Raffi Hovasapian

Raffi Hovasapian

AP Practice for Gases

Slide Duration:

Table of Contents

Section 1: Review
Naming Compounds

41m 24s

Intro
0:00
Periodic Table of Elements
0:15
Naming Compounds
3:13
Definition and Examples of Ions
3:14
Ionic (Symbol to Name): NaCl
5:23
Ionic (Name to Symbol): Calcium Oxide
7:58
Ionic - Polyatoms Anions: Examples
12:45
Ionic - Polyatoms Anions (Symbol to Name): KClO
14:50
Ionic - Polyatoms Anions (Name to Symbol): Potassium Phosphate
15:49
Ionic Compounds Involving Transition Metals (Symbol to Name): Co₂(CO₃)₃
20:48
Ionic Compounds Involving Transition Metals (Name to Symbol): Palladium 2 Acetate
22:44
Naming Covalent Compounds (Symbol to Name): CO
26:21
Naming Covalent Compounds (Name to Symbol): Nitrogen Trifluoride
27:34
Naming Covalent Compounds (Name to Symbol): Dichlorine Monoxide
27:57
Naming Acids Introduction
28:11
Naming Acids (Name to Symbol): Chlorous Acid
35:08
% Composition by Mass Example
37:38
Stoichiometry

37m 19s

Intro
0:00
Stoichiometry
0:25
Introduction to Stoichiometry
0:26
Example 1
5:03
Example 2
10:17
Example 3
15:09
Example 4
24:02
Example 5: Questions
28:11
Example 5: Part A - Limiting Reactant
30:30
Example 5: Part B
32:27
Example 5: Part C
35:00
Section 2: Aqueous Reactions & Stoichiometry
Precipitation Reactions

31m 14s

Intro
0:00
Precipitation Reactions
0:53
Dissociation of ionic Compounds
0:54
Solubility Guidelines for ionic Compounds: Soluble Ionic Compounds
8:15
Solubility Guidelines for ionic Compounds: Insoluble ionic Compounds
12:56
Precipitation Reactions
14:08
Example 1: Mixing a Solution of BaCl₂ & K₂SO₄
21:21
Example 2: Mixing a Solution of Mg(NO₃)₂ & KI
26:10
Acid-Base Reactions

43m 21s

Intro
0:00
Acid-Base Reactions
1:00
Introduction to Acid: Monoprotic Acid and Polyprotic Acid
1:01
Introduction to Base
8:28
Neutralization
11:45
Example 1
16:17
Example 2
21:55
Molarity
24:50
Example 3
26:50
Example 4
30:01
Example 4: Limiting Reactant
37:51
Example 4: Reaction Part
40:01
Oxidation Reduction Reactions

47m 58s

Intro
0:00
Oxidation Reduction Reactions
0:26
Oxidation and Reduction Overview
0:27
How Can One Tell Whether Oxidation-Reduction has Taken Place?
7:13
Rules for Assigning Oxidation State: Number 1
11:22
Rules for Assigning Oxidation State: Number 2
12:46
Rules for Assigning Oxidation State: Number 3
13:25
Rules for Assigning Oxidation State: Number 4
14:50
Rules for Assigning Oxidation State: Number 5
15:41
Rules for Assigning Oxidation State: Number 6
17:00
Example 1: Determine the Oxidation State of Sulfur in the Following Compounds
18:20
Activity Series and Reduction Properties
25:32
Activity Series and Reduction Properties
25:33
Example 2: Write the Balance Molecular, Total Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations for Al + HCl
31:37
Example 3
34:25
Example 4
37:55
Stoichiometry Examples

31m 50s

Intro
0:00
Stoichiometry Example 1
0:36
Example 1: Question and Answer
0:37
Stoichiometry Example 2
6:57
Example 2: Questions
6:58
Example 2: Part A Solution
12:16
Example 2: Part B Solution
13:05
Example 2: Part C Solution
14:00
Example 2: Part D Solution
14:38
Stoichiometry Example 3
17:56
Example 3: Questions
17:57
Example 3: Part A Solution
19:51
Example 3: Part B Solution
21:43
Example 3: Part C Solution
26:46
Section 3: Gases
Pressure, Gas Laws, & The Ideal Gas Equation

49m 40s

Intro
0:00
Pressure
0:22
Pressure Overview
0:23
Torricelli: Barometer
4:35
Measuring Gas Pressure in a Container
7:49
Boyle's Law
12:40
Example 1
16:56
Gas Laws
21:18
Gas Laws
21:19
Avogadro's Law
26:16
Example 2
31:47
Ideal Gas Equation
38:20
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
38:21
Example 3
40:43
Partial Pressure, Mol Fraction, & Vapor Pressure

32m

Intro
0:00
Gases
0:27
Gases
0:28
Mole Fractions
5:52
Vapor Pressure
8:22
Example 1
13:25
Example 2
22:45
Kinetic Molecular Theory and Real Gases

31m 58s

Intro
0:00
Kinetic Molecular Theory and Real Gases
0:45
Kinetic Molecular Theory 1
0:46
Kinetic Molecular Theory 2
4:23
Kinetic Molecular Theory 3
5:42
Kinetic Molecular Theory 4
6:27
Equations
7:52
Effusion
11:15
Diffusion
13:30
Example 1
19:54
Example 2
23:23
Example 3
26:45
AP Practice for Gases

25m 34s

Intro
0:00
Example 1
0:34
Example 1
0:35
Example 2
6:15
Example 2: Part A
6:16
Example 2: Part B
8:46
Example 2: Part C
10:30
Example 2: Part D
11:15
Example 2: Part E
12:20
Example 2: Part F
13:22
Example 3
14:45
Example 3
14:46
Example 4
18:16
Example 4
18:17
Example 5
21:04
Example 5
21:05
Section 4: Thermochemistry
Energy, Heat, and Work

37m 32s

Intro
0:00
Thermochemistry
0:25
Temperature and Heat
0:26
Work
3:07
System, Surroundings, Exothermic Process, and Endothermic Process
8:19
Work & Gas: Expansion and Compression
16:30
Example 1
24:41
Example 2
27:47
Example 3
31:58
Enthalpy & Hess's Law

32m 34s

Intro
0:00
Thermochemistry
1:43
Defining Enthalpy & Hess's Law
1:44
Example 1
6:48
State Function
13:11
Example 2
17:15
Example 3
24:09
Standard Enthalpies of Formation

23m 9s

Intro
0:00
Thermochemistry
1:04
Standard Enthalpy of Formation: Definition & Equation
1:05
∆H of Formation
10:00
Example 1
11:22
Example 2
19:00
Calorimetry

39m 28s

Intro
0:00
Thermochemistry
0:21
Heat Capacity
0:22
Molar Heat Capacity
4:44
Constant Pressure Calorimetry
5:50
Example 1
12:24
Constant Volume Calorimetry
21:54
Example 2
24:40
Example 3
31:03
Section 5: Kinetics
Reaction Rates and Rate Laws

36m 24s

Intro
0:00
Kinetics
2:18
Rate: 2 NO₂ (g) → 2NO (g) + O₂ (g)
2:19
Reaction Rates Graph
7:25
Time Interval & Average Rate
13:13
Instantaneous Rate
15:13
Rate of Reaction is Proportional to Some Power of the Reactant Concentrations
23:49
Example 1
27:19
Method of Initial Rates

30m 48s

Intro
0:00
Kinetics
0:33
Rate
0:34
Idea
2:24
Example 1: NH₄⁺ + NO₂⁻ → NO₂ (g) + 2 H₂O
5:36
Example 2: BrO₃⁻ + 5 Br⁻ + 6 H⁺ → 3 Br₂ + 3 H₂O
19:29
Integrated Rate Law & Reaction Half-Life

32m 17s

Intro
0:00
Kinetics
0:52
Integrated Rate Law
0:53
Example 1
6:26
Example 2
15:19
Half-life of a Reaction
20:40
Example 3: Part A
25:41
Example 3: Part B
28:01
Second Order & Zero-Order Rate Laws

26m 40s

Intro
0:00
Kinetics
0:22
Second Order
0:23
Example 1
6:08
Zero-Order
16:36
Summary for the Kinetics Associated with the Reaction
21:27
Activation Energy & Arrhenius Equation

40m 59s

Intro
0:00
Kinetics
0:53
Rate Constant
0:54
Collision Model
2:45
Activation Energy
5:11
Arrhenius Proposed
9:54
2 Requirements for a Successful Reaction
15:39
Rate Constant
17:53
Arrhenius Equation
19:51
Example 1
25:00
Activation Energy & the Values of K
32:12
Example 2
36:46
AP Practice for Kinetics

29m 8s

Intro
0:00
Kinetics
0:43
Example 1
0:44
Example 2
6:53
Example 3
8:58
Example 4
11:36
Example 5
16:36
Example 6: Part A
21:00
Example 6: Part B
25:09
Section 6: Equilibrium
Equilibrium, Part 1

46m

Intro
0:00
Equilibrium
1:32
Introduction to Equilibrium
1:33
Equilibrium Rules
14:00
Example 1: Part A
16:46
Example 1: Part B
18:48
Example 1: Part C
22:13
Example 1: Part D
24:55
Example 2: Part A
27:46
Example 2: Part B
31:22
Example 2: Part C
33:00
Reverse a Reaction
36:04
Example 3
37:24
Equilibrium, Part 2

40m 53s

Intro
0:00
Equilibrium
1:31
Equilibriums Involving Gases
1:32
General Equation
10:11
Example 1: Question
11:55
Example 1: Answer
13:43
Example 2: Question
19:08
Example 2: Answer
21:37
Example 3: Question
33:40
Example 3: Answer
35:24
Equilibrium: Reaction Quotient

45m 53s

Intro
0:00
Equilibrium
0:57
Reaction Quotient
0:58
If Q > K
5:37
If Q < K
6:52
If Q = K
7:45
Example 1: Part A
8:24
Example 1: Part B
13:11
Example 2: Question
20:04
Example 2: Answer
22:15
Example 3: Question
30:54
Example 3: Answer
32:52
Steps in Solving Equilibrium Problems
42:40
Equilibrium: Examples

31m 51s

Intro
0:00
Equilibrium
1:09
Example 1: Question
1:10
Example 1: Answer
4:15
Example 2: Question
13:04
Example 2: Answer
15:20
Example 3: Question
25:03
Example 3: Answer
26:32
Le Chatelier's principle & Equilibrium

40m 52s

Intro
0:00
Le Chatelier
1:05
Le Chatelier Principle
1:06
Concentration: Add 'x'
5:25
Concentration: Subtract 'x'
7:50
Example 1
9:44
Change in Pressure
12:53
Example 2
20:40
Temperature: Exothermic and Endothermic
24:33
Example 3
29:55
Example 4
35:30
Section 7: Acids & Bases
Acids and Bases

50m 11s

Intro
0:00
Acids and Bases
1:14
Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Model
1:28
Reaction of an Acid with Water
4:36
Acid Dissociation
10:51
Acid Strength
13:48
Example 1
21:22
Water as an Acid & a Base
25:25
Example 2: Part A
32:30
Example 2: Part B
34:47
Example 3: Part A
35:58
Example 3: Part B
39:33
pH Scale
41:12
Example 4
43:56
pH of Weak Acid Solutions

43m 52s

Intro
0:00
pH of Weak Acid Solutions
1:12
pH of Weak Acid Solutions
1:13
Example 1
6:26
Example 2
14:25
Example 3
24:23
Example 4
30:38
Percent Dissociation: Strong & Weak Bases

43m 4s

Intro
0:00
Bases
0:33
Percent Dissociation: Strong & Weak Bases
0:45
Example 1
6:23
Strong Base Dissociation
11:24
Example 2
13:02
Weak Acid and General Reaction
17:38
Example: NaOH → Na⁺ + OH⁻
20:30
Strong Base and Weak Base
23:49
Example 4
24:54
Example 5
33:51
Polyprotic Acids

35m 34s

Intro
0:00
Polyprotic Acids
1:04
Acids Dissociation
1:05
Example 1
4:51
Example 2
17:30
Example 3
31:11
Salts and Their Acid-Base Properties

41m 14s

Intro
0:00
Salts and Their Acid-Base Properties
0:11
Salts and Their Acid-Base Properties
0:15
Example 1
7:58
Example 2
14:00
Metal Ion and Acidic Solution
22:00
Example 3
28:35
NH₄F → NH₄⁺ + F⁻
34:05
Example 4
38:03
Common Ion Effect & Buffers

41m 58s

Intro
0:00
Common Ion Effect & Buffers
1:16
Covalent Oxides Produce Acidic Solutions in Water
1:36
Ionic Oxides Produce Basic Solutions in Water
4:15
Practice Example 1
6:10
Practice Example 2
9:00
Definition
12:27
Example 1: Part A
16:49
Example 1: Part B
19:54
Buffer Solution
25:10
Example of Some Buffers: HF and NaF
30:02
Example of Some Buffers: Acetic Acid & Potassium Acetate
31:34
Example of Some Buffers: CH₃NH₂ & CH₃NH₃Cl
33:54
Example 2: Buffer Solution
36:36
Buffer

32m 24s

Intro
0:00
Buffers
1:20
Buffer Solution
1:21
Adding Base
5:03
Adding Acid
7:14
Example 1: Question
9:48
Example 1: Recall
12:08
Example 1: Major Species Upon Addition of NaOH
16:10
Example 1: Equilibrium, ICE Chart, and Final Calculation
24:33
Example 1: Comparison
29:19
Buffers, Part II

40m 6s

Intro
0:00
Buffers
1:27
Example 1: Question
1:32
Example 1: ICE Chart
3:15
Example 1: Major Species Upon Addition of OH⁻, But Before Rxn
7:23
Example 1: Equilibrium, ICE Chart, and Final Calculation
12:51
Summary
17:21
Another Look at Buffering & the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
19:00
Example 2
27:08
Example 3
32:01
Buffers, Part III

38m 43s

Intro
0:00
Buffers
0:25
Buffer Capacity Part 1
0:26
Example 1
4:10
Buffer Capacity Part 2
19:29
Example 2
25:12
Example 3
32:02
Titrations: Strong Acid and Strong Base

42m 42s

Intro
0:00
Titrations: Strong Acid and Strong Base
1:11
Definition of Titration
1:12
Sample Problem
3:33
Definition of Titration Curve or pH Curve
9:46
Scenario 1: Strong Acid- Strong Base Titration
11:00
Question
11:01
Part 1: No NaOH is Added
14:00
Part 2: 10.0 mL of NaOH is Added
15:50
Part 3: Another 10.0 mL of NaOH & 20.0 mL of NaOH are Added
22:19
Part 4: 50.0 mL of NaOH is Added
26:46
Part 5: 100.0 mL (Total) of NaOH is Added
27:26
Part 6: 150.0 mL (Total) of NaOH is Added
32:06
Part 7: 200.0 mL of NaOH is Added
35:07
Titrations Curve for Strong Acid and Strong Base
35:43
Titrations: Weak Acid and Strong Base

42m 3s

Intro
0:00
Titrations: Weak Acid and Strong Base
0:43
Question
0:44
Part 1: No NaOH is Added
1:54
Part 2: 10.0 mL of NaOH is Added
5:17
Part 3: 25.0 mL of NaOH is Added
14:01
Part 4: 40.0 mL of NaOH is Added
21:55
Part 5: 50.0 mL (Total) of NaOH is Added
22:25
Part 6: 60.0 mL (Total) of NaOH is Added
31:36
Part 7: 75.0 mL (Total) of NaOH is Added
35:44
Titration Curve
36:09
Titration Examples & Acid-Base Indicators

52m 3s

Intro
0:00
Examples and Indicators
0:25
Example 1: Question
0:26
Example 1: Solution
2:03
Example 2: Question
12:33
Example 2: Solution
14:52
Example 3: Question
23:45
Example 3: Solution
25:09
Acid/Base Indicator Overview
34:45
Acid/Base Indicator Example
37:40
Acid/Base Indicator General Result
47:11
Choosing Acid/Base Indicator
49:12
Section 8: Solubility
Solubility Equilibria

36m 25s

Intro
0:00
Solubility Equilibria
0:48
Solubility Equilibria Overview
0:49
Solubility Product Constant
4:24
Definition of Solubility
9:10
Definition of Solubility Product
11:28
Example 1
14:09
Example 2
20:19
Example 3
27:30
Relative Solubilities
31:04
Solubility Equilibria, Part II

42m 6s

Intro
0:00
Solubility Equilibria
0:46
Common Ion Effect
0:47
Example 1
3:14
pH & Solubility
13:00
Example of pH & Solubility
15:25
Example 2
23:06
Precipitation & Definition of the Ion Product
26:48
If Q > Ksp
29:31
If Q < Ksp
30:27
Example 3
32:58
Solubility Equilibria, Part III

43m 9s

Intro
0:00
Solubility Equilibria
0:55
Example 1: Question
0:56
Example 1: Step 1 - Check to See if Anything Precipitates
2:52
Example 1: Step 2 - Stoichiometry
10:47
Example 1: Step 3 - Equilibrium
16:34
Example 2: Selective Precipitation (Question)
21:02
Example 2: Solution
23:41
Classical Qualitative Analysis
29:44
Groups: 1-5
38:44
Section 9: Complex Ions
Complex Ion Equilibria

43m 38s

Intro
0:00
Complex Ion Equilibria
0:32
Complex Ion
0:34
Ligan Examples
1:51
Ligand Definition
3:12
Coordination
6:28
Example 1
8:08
Example 2
19:13
Complex Ions & Solubility

31m 30s

Intro
0:00
Complex Ions and Solubility
0:23
Recall: Classical Qualitative Analysis
0:24
Example 1
6:10
Example 2
16:16
Dissolving a Water-Insoluble Ionic Compound: Method 1
23:38
Dissolving a Water-Insoluble Ionic Compound: Method 2
28:13
Section 10: Chemical Thermodynamics
Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part I

56m 28s

Intro
0:00
Spontaneity, Entropy, Free Energy
2:25
Energy Overview
2:26
Equation: ∆E = q + w
4:30
State Function/ State Property
8:35
Equation: w = -P∆V
12:00
Enthalpy: H = E + PV
14:50
Enthalpy is a State Property
17:33
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
19:20
First Law of Thermodynamic
22:28
Entropy
25:48
Spontaneous Process
33:53
Second Law of Thermodynamic
36:51
More on Entropy
42:23
Example
43:55
Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part II

39m 55s

Intro
0:00
Spontaneity, Entropy, Free Energy
1:30
∆S of Universe = ∆S of System + ∆S of Surrounding
1:31
Convention
3:32
Examining a System
5:36
Thermodynamic Property: Sign of ∆S
16:52
Thermodynamic Property: Magnitude of ∆S
18:45
Deriving Equation: ∆S of Surrounding = -∆H / T
20:25
Example 1
25:51
Free Energy Equations
29:22
Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part III

30m 10s

Intro
0:00
Spontaneity, Entropy, Free Energy
0:11
Example 1
2:38
Key Concept of Example 1
14:06
Example 2
15:56
Units for ∆H, ∆G, and S
20:56
∆S of Surrounding & ∆S of System
22:00
Reaction Example
24:17
Example 3
26:52
Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part IV

30m 7s

Intro
0:00
Spontaneity, Entropy, Free Energy
0:29
Standard Free Energy of Formation
0:58
Example 1
4:34
Reaction Under Non-standard Conditions
13:23
Example 2
16:26
∆G = Negative
22:12
∆G = 0
24:38
Diagram Example of ∆G
26:43
Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part V

44m 56s

Intro
0:00
Spontaneity, Entropy, Free Energy
0:56
Equations: ∆G of Reaction, ∆G°, and K
0:57
Example 1: Question
6:50
Example 1: Part A
9:49
Example 1: Part B
15:28
Example 2
17:33
Example 3
23:31
lnK = (- ∆H° ÷ R) ( 1 ÷ T) + ( ∆S° ÷ R)
31:36
Maximum Work
35:57
Section 11: Electrochemistry
Oxidation-Reduction & Balancing

39m 23s

Intro
0:00
Oxidation-Reduction and Balancing
2:06
Definition of Electrochemistry
2:07
Oxidation and Reduction Review
3:05
Example 1: Assigning Oxidation State
10:15
Example 2: Is the Following a Redox Reaction?
18:06
Example 3: Step 1 - Write the Oxidation & Reduction Half Reactions
22:46
Example 3: Step 2 - Balance the Reaction
26:44
Example 3: Step 3 - Multiply
30:11
Example 3: Step 4 - Add
32:07
Example 3: Step 5 - Check
33:29
Galvanic Cells

43m 9s

Intro
0:00
Galvanic Cells
0:39
Example 1: Balance the Following Under Basic Conditions
0:40
Example 1: Steps to Balance Reaction Under Basic Conditions
3:25
Example 1: Solution
5:23
Example 2: Balance the Following Reaction
13:56
Galvanic Cells
18:15
Example 3: Galvanic Cells
28:19
Example 4: Galvanic Cells
35:12
Cell Potential

48m 41s

Intro
0:00
Cell Potential
2:08
Definition of Cell Potential
2:17
Symbol and Unit
5:50
Standard Reduction Potential
10:16
Example Figure 1
13:08
Example Figure 2
19:00
All Reduction Potentials are Written as Reduction
23:10
Cell Potential: Important Fact 1
26:49
Cell Potential: Important Fact 2
27:32
Cell Potential: Important Fact 3
28:54
Cell Potential: Important Fact 4
30:05
Example Problem 1
32:29
Example Problem 2
38:38
Potential, Work, & Free Energy

41m 23s

Intro
0:00
Potential, Work, Free Energy
0:42
Descriptions of Galvanic Cell
0:43
Line Notation
5:33
Example 1
6:26
Example 2
11:15
Example 3
15:18
Equation: Volt
22:20
Equations: Cell Potential, Work, and Charge
28:30
Maximum Cell Potential is Related to the Free Energy of the Cell Reaction
35:09
Example 4
37:42
Cell Potential & Concentration

34m 19s

Intro
0:00
Cell Potential & Concentration
0:29
Example 1: Question
0:30
Example 1: Nernst Equation
4:43
Example 1: Solution
7:01
Cell Potential & Concentration
11:27
Example 2
16:38
Manipulating the Nernst Equation
25:15
Example 3
28:43
Electrolysis

33m 21s

Intro
0:00
Electrolysis
3:16
Electrolysis: Part 1
3:17
Electrolysis: Part 2
5:25
Galvanic Cell Example
7:13
Nickel Cadmium Battery
12:18
Ampere
16:00
Example 1
20:47
Example 2
25:47
Section 12: Light
Light

44m 45s

Intro
0:00
Light
2:14
Introduction to Light
2:15
Frequency, Speed, and Wavelength of Waves
3:58
Units and Equations
7:37
Electromagnetic Spectrum
12:13
Example 1: Calculate the Frequency
17:41
E = hν
21:30
Example 2: Increment of Energy
25:12
Photon Energy of Light
28:56
Wave and Particle
31:46
Example 3: Wavelength of an Electron
34:46
Section 13: Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics & Electron Orbitals

54m

Intro
0:00
Quantum Mechanics & Electron Orbitals
0:51
Quantum Mechanics & Electron Orbitals Overview
0:52
Electron Orbital and Energy Levels for the Hydrogen Atom
8:47
Example 1
13:41
Quantum Mechanics: Schrodinger Equation
19:19
Quantum Numbers Overview
31:10
Principal Quantum Numbers
33:28
Angular Momentum Numbers
34:55
Magnetic Quantum Numbers
36:35
Spin Quantum Numbers
37:46
Primary Level, Sublevels, and Sub-Sub-Levels
39:42
Example
42:17
Orbital & Quantum Numbers
49:32
Electron Configurations & Diagrams

34m 4s

Intro
0:00
Electron Configurations & Diagrams
1:08
Electronic Structure of Ground State Atom
1:09
Order of Electron Filling
3:50
Electron Configurations & Diagrams: H
8:41
Electron Configurations & Diagrams: He
9:12
Electron Configurations & Diagrams: Li
9:47
Electron Configurations & Diagrams: Be
11:17
Electron Configurations & Diagrams: B
12:05
Electron Configurations & Diagrams: C
13:03
Electron Configurations & Diagrams: N
14:55
Electron Configurations & Diagrams: O
15:24
Electron Configurations & Diagrams: F
16:25
Electron Configurations & Diagrams: Ne
17:00
Electron Configurations & Diagrams: S
18:08
Electron Configurations & Diagrams: Fe
20:08
Introduction to Valence Electrons
23:04
Valence Electrons of Oxygen
23:44
Valence Electrons of Iron
24:02
Valence Electrons of Arsenic
24:30
Valence Electrons: Exceptions
25:36
The Periodic Table
27:52
Section 14: Intermolecular Forces
Vapor Pressure & Changes of State

52m 43s

Intro
0:00
Vapor Pressure and Changes of State
2:26
Intermolecular Forces Overview
2:27
Hydrogen Bonding
5:23
Heat of Vaporization
9:58
Vapor Pressure: Definition and Example
11:04
Vapor Pressures is Mostly a Function of Intermolecular Forces
17:41
Vapor Pressure Increases with Temperature
20:52
Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature: Graph and Equation
22:55
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
31:55
Example 1
32:13
Heating Curve
35:40
Heat of Fusion
41:31
Example 2
43:45
Phase Diagrams & Solutions

31m 17s

Intro
0:00
Phase Diagrams and Solutions
0:22
Definition of a Phase Diagram
0:50
Phase Diagram Part 1: H₂O
1:54
Phase Diagram Part 2: CO₂
9:59
Solutions: Solute & Solvent
16:12
Ways of Discussing Solution Composition: Mass Percent or Weight Percent
18:46
Ways of Discussing Solution Composition: Molarity
20:07
Ways of Discussing Solution Composition: Mole Fraction
20:48
Ways of Discussing Solution Composition: Molality
21:41
Example 1: Question
22:06
Example 1: Mass Percent
24:32
Example 1: Molarity
25:53
Example 1: Mole Fraction
28:09
Example 1: Molality
29:36
Vapor Pressure of Solutions

37m 23s

Intro
0:00
Vapor Pressure of Solutions
2:07
Vapor Pressure & Raoult's Law
2:08
Example 1
5:21
When Ionic Compounds Dissolve
10:51
Example 2
12:38
Non-Ideal Solutions
17:42
Negative Deviation
24:23
Positive Deviation
29:19
Example 3
31:40
Colligatives Properties

34m 11s

Intro
0:00
Colligative Properties
1:07
Boiling Point Elevation
1:08
Example 1: Question
5:19
Example 1: Solution
6:52
Freezing Point Depression
12:01
Example 2: Question
14:46
Example 2: Solution
16:34
Osmotic Pressure
20:20
Example 3: Question
28:00
Example 3: Solution
30:16
Section 15: Bonding
Bonding & Lewis Structure

48m 39s

Intro
0:00
Bonding & Lewis Structure
2:23
Covalent Bond
2:24
Single Bond, Double Bond, and Triple Bond
4:11
Bond Length & Intermolecular Distance
5:51
Definition of Electronegativity
8:42
Bond Polarity
11:48
Bond Energy
20:04
Example 1
24:31
Definition of Lewis Structure
31:54
Steps in Forming a Lewis Structure
33:26
Lewis Structure Example: H₂
36:53
Lewis Structure Example: CH₄
37:33
Lewis Structure Example: NO⁺
38:43
Lewis Structure Example: PCl₅
41:12
Lewis Structure Example: ICl₄⁻
43:05
Lewis Structure Example: BeCl₂
45:07
Resonance & Formal Charge

36m 59s

Intro
0:00
Resonance and Formal Charge
0:09
Resonance Structures of NO₃⁻
0:25
Resonance Structures of NO₂⁻
12:28
Resonance Structures of HCO₂⁻
16:28
Formal Charge
19:40
Formal Charge Example: SO₄²⁻
21:32
Formal Charge Example: CO₂
31:33
Formal Charge Example: HCN
32:44
Formal Charge Example: CN⁻
33:34
Formal Charge Example: 0₃
34:43
Shapes of Molecules

41m 21s

Intro
0:00
Shapes of Molecules
0:35
VSEPR
0:36
Steps in Determining Shapes of Molecules
6:18
Linear
11:38
Trigonal Planar
11:55
Tetrahedral
12:45
Trigonal Bipyramidal
13:23
Octahedral
14:29
Table: Shapes of Molecules
15:40
Example: CO₂
21:11
Example: NO₃⁻
24:01
Example: H₂O
27:00
Example: NH₃
29:48
Example: PCl₃⁻
32:18
Example: IF₄⁺
34:38
Example: KrF₄
37:57
Hybrid Orbitals

40m 17s

Intro
0:00
Hybrid Orbitals
0:13
Introduction to Hybrid Orbitals
0:14
Electron Orbitals for CH₄
5:02
sp³ Hybridization
10:52
Example: sp³ Hybridization
12:06
sp² Hybridization
14:21
Example: sp² Hybridization
16:11
σ Bond
19:10
π Bond
20:07
sp Hybridization & Example
22:00
dsp³ Hybridization & Example
27:36
d²sp³ Hybridization & Example
30:36
Example: Predict the Hybridization and Describe the Molecular Geometry of CO
32:31
Example: Predict the Hybridization and Describe the Molecular Geometry of BF₄⁻
35:17
Example: Predict the Hybridization and Describe the Molecular Geometry of XeF₂
37:09
Section 16: AP Practice Exam
AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice, Part I

52m 34s

Intro
0:00
Multiple Choice
1:21
Multiple Choice 1
1:22
Multiple Choice 2
2:23
Multiple Choice 3
3:38
Multiple Choice 4
4:34
Multiple Choice 5
5:16
Multiple Choice 6
5:41
Multiple Choice 7
6:20
Multiple Choice 8
7:03
Multiple Choice 9
7:31
Multiple Choice 10
9:03
Multiple Choice 11
11:52
Multiple Choice 12
13:16
Multiple Choice 13
13:56
Multiple Choice 14
14:52
Multiple Choice 15
15:43
Multiple Choice 16
16:20
Multiple Choice 17
16:55
Multiple Choice 18
17:22
Multiple Choice 19
18:59
Multiple Choice 20
20:24
Multiple Choice 21
22:20
Multiple Choice 22
23:29
Multiple Choice 23
24:30
Multiple Choice 24
25:24
Multiple Choice 25
26:21
Multiple Choice 26
29:06
Multiple Choice 27
30:42
Multiple Choice 28
33:28
Multiple Choice 29
34:38
Multiple Choice 30
35:37
Multiple Choice 31
37:31
Multiple Choice 32
38:28
Multiple Choice 33
39:50
Multiple Choice 34
42:57
Multiple Choice 35
44:18
Multiple Choice 36
45:52
Multiple Choice 37
48:02
Multiple Choice 38
49:25
Multiple Choice 39
49:43
Multiple Choice 40
50:16
Multiple Choice 41
50:49
AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice, Part II

32m 15s

Intro
0:00
Multiple Choice
0:12
Multiple Choice 42
0:13
Multiple Choice 43
0:33
Multiple Choice 44
1:16
Multiple Choice 45
2:36
Multiple Choice 46
5:22
Multiple Choice 47
6:35
Multiple Choice 48
8:02
Multiple Choice 49
10:05
Multiple Choice 50
10:26
Multiple Choice 51
11:07
Multiple Choice 52
12:01
Multiple Choice 53
12:55
Multiple Choice 54
16:12
Multiple Choice 55
18:11
Multiple Choice 56
19:45
Multiple Choice 57
20:15
Multiple Choice 58
23:28
Multiple Choice 59
24:27
Multiple Choice 60
26:45
Multiple Choice 61
29:15
AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice, Part III

32m 50s

Intro
0:00
Multiple Choice
0:16
Multiple Choice 62
0:17
Multiple Choice 63
1:57
Multiple Choice 64
6:16
Multiple Choice 65
8:05
Multiple Choice 66
9:18
Multiple Choice 67
10:38
Multiple Choice 68
12:51
Multiple Choice 69
14:32
Multiple Choice 70
17:35
Multiple Choice 71
22:44
Multiple Choice 72
24:27
Multiple Choice 73
27:46
Multiple Choice 74
29:39
Multiple Choice 75
30:23
AP Practice Exam: Free response Part I

47m 22s

Intro
0:00
Free Response
0:15
Free Response 1: Part A
0:16
Free Response 1: Part B
4:15
Free Response 1: Part C
5:47
Free Response 1: Part D
9:20
Free Response 1: Part E. i
10:58
Free Response 1: Part E. ii
16:45
Free Response 1: Part E. iii
26:03
Free Response 2: Part A. i
31:01
Free Response 2: Part A. ii
33:38
Free Response 2: Part A. iii
35:20
Free Response 2: Part B. i
37:38
Free Response 2: Part B. ii
39:30
Free Response 2: Part B. iii
44:44
AP Practice Exam: Free Response Part II

43m 5s

Intro
0:00
Free Response
0:12
Free Response 3: Part A
0:13
Free Response 3: Part B
6:25
Free Response 3: Part C. i
11:33
Free Response 3: Part C. ii
12:02
Free Response 3: Part D
14:30
Free Response 4: Part A
21:03
Free Response 4: Part B
22:59
Free Response 4: Part C
24:33
Free Response 4: Part D
27:22
Free Response 4: Part E
28:43
Free Response 4: Part F
29:35
Free Response 4: Part G
30:15
Free Response 4: Part H
30:48
Free Response 5: Diagram
32:00
Free Response 5: Part A
34:14
Free Response 5: Part B
36:07
Free Response 5: Part C
37:45
Free Response 5: Part D
39:00
Free Response 5: Part E
40:26
AP Practice Exam: Free Response Part III

28m 36s

Intro
0:00
Free Response
0:43
Free Response 6: Part A. i
0:44
Free Response 6: Part A. ii
3:08
Free Response 6: Part A. iii
5:02
Free Response 6: Part B. i
7:11
Free Response 6: Part B. ii
9:40
Free Response 7: Part A
11:14
Free Response 7: Part B
13:45
Free Response 7: Part C
15:43
Free Response 7: Part D
16:54
Free Response 8: Part A. i
19:15
Free Response 8: Part A. ii
21:16
Free Response 8: Part B. i
23:51
Free Response 8: Part B. ii
25:07
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Lecture Comments (12)

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Hovasapian
Wed Aug 3, 2016 5:59 PM

Post by tae Sin on August 3, 2016

isn't concentration the same as molarity, or is molarity only used for liquids?

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Hovasapian
Sat Jun 11, 2016 5:42 PM

Post by Neil Kotta on June 11, 2016

For question 4 where did you get the "n" from? I thought the formula originally was (PV)/T. Thank you so much; you're videos are really good!

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Hovasapian
Wed Mar 18, 2015 12:27 AM

Post by Rohan Suri on March 17, 2015

For part d on example 2 shouldnt No2 have a greater average kinetic energy because you said that Average Kinetic Energy is KE=1/2mv^2 and m being the mass in kg. Since NO2 has a higher mass shouldnt it have a higher average KE? I thought the 2 equations KE =3/2RT and KE=1/2mv^2 are interchangable.

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Hovasapian
Thu Jan 8, 2015 2:10 AM

Post by Stephen Donovan on January 7, 2015

Isn't the symbol for density rho?

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Hovasapian
Sat Nov 15, 2014 10:37 PM

Post by Shih-Kuan Chen on November 12, 2014

Dear Professor,

I am confused when should R= 0.08206 and when R= 8.31, can you please explain to me when I should use which?

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Hovasapian
Sat Jul 14, 2012 6:19 PM

Post by Ciara Flynn on April 9, 2012

In example 2, part A, why doesn't NO2 have the greater partial pressure, since equimolar quantities only mean there are equal moles of the COMPOUND N2 and the COMPOUND NO2, meaning NO2 will have more atoms per mole? Shouldn't it exert greater pressure than N2 gas? Or is this a case where we're assuming ideal gas behavior, and no effect made by the molecules themselves?

Related Articles:

AP Practice for Gases

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  • Intro 0:00
  • Example 1 0:34
    • Example 1
  • Example 2 6:15
    • Example 2: Part A
    • Example 2: Part B
    • Example 2: Part C
    • Example 2: Part D
    • Example 2: Part E
    • Example 2: Part F
  • Example 3 14:45
    • Example 3
  • Example 4 18:16
    • Example 4
  • Example 5 21:04
    • Example 5

Transcription: AP Practice for Gases

Hello, and welcome back to Educator.com.0000

Last lesson, we finished off the discussion of gases with real gases and the kinetic-molecular theory.0002

This lesson, we're just going to sort of tie it all together; we're just going to do some practice problems.0008

We're just going to work on the entire range of gas problems.0013

We're not going to do 1,000 problems, but we're going to do a fair sampling, and it will be the type of problems that you will see on the AP exam, and the type of thinking that you're going to have to do, and a little bit of the manipulations.0017

So, let's just go ahead and get started--that is the best way to make sense of anything.0029

The first example that we're going to do is the following (let's see...go ahead and write 1 here)--the problem is as follows.0036

The density of a gas was measured to be 1.25 grams per liter (now, notice: we have grams per liter--it's still a mass per volume; the actual, individual units don't really matter; for gases, grams per liter is pretty standard, simply because gases don't weigh very much).0046

So, we measured this density at 29 degrees Celsius and 1.75 atmospheres.0073

OK, we want to know: What is the molar mass of this gas?0082

A pretty standard problem--it's often how we find the molar mass of a gas.0089

What is the molar mass of the gas?0093

Now, I can guarantee you that this problem, in one form or another, will show up on the AP exam--perhaps even twice; I guarantee it; it always does.0098

So, let's see; let's talk about how we're going to approach this.0106

Well, let's just look at the definition of molar mass: they are asking for a molar mass, so what is molar mass?0110

Let me use red ink here.0115

Molar mass is equal to the mass in grams, over the number of moles; that is it--that is all molar mass is.0118

Let me rearrange this equality; let me write it as mole equals mass over molar mass.0129

Now, let me use a capital M for molar mass, but I'll go ahead and leave mass itself as...0139

And you know this already--you know, when you're finding the number of moles, you take the mass of something and you divide it by the molar mass; you get the number of moles.0145

Well, mol is n in the ideal gas law, so let's go ahead and put--wherever we see n, let's put mass over molar mass; how is that?0152

We write PV=nRT; that means PV=mass, over molar mass, times RT; it equals--and then we drop the V down; we solve for P; we get P=mass, times R, times T, over molar mass, times volume.0163

Now, let me switch some things around here; I'm going to bring the V and put it under the m, under the mass, and I'm going to write mass over V, volume.0190

I'm going to separate it out from everything else, and I'm going to write RT over (no, wait...PV over mass...oh, I'm sorry; I made a little mistake here); I drop down the m; I drop down the V; I actually want to drop...I'm looking for molar mass, so that is what I want to solve.0201

I want to bring the M up here, drop the V and the P down here...there we go: it looked like there was something wrong.0229

And then, I'm going to combine the mass and the mass over V; I'm going to write that as a unit and write RT/P (so this is the same thing--we just played with some variables).0237

Well, what is mass over volume?0247

You know that it is density; so, there you go--the molar mass is equal to the density (which--I used a Greek small letter delta), RT, over P.0250

That is how you find the molar mass.0266

If you had it the other way--if you had the molar mass and you wanted the density--you just rearrange it; that is what is nice about this--you just rearrange your variables, based on the units that they are made of, and you can come up with all kinds of different variations of the particular equation at hand.0268

That is often how you do it in laboratories.0282

So, let's go ahead and put our values in.0285

We have the density, which is 1.25 grams per liter; we have R, which is .08206 liter-atmosphere per mole-Kelvin, and then we have the temperature, which is 29 degrees Celsius, which is 302 Kelvin (again, we always work in Kelvin).0287

Then, our pressure, it says, is 1.75 atmospheres.0312

OK, that is it: so we get: atmosphere cancels atmosphere; Kelvin cancels Kelvin; liter cancels liter; what we'll end up with is g on top, mole on the bottom--grams per mole--molar mass; our units work out.0317

Our final answer is 17.7 grams per mole; that is it.0333

We took the PV=nRT; we solved the molar mass thing for moles; we put it in; we rearranged, and we get the molar mass equals the density, times R, times T, divided by P.0339

This equation right here will show up on the exam, in various forms; you will see it in the multiple choice, and more often than not, chances are pretty good (I would say 80 to 85%) that you will see it in the free response section or the essay section (the part that asks you for some descriptive--where you are not really doing anything mathematical, but you're describing what is going on).0350

So, it will more than likely show up.0370

OK, so let's go to another example; that is what we are here to do.0375

2: we have: Equimolar quantities of nitrogen gas and nitrogen dioxide gas are put into a closed vessel at constant temperature (so, closed vessel--fixed volume; constant temperature; we're good).0382

This is going to be an example of a qualitative problem that you see in the free response section, but they are not going to ask you to do any calculations, but they are going to ask you to reason things out.0419

So, this is a typical, typical example of what you will see on there.0428

Part A (and it comes in multiple parts): A: Which gas has the larger partial pressure?0432

These kind of questions want to test your qualitative understanding of what is going on.0445

In other words, you might be able to solve a problem mathematically, because you have sort of seen it a thousand times, and you know how to fiddle with it; but if you don't actually know what is going on, you won't be able to answer these questions.0449

So, these questions are probably the hardest, in the sense that they are testing whether you can reason things out, based on what you know chemically.0459

So, you have to know the chemistry; it is not just the math.0467

The larger partial pressure: OK, well, all right; we know that the partial pressure is equal to the number of moles, times R, times T, over V; it's just the ideal gas law for a mixture of gases.0471

We know that the total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures; each partial pressure is equal to the number of moles of that particular gas, times RT, over V.0487

Well, b (a and b are just the nitrogen and O2)--that equals the number of moles of b, times RT, over V.0496

It is equimolar--that means the same number of moles.0504

That means the number of moles of nitrogen gas equals the number of moles of nitrogen dioxide gas.0508

Therefore, the partial pressures are equal.0513

The partial pressure of nitrogen gas is equal to the partial pressure of nitrogen dioxide gas.0516

You have reasoned it out; there it is.0523

Part B: here it is interesting: Which has the greater density?0526

Which has the greater density: well, in the problem that we just did, we said that the molar mass is equal to the density, times RT, all over P; let's just solve for the density now, instead of the molar mass.0538

So, let's go ahead and convert this to: Density equals P times M, over RT; in other words, P, R, T...those are fixed.0553

Molar mass; if the molar mass is higher, the density is higher--that is what this equation tells me; I just rearrange an equation.0565

Well, of these two--the nitrogen gas and the nitrogen dioxide gas--which has a higher molar mass? Nitrogen dioxide.0572

Therefore, that implies that NO2 has the higher density.0579

This equation tells me so.0585

This is the kind of stuff that you have to do.0589

Much of the multiple choice section is also going to be stuff just like this: reasonably simple--you can reason it out in a number of steps--no real math involved (or if there is math, it's simple numbers--2, 4, 6, 8); but there it is.0593

It's qualitative understanding; that is what is important.0605

Any of your professors will tell you that, if they had a choice between you understanding things qualitatively or quantitatively, your qualitative understanding is actually a little bit more important.0611

Math will always come; qualitative understanding doesn't always come; or, if it does, it comes a lot slower.0620

OK, C: let's see: Which has a greater concentration?--interesting.0628

Which has a greater concentration: Well, what is concentration?0638

Concentration--the unit of concentration is defined as (when you see :=, it means "is defined as") number of moles per liter.0649

Well, they have the same number of moles--their equimolar amounts were put in--and they are in the same volume flask, so concentration of 1, of nitrogen gas, equals the concentration of NO2 gas--nice!0661

OK, let's see what is next.0678

Which has the greater average kinetic energy?0682

OK, which has greater average kinetic energy: in other words, on average, which collection of atoms or molecules are actually moving faster?0687

Well, kinetic energy--remember what we said?--3/2 RT is average kinetic energy.0702

It is directly proportional to temperature.0716

Temperature is constant; therefore, the average kinetic energy of the two gas samples is the same.0721

That is kind of extraordinary: different gases, different molar masses--their average kinetic energy is actually the same.0727

It is a function of temperature; that is it; it's not a function of anything else.0734

OK, E: Which has the greater average molecular speed?0740

Energy and speed: not necessarily the same here.0745

Which has the greatest average molecular speed: well, Urms is equal to 3RT over M; so now is where that molar mass thing comes in.0748

So, nitrogen--the higher the molar mass on average, the slower the molecule.0779

Nitrogen dioxide is heavier than nitrogen gas; therefore, nitrogen gas is lighter; therefore, nitrogen gas is faster.0786

So, that implies that nitrogen gas is faster--moving around faster.0792

OK, now, F: Which gas will show greater deviation from ideal behavior?0803

This one is a bit challenging.0825

Think about these two molecules: nitrogen gas, N2, is nonpolar; NO2 is a bent molecule--it is polar.0830

Because it is polar, there is greater charge distribution, which means that the individual molecules of NO2 are going to attract each other more.0847

Because they attract each other more, the effect that they have on the pressure, the volume, the relationship that we had to adjust in the van der Waals equation, is greater.0856

So, NO2 will demonstrate greater deviation from ideal behavior, precisely because it is more likely to experience that deviation because of the pressure adjustment--the volume adjustment.0864

That's a typical problem that you will see.0881

OK, let's see: number 3: A mixture of neon and argon gas at a total pressure (PT) of 1.4 atmospheres--if there are twice as many moles of neon as argon (so we have twice as much neon as we have argon gas), what is the partial pressure of argon gas?0884

So, we have a mixture of neon and argon gases; the total pressure in there is 1.4 atmospheres; if there are twice as many moles of neon as argon, what is the partial pressure of the argon?0940

OK, this is a mole fraction/partial pressure kind of thing.0951

We said that the mole fraction...remember, we said it is the number of moles of the part, over the total number of moles of the whole, which is also equal to, as far as pressures are concerned, the partial pressure of argon, over the total pressure.0956

Well, let me rearrange this.0973

The partial pressure of argon is equal to the mole fraction of argon, times the total pressure; I know the total pressure--it's 1.4--I should be able to figure out the mole fraction here, and that should give me my answer.0976

OK, well, let's see if we can't figure this out.0988

Let me use this version of it here; yes, I think I will use this version of it here, instead.0996

The mole fraction is also equal to the moles of argon, over the total number of moles, and it says that the moles of argon, let's say, is x.1004

OK, so the moles of argon is x; well, the moles of neon--it says that I have twice as many, so it's 2x.1022

Therefore, the mole fraction of argon is going to equal x over the total (which is x + 2x); or, if I wanted to do just 1 over 1+2, that is fine.1029

That is equal to the partial pressure of argon, divided by 1.4.1041

OK, well, x over (x + 2x) is equal to x over 3x; the three x's cancel; that leaves me with one-third, equals the partial pressure of argon over 1.4; I multiply 1.4 times one-third, and I get that the partial pressure of argon is equal to 0.47 atmospheres--which makes sense.1049

It's twice as much; there are 3 total; so therefore, it's going to be one-third of that 1.4.1077

Again, the mathematics sort of bears it out, based on reasoning it out.1085

Mole fraction--just plug it in; everything will fall out.1089

Let's see what we have: let's see, #4: we have: 2 moles of hydrogen gas, plus 1 mole of oxygen gas, gives 2 moles of water gas at a constant pressure and volume.1097

If Ti is the initial temperature before the reaction takes place (meaning here on the left), what is the final temperature after the reaction takes place (in other words, here on the right)?1125

Before and after: those are the important words here.1156

Be very careful; read the question very carefully.1159

Well, there is a change in the system here, right?--so we're going to use the P1V1/T1n1= P2V2/T2n2.1162

But, they say that pressure and volume are constant, so they basically drop off.1175

That leaves me with 1/T1n1= 1/T2n2.1180

Another way of rewriting this is just T1n1=T2n2.1188

Again, it is important to be able to see where all of this comes from.1196

The equation doesn't just drop out of the sky; you can rearrange it; you can fiddle with it to get what it is that you need.1199

Now, you just sort of put them all in.1204

We solve this for T2; we want our final temperature--that is T2.1207

That is equal to the initial temperature, Ti, times n1 over n2--the total number of moles to begin with, the total number of moles that you end with.1211

Well, Ti...the total number of moles that you begin with is 2+1: 3 moles.1224

The total number of moles that you end with is 2; so our answer is...that is it; that is the expression.1233

The initial temperature, times 3, divided by 2, will give me the final temperature--and it's nothing more than an application of the ideal gas law, with pressure and volume completely ignored.1240

All it is is the temperature and the number of moles.1250

Before the reaction, the number of moles is 3 moles of gas particles; after the reaction, the number of particles is 2 moles; that is what we have to watch out for.1253

Let's see: we'll do a quick multiple choice one here.1267

Which of the following conditions would be most likely to cause deviation from ideal behavior in a gas?1272

We have 1) Low pressure, 2) Low volume, third choice is Low temperature, fourth choice is High temperature, and our (oops, can't have these random lines here; let me put temp there) 5)--we have High pressure.1306

OK, so our choices are: 1 only; 2 and 3 only (let's see); 2, 3, 5; 1 and 4; and the final choice is 5 only.1347

Well, which of the following conditions would be most likely to cause deviation from ideal behavior?1380

So, deviation from ideal behavior has to do with high pressure; high pressure or low temperature causes the volume to be small.1386

A small volume, a high pressure, low temperature: these things tend to induce deviant behavior.1396

1 only (low pressure): no, that is not it.1406

B: 2 and 3 only--well, low volume: yes, that will do it; low temperature: yes, low temperature will induce a low volume; that will do it.1414

High temperature: no; but there is also high pressure--high pressure will also cause a low volume, so this says "2 and 3 only," but 2 and 3 and 5 also work, so it isn't B.1425

We look at C (2, 3, and 5): yes, that works.1437

Let's check our others, just to be on the safe side.1441

1 and 4: 1--no (low pressure); 4 (high temperature)--no, that is definitely not it.1443

5 only: well, 5 works (high pressure)--yes, that is certainly viable--but it's not that one only; it's also 2 and 3 (low volume, low temperature, high pressure).1450

The idea is the "low volume" part.1460

Low volume comes from high pressure; low volume comes from low temperature.1463

So, that is what you have to keep in mind; so deviant behavior comes when you have low volumes.1468

OK, so that gives you a sampling of the type of problems that you are going to see on the AP exam.1475

Some of them are from a multiple choice section; some of them are from what they call the essay section; some from the free response section.1479

This is pretty typical of the type of thing that is going on.1487

They are not altogether difficult mathematically; it's just that they require a qualitative understanding.1489

It is very, very important that you know the chemistry.1494

Being able to do the math is nice, but, as you will discover as we go on in the course, a lot of the mathematics tends to be very, very long; it's not a one- or two-step thing.1498

If you understand the chemistry, the math will follow; but just being able to do the math doesn't mean that you will be able to reason out the chemistry, because the math can lead you astray.1506

As you see, if you miss some of the units, you are going to be all over the place; numbers are not going to make sense.1515

Qualitative understanding is what we seek in science.1520

Math will always be there; qualitative understanding will not always be there.1523

OK, thank you for joining us here at Educator.com; we will look forward to seeing you next time--goodbye.1528

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