1695
So, we'll flip 2 and multiply by 2.1699
When I flip this and multiply by 2, I get 4 HNO3 goes to 2 N2O5 + 2 H2O, and now the ΔH for this...I have flipped it, and I have multiplied it by 2, so now this is a positive 153.2 kilojoules.1711
Now, #1--let me see: #1 equation: H2; I have...what do I have?...I have 2 H2s on the left; I have an H2 here; I need to cancel the H2s.1741
I have 2 H2Os on the right; I have an H2O on the right here; so I have used equation 3 and used equation 2; I need to get this on the left, and I need to multiply it by 2, so I'll do the same thing.1755
I'll flip #1 and multiply by 2, and I end up with the following equation.1765
I get 2 H2O goes to 2 H2 + O2; and again, the ΔH is going to be +571.6 kilojoules.1776
And now, I should end up with what I have; so let me see here; let me...we are concerned with this equation, this equation, and this equation; so let's see what cancels.1797
H2O; 2 H2O, 2 H2O; 2 H2, 2 H2, right?--this is on the left of the arrow; this is on the right of the arrow.1815
They are on top of each other, but it is where they are on as far as the arrows are concerned.1824
I have 4 HNO3, 4 HNO3; 2 N2, so I'll bring that down; that takes care of the 2 N2.1830
I have 6 oxygens on the left; I have 1 oxygen on the right; so, 6 minus the 1 leaves 5 oxygens on the left.1841
So, that is taken care of and that is taken care of; now, the only thing left is the 2 N2O5, which is on the right, so I am not adding it.1853
That is on the right-hand side of the arrow; so I get 2 N2O5, which is exactly what we want: 2 N2 + 5 O2 goes to 2 N2O5, exactly what we found.1866
Now, let's just add the ΔHs straight down, and when we add them, we end up with 28.4; again, you might want to check my arithmetic; I'm notorious for bad arithmetic.1880
So, this reaction: nitrogen gas plus oxygen gas to form di-nitrogen pentoxide: it is positive 28.4 kilojoules, so this is endothermic.1893
That means, in order for this reaction to go forward, I actually have to add heat to it.1906
Or, if I leave it alone, and there are other circumstances where there is something happening--there is enough heat that it can pull from the surroundings--it will pull that heat from the surroundings in order to make this go.1911
So, there you have it--Hess's Law.1924
We want to find the enthalpy, the heat of a given reaction; well, if we have other reactions at our disposal that we know the heat for, and we can rearrange those equations in a certain way--we can fiddle with the enthalpies appropriately--add the equations; we will get the equation that we are looking for, and we will get the enthalpy of that equation.1926
OK, thank you for joining us today at Educator.com for the discussion of enthalpy.1947
We will see you next time; goodbye.1953
2 answers
Thu Jul 21, 2016 6:28 PM
Post by Adel Althaqafy on July 20, 2016
Hi Prof
when you multiply the equation by 2 why change - minus to positive in the amount of the enthalpy change
2 answers
Sun Jul 3, 2016 7:21 PM
Post by Jeffrey McNeary on June 29, 2016
at 15:40, you stated that delta H is a state function, and 15 seconds later you stated that h is NOT a state function. If q is equivalent to delta, then how are they not the same kind of function?
4 answers
Last reply by: Kaye Lim
Mon Jul 4, 2016 5:56 PM
Post by Kaye Lim on June 8, 2016
For endothermic process, if product bonds store less amount of Energy compared to reactant's bonds (product has lower Energy than reactant), then why it takes more Energy heat to break the product bond into free elements and also into free atoms?
It confused me how the bonds in product have lower Energy in endothermic process because it is further down the graph, yet require more Energy to be broken into free atoms. Please explain what was wrong in my reasoning process.
3 answers
Fri Jun 3, 2016 6:23 PM
Post by Tram T on May 17, 2016
Dear prof. Hovasapian,
-For endothermic reaction, I see that the bonding energy or the energy to break all the products of the reaction into free atoms is higher than the bonding energy of reactants because the Energy gap going from products to free atoms is larger than the Energy gap going from reactants to free atoms.
But I can't wrap my mind around how going from system (reactants) with lower Energy (Energy stored in the reactant bonds) to system with higher Energy releasing Energy heat. Please explain! Thank you!
2 answers
Last reply by: Jason Smith
Wed Dec 30, 2015 7:59 PM
Post by Jason Smith on December 23, 2015
Hi professor. How did you arrange the [delta E = q - P delta V] equation to get [q = delta E + P delta V]?
Like, how did you get the q isolated on one side of the equation without having to divide?
Sorry for silly question, math really isn't my strong suit :P
1 answer
Sun Sep 27, 2015 1:39 AM
Post by Gaurav Kumar on September 26, 2015
Hi Professor Hovasapian,
For examples 2 and 3 are the equations that you wrote after the equation that we were trying to reach given in the problem, or did make up those equations? For example, was N2O5 +H2O ----> 2HNO3 given in the problem for example 3 or did you make it up?
Thank you
1 answer
Tue Dec 2, 2014 2:45 AM
Post by Muhammad Ziad on November 29, 2014
Also, are the three equations in problem 3 given or do you have to come up with them on your own?
1 answer
Tue Dec 2, 2014 2:50 AM
Post by Muhammad Ziad on November 29, 2014
Thank you for this lecture. I have a question about the delta H values in example 2. Where do you get these values from? Are they supposed to be memorized or is there a table we can find the values? I'm starting to understand everything much better except getting the delta H values.
1 answer
Fri Nov 28, 2014 12:33 AM
Post by Minjae Kim on November 27, 2014
If ΔE = q + w and ΔH = q, then why is ΔH = ΔE + PΔV? Why not ΔH= = ΔE - PΔV?
1 answer
Thu May 1, 2014 9:16 PM
Post by Mark Andrews on April 20, 2014
In example 2
2S02 + O2 -----> 2SO3
To be balanced this shouldn't this be 2SO4?
1 answer
Last reply by: Andrea Baric
Sat Apr 26, 2014 9:18 PM
Post by Hyun Cho on December 22, 2013
i have a question concerning 18:31 when you are giving examples on Hess's Law. When you tell us that S+3/2O2> SO3+change in enthalpy of -395.2KJ, is that stated in the problem or is it just something that we should know as basics of chemistry? if we should already know it, could you tell me where I can learn those kind of stuffs?
1 answer
Mon Dec 23, 2013 8:46 PM
Post by Hyun Cho on December 22, 2013
i have a question concerning 18:31 when you are giving examples on Hess's Law. When you tell us that S+3/2O2> SO3+change in enthalpy of -395.2KJ, is that stated in the problem or is it just something that we should know as basics of chemistry? if we should already know it, could you tell me where I can learn those kind of stuffs?
1 answer
Mon Oct 21, 2013 3:42 AM
Post by Cynthia Alvarez on October 21, 2013
Given: K+1/2Cl2 -> KCl DeltaH=-437kJ
How much heat is absorbed/released when o.5moles Cl2 is formed from KCl?
Would this be the answer?: 437kJ absorbed
1 answer
Wed May 15, 2013 2:07 AM
Post by Nawaphan Jedjomnongkit on May 14, 2013
Thank you for the lecture. From what you explain about state function and did mention that q is not state function but when it comes to enthalpy, it is a state function. So am I right if I think that q normally it is not a state function but it will be only when P is constant ?
1 answer
Mon Mar 18, 2013 10:23 PM
Post by Joseph Grosse on March 18, 2013
Example 1: When 1 mole of glucose is fermented to ethanol, 67KJ of energy is released. When 7.6 g of glucose (aka ~.0422 moles) goes through fermentation the energy released is -2.8KJ.
Why would the sign of energy released switch between the two situations, when the only variable, is that of the the mass of the compound that is being fermented?
Thank you.
1 answer
Mon Jul 23, 2012 7:15 PM
Post by Marlon Kalicharan on July 22, 2012
How come you have for the 1.H2+HALF02 YIELDS H20.I am lost.Where does that come from?
0 answers
Post by NGAWANG TSERING on March 8, 2012
hi it stuck automatically at example 2 of state function