Home » Psychology » Intro to Psychology » Forms of Learning: Classical Conditioning

Mike Wheeler

Mike Wheeler

Forms of Learning: Classical Conditioning

Slide Duration:

Table of Contents

Section 1: Introduction to Psychology
What is Psychology & Where Did It Come From?

11m 53s

Intro
0:00
What is Psychology?
0:15
Types of Questions Psychology Looks to Answer
0:35
Biological Psychology
0:41
Personality Psychology
0:46
Developmental Psychology
0:53
Social Psychology
1:01
What Types of Questions Does Psychology Address?
1:20
Psychology of Memory
1:22
Psychological Disorders
1:33
Social-Cultural Psychology
1:48
Learning and Evolutionary Psychology
1:59
Cognitive Psychology
2:28
Industrial Psychology
2:53
Roots of Psychology
3:03
Philosophy and Biology
3:14
Ancient Greek Philosophers
3:22
William James: Inner Sensations and Introspection
3:48
Wilhelm Wundt: Sensation and Perception
4:20
Father of Psychology
4:56
Perspectives or Theories
5:12
Psychoanalysis
5:53
The Science of Mental Life
6:13
Watson and Skinner: Behaviorism
6:26
Humanistic Approach
7:10
Cognitive Approach
8:27
Biopsychosocial Approach
9:45
Psychology Defined
10:34
Scientific Study
10:44
Behavior
11:18
Mental Processes
11:23
Definition Reflects a Focus on Behavior, Emotions, and Cognitions
11:36
Psychological Perspectives & Subfields

24m 7s

Intro
0:00
Psychological Perspectives
0:08
Defined Psychology as the Scientific Study of Behavior and Mental Processes
0:09
Major Approaches/ Perspectives
0:21
Psychoanalysis
1:38
Sigmund Freud
1:39
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Early Childhood Influences and Unconscious Motives and Desires
3:06
Look Deep Into Unconscious to Identify Issues That Form the Root Cause of Symptoms
4:08
Defense Mechanisms
4:39
Rationalizing
5:05
Psychodynamic Therapists
6:17
Behaviorism
6:58
John Watson and B.F. Skinner: Reward and Punishment
7:26
Environmental Conditioning
7:40
Everything We Do Has Been Rewarded
8:11
Behaviorism Did Not Consider Genetics or Biology
8:26
Humanism
9:14
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
9:15
Focus on Healing and Growth
10:01
Focus on Becoming Healthier and Happier by Loving and Accepting Ourselves
10:42
Self-actualize is the Ultimate Goal
10:49
Impacted Much of How We Look At Raising and Educating Children
11:24
Cognitive Perspective
11:43
Gained Prominence as Computers Became Part of Every Day Life
11:58
Focuses on How People Process Information, Solve Problems, and Make Decisions
12:26
Integrated in Sub-Disciplines in Psychology and Other Disciplines
12:30
Biological Perspective
12:57
Biological Creatures
13:08
Brain Circuitry and Biological Processes
13:56
Drug Therapy
14:26
Biopsychosocial Perspective
15:31
Interaction of Biology, Cognitions, and the Social Situation or Environment
15:50
Biopsychosocial Model
16:39
Types of Psychologists
16:47
Applied
17:20
Research
18:18
Clinical/ Educational Psychologist
19:09
Developmental Psychologist
19:49
Cognitive Psychologist
19:59
Biological Psychologist/ Neuropsychologist
20:03
Social Psychologist
20:10
Industrial Organizational Psychologist
20:49
Personality Psychologist
21:13
Forensic Psychologist
22:08
Abnormal Psychologist
22:22
Experimental Qualitative Psychologist
22:29
Summary
22:54
Perspectives in Psychology Try to Explain The Same Thing
22:58
Psychologists Apply Their Knowledge of Human Behavior in Many Different Fields
23:34
Psychology as a Science

12m 44s

Intro
0:00
Critical Analysis
0:10
Hindsight Bias
0:41
Judgmental Overconfidence
1:50
Scientific Method
2:58
Psychology is a Science
3:00
Making Observations
3:57
Developing Theories/ Hypotheses
4:09
Testing Hypotheses
4:46
Analyzing Results
4:56
Scientific Attitude
5:13
Scientists Need to Be Critical Thinkers with Scientific Attitude
5:19
Search for the Truth
7:14
Scientific Terms
7:48
Hypothesis
7:52
Operational Definition
8:03
Replication
9:11
Scientific Example
10:17
Summary
12:02
Data Collection & Analysis

32m 15s

Intro
0:00
Data Collection
0:13
Naturalistic Observation
0:18
Case Study
1:25
Survey
3:27
Data Analysis: Correlation
6:14
Correlation Looks At Whether or Not Two Variables are Related
6:36
Correlation Provides Information on Direction and Strength
8:19
Direction of the Correlation
9:14
Strength of the Correlation
12:56
Cannot Infer Causality
17:28
Data Analysis: Experiment
20:40
Show Cause and Effect Relationship
20:43
Independent Variable
24:25
Dependent Variable
25:58
Placebo Effect
27:49
Blind Study
29:47
Double Blind Study
30:35
Section 2: Biology and Behavior
Neurons, the Source of Internal Communication

14m 6s

Intro
0:00
Neurons
0:10
Neural Communication
0:11
The Neuron
0:53
Structure of a Neuron
1:58
Dendrites
2:02
Axon
2:18
Axon Terminals
2:22
Function of a Neuron
2:54
Structure of a Neuron: Myelin
2:55
Resting Potential
4:02
Action Potential
4:38
Neurotransmitters
7:03
Chemicals That Carry Message from one Neuron to Another
7:18
Common Neurotransmitters
8:02
Synapse
11:29
Drugs That Mimic Neurotransmitters
12:54
The Nervous System

15m 6s

Intro
0:00
The Nervous System
0:08
Central Nervous System
0:45
Peripheral Nervous System
1:01
Sensory Neurons
2:12
Motor Neurons
2:52
Interneurons
3:20
The Peripheral Nervous System
4:12
Somatic Nervous System
4:41
Autonomic Nervous System
5:10
Sympathetic Branch
7:24
Parasympathetic Branch
7:52
The Spinal Cord
8:25
Information Going To and From the Brain Passes Through the Spinal Cord
8:26
Interneurons Within the Spinal Cord
8:49
Responsible for Reflex Behavior Including the Spinal Reflex
9:00
The Endocrine System
11:46
Glands Secrete Hormones Into the Blood Stream
12:26
Hormones are Chemical Messengers
12:39
Pituitary Gland is the Master Gland
13:31
Thyroid Gland Influences Metabolism
13:58
Adrenal Glands Secrete Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
14:11
The Brain

29m 4s

Intro
0:00
The Brain
0:06
Upper and Lower Brain Structures
0:09
Lower Brain Structures
0:44
Lower Brain Structures
2:03
Brainstem
2:07
Thalamus
3:39
Reticular Formation
4:30
Cerebellum
5:08
Limbic System
6:15
Cerebral Cortex
9:28
85% of the Brain's Weight in Humans
10:30
20 Billion Neurons Reside in Cerebral Cortex
10:38
Thinking, Speaking, Perceiving
11:23
'Smarter' Mammals Have a Larger Cerebral Cortex
11:51
4 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
12:44
Frontal Lobe
13:43
Parietal Lobe
16:01
Temporal Lobe
17:54
Occipital Lobe
20:03
Association Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
21:13
Remaining Area of Lobes with No Known Specific Function
21:51
Enable Judgment, Planning, Processing New Memories, and Math and Special Reasoning
22:19
The Split Brain
22:38
Split Brain Procedure
23:48
Left Hemisphere
24:54
Right Hemisphere
25:17
Section 3: Developing Through the Life Span
Cognitive & Moral Development Through the Lifespan

27m 36s

Intro
0:00
Prenatal and Newborn Development
0:08
Prenatal Development
0:12
Newborn Development
1:07
Development in Infancy
3:18
Born With Nearly All Neurons We Will Ever Have
3:19
Stronger Connections with More Stimulation
3:28
Memories Consolidate Starting Age 4
4:18
Jean Piaget
5:15
Theories
6:24
Schema
7:00
Piaget's Cognitive Stages of Development
10:59
Sensorimotor Stage
11:11
Preoperational Stage
12:34
Concrete Operations Stage
15:41
Formal Operations Stage
17:11
Moral Development
19:32
Preconvenitonal Morality
19:48
Conventional Morality
20:30
Postconvenitonal Morality
21:25
Cognitive Development in Adulthood
22:38
Memory in Adulthood
22:57
Intelligence in Adulthood
24:24
Social Development Through the Lifespan

39m 6s

Intro
0:00
Psychosocial Stages of Development
0:07
Erik Erikson Theorized the Psychosocial Stages of Development
0:08
Each Stage Poses a Social Issue
0:15
Trust vs. Mistrust
0:54
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
2:08
Initiative vs. Guilt
3:01
Industry vs. Inferiority
4:38
Identity vs. Role Confusion
6:19
Intimacy vs. Isolation
8:04
Generativity vs. Stagnation
10:45
Integrity vs. Despair
12:43
Social Development in Infancy
13:49
Secure Attachment
14:14
Insecure Attachment
19:29
Parenting Styles
21:41
Authoritarian Style
22:13
Permissive Style
23:21
Authoritative Style
24:02
Research on Parenting Style
25:12
Social Development in Adolescence
26:35
Forming an Identity
26:59
Teens Who Seek Counseling
27:35
81% of American Teens Are Content With Their Lives
28:08
Social Development in Adulthood
28:43
Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood Varies Among Cultures
29:05
Western Cultures Take Longer
30:44
Form Close Emotional Relationships
31:44
Social Development in Middle Adulthood
32:12
Family and Career
32:24
Do Not Experience Distress In Their 40's
32:59
Married Adults Report Higher Levels of Happiness
33:56
Social Development in Late Adulthood
34:55
Working Less, Decline in Physical Abilities, Shrinking Group of Close Friends
35:04
Happiness Levels
35:45
Do Not Process Negative Information as Readily
36:26
Death Can Have a Strong Negative Impact
37:37
Opportunities
38:03
Section 4: Learning
Forms of Learning: Classical Conditioning

29m 16s

Intro
0:00
Forms of Learning
0:03
Defining Learning
0:11
Primary Forms of Learning
1:03
Classical Conditioning
1:16
Operant Conditioning
2:04
Observational Learning
3:25
Classical Conditioning
3:54
Ivan Pavlov
4:01
Learning by Associating Two Things That Occur Together
5:04
How It Works
5:14
Example of Classical Conditioning
7:12
Unconditioned Stimulus
9:19
Unconditioned Response
9:33
Conditioned Stimulus
9:42
Conditioned Response
9:50
Example: Dogs
10:00
Example: Peoples
11:28
Stages of Classical Conditioning
13:44
Acquisition
13:50
Extinction
14:29
Spontaneous Recovery
15:58
Generalization
18:02
Discrimination
21:24
Features of Classical Conditioning
23:05
Time Delay
23:14
Stronger When Biological Predisposition In Place
25:47
Learning Happens Automatically
26:53
Conditioned Response Usually Is Not Stronger Than Unconditioned Response
28:12
Forms of Learning: Operant Conditioning

35m 1s

Intro
0:00
Forms of Learning
0:03
Classical Conditioning
0:22
Operant Conditioning
1:24
Observational Learning
1:59
Operant Conditioning
2:26
Actions or Behaviors Lead to Consequences
2:32
Examples
2:54
E.L. Thorndike: Law of Effect
4:23
B.F. Skinner: Skinner Box
4:29
Shaping is a Method of Rewarding Small Steps Toward a Larger Goal
5:22
Example
5:39
Positive Reinforcement
7:45
Reinforcement
8:01
Defining Positive Reinforcement
8:54
Negative Reinforcement
10:45
Defining Negative Reinforcement
10:57
Examples
12:04
Reinforcers
14:12
Defining Reinforcer
14:27
Primary Reinforcer
14:47
Secondary Reinforcer
15:49
Punishment
17:03
Defining Punishment
17:10
Examples
17:46
Punishment
20:04
Punishment Teaches What Not To Do
20:05
Negative Side Effects
20:39
Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement
23:17
Continuous Reinforcement is Reinforcement Given After Every Correct Response
23:18
Reinforcing Less Frequently Can Lead to Stronger Behaviors That Don't Extinguish as Quickly
23:49
Fixed-Ratio
24:40
Variable-Ratio
25:53
Fixed-Interval
27:37
Variable-Interval
28:29
Latent Learning
30:34
Cognitive Processes Play a Role in Operant Conditioning
30:35
Biological Constraints Predispose Organisms to Learn Associations That are Naturally Adaptive
32:34
Forms of Learning: Observational Learning

13m 49s

Intro
0:00
Forms of Learning
0:06
Classical Conditioning
0:13
Operant Conditioning
0:41
Observational Learning
1:20
Observational Learning
1:49
Defining Observational Learning
1:51
Albert Bandura: Bobo Doll Experiment
2:08
Modeling
4:07
Bandura's Studies
4:12
Modeling is Observing and Imitating What is Seen
4:54
Prosocial Modeling
5:17
Impact of Watching Violence on TV
6:24
Antisocial Modeling
6:26
Relationship Between Viewing Violent TV and Acting Violently
7:28
Mirror Neurons
10:27
Specialized Neurons Fire When We Observe Others Enabling Us to Imitate What the Person is Doing
10:54
Enable Empathy
11:36
Underlie Our Intensely Social Nature
13:07
Section 5: Memory
The Three Stages of Memory

26m 39s

Intro
0:00
Memory
0:10
Memory Is a Large Part of Who We Are
0:16
Definition of Memory
0:44
Three Stages of Memory
1:19
Three Stage Processing Model
1:22
Information Processing Model
1:32
Three Stage Processing Model of Memory
2:09
Sensory Memory
2:13
Iconic Memory
3:23
Echoic Memory
4:58
The Specific Auditory or Visual Information We Choose to Focus on Moves to Short-Term Memory
6:48
Short-Term Memory
6:57
Working Memory
7:00
You Can See It and Work On It
7:37
Auditory or Visual Information
7:51
Recalling a Memory From the Past
8:33
Capacity of Short-Term Memory
9:15
Duration of Short-Term Memory
9:39
Maintenance Rehearsal
14:37
Long-Term Memory
15:25
Everything in Your Memory
17:33
Information We Can Store
18:23
Stored Throughout the Brain in Synaptic Interconnections
19:54
Long Term Potentiation
20:33
Types of Long-Term Memories
21:56
Semantic Memories
22:23
Episodic Memories
22:45
Procedural Memories
23:03
Explicit Memories
23:26
Implicit Memories
24:55
Memory-Encoding Information

19m 36s

Intro
0:00
Levels of Processing
0:12
Automatic Processing
0:50
Effortful Processing
2:11
Encoding
2:57
Rehearsal
3:04
Spacing Effect
3:40
Serial Position Effect
5:18
How We Encode
7:40
Semantic Encoding
8:06
Visual Encoding
9:02
Auditory Encoding
10:03
Mnemonics
11:13
Mnemonics Example: ROY G BIV
12:06
Visual Image is Created
13:09
Organizing Information Into Hierarchies
14:47
Key to Encoding Into Long-Term Memory is Making if Meaningful or Familiar
16:04
New Terms Are Difficult to Encode
17:10
Memory: Storage & Retrieval of Information

16m 45s

Intro
0:00
Explicit and Implicit Memory Storage
0:11
Explicit Memory
0:24
Implicit Memory
0:50
Where Explicit Memories Are Stored
1:07
Explicit Memory Storage
1:48
Left Side: Verbal Information
2:00
Right Side: Visual Design Memories
2:13
Spatial Memory
2:23
Additional Sub-regions
2:31
Flashbulb Memory
3:04
Stronger Emotional Experiences
3:52
Emotions Enhance Memory
4:00
The Amygdala
4:19
Amnesia
4:48
Infantile Amnesia
5:17
Implicit Memory Storage
6:21
Formed and Stored in the Cerebellum
6:26
Cerebellum is Key in Forming Memories Created by Classical Conditioning
6:48
Two-Way Memory System
7:12
Memory Retrieval
8:17
Retrieval of Information
8:49
Recognition vs. Recall
9:03
Retrieval Cues
10:10
Retrieval Cues
10:24
Priming
11:39
Context
12:58
Mood
15:20
Memory: Why Do We Forget?

21m 48s

Intro
0:00
Encoding Failure
0:10
We Do Not Remember Every Detail of Our Lives
0:46
Encoding Failure
1:28
Storage Decay
3:06
Information Decays From Our Memory Over Time
3:16
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
3:58
Retrieval Failure
5:33
Lack of Cues
6:05
Context Cues
6:26
State of Mind
7:38
Interference
8:31
Retroactive Interference
8:59
Proactive Interference
10:03
Research Shows Sleeping an Hour After Studying Maximizes Memory
11:41
Repression
12:44
Freud's First Theory on Repressing Traumatic Memories
12:56
Research Shows Most Traumatic Events are Highly Emotional and Stronger Memories
13:30
Memory Construction
13:58
Combination of What We Saw and What We Think We Should Have Seen
14:07
Misinformation Effect
15:00
Source Amnesia
17:05
Improving Memory
18:35
Study Repeatedly
18:42
Make the Material Meaningful
19:09
Use Mnemonic Techniques
19:22
Activate Retrieval Cues
19:55
Minimize Interference
20:27
Sleep More
21:01
Test Yourself
21:17
Section 6: Personality
Personality: The Psychoanalytic Approach

29m 30s

Intro
0:00
Theories of Personality
0:14
Pattern of Thinking, Feeling, and Acting
0:18
Personality Theories Explain Where Our Personalities Come From
0:44
Trait Theory
1:14
Psychoanalytic Approach
1:45
Sigmund Freud
1:49
Psychoanalysis
2:28
Main Ideas
2:51
The Unconscious
3:56
Conscious
4:07
Preconscious
4:19
Unconscious
4:48
Levels of Consciousness
5:17
Conscious
5:20
Preconscious
5:23
Unconscious
5:28
Most of Our Behavior, Personality, Beliefs, Habits, and Illnesses Stem From Unconscious Thoughts
5:56
Psychoanalysis
6:27
Root Cause of Behavioral Issues Stem from Unresolved Issues from Past
6:28
Freud's Method of Treatment: Psychoanalysis
6:52
Free Association
7:21
Structure of Personality
8:09
Id
8:35
Superego
8:54
Ego
9:28
Defense Mechanisms
11:14
Rationalization
11:47
Projection
12:59
Reaction Formation
13:29
Anger Displacement
14:38
Psychosexual Stages of Development
16:35
Oral Stage
18:06
Anal Stage
19:23
Phallic Stage
20:57
Latency Stage
22:52
Genital Stage
23:04
The Neo-Freudians
23:43
Freud's Followers Who Differed in Several Ways
23:48
Believed the Conscious Mind Had a Role in Interpreting Experience and Coping the with Environment
24:44
Sex Drive and Aggression
25:14
Alfred Adler: Inferiority
25:35
Karen Horney: Love and Security
26:25
Carl Jung: Collective Unconscious
26:49
Personality: The Behaviorist, Humanistic & Social-Cognitive Perspectives

19m 7s

Intro
0:00
Theories of Personality
0:14
Pattern of Thinking, Feeling, and Acting
0:19
Personality Theories Explain Where Our Personalities Come From
0:58
Trait Theory
1:15
Behaviorist Approach
1:33
Environmental Conditioning
2:00
Operant Conditioning
2:18
Humanistic Approach
4:18
Focuses on the Positive Side of Human Potential
4:53
Humanistic Approach
5:06
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
5:28
Humanistic Approach Focus
5:34
Self-Actualization
6:57
Maslow and Self-Actualization
7:00
Self-Actualization
7:39
Famous People in History
8:04
Characteristics of Self-Actualization
8:21
Person-Centered Approach
9:34
Carl Rogers
9:38
Three Conditions to Live a Full Life
9:58
Person-Centered Perspective
11:40
Questionnaire
12:30
Social-Cognitive Perspective
13:22
Looks at Behavior as a Function of the Interaction Between the Person and the Environment
13:24
Considers How We Influence the Environment
13:55
Reciprocal Determinism
15:05
Social-Cognitive Perspective
16:30
Expectations and Personality
16:34
Behavior Influenced By Biology, Experiences, and Cognitive Interpretation
18:06
Personality: Trait Theory & Projective Personality Tests

25m 4s

Intro
0:00
Theories of Personality
0:13
Defining Personality
0:15
Personality Theories
0:49
Personality Traits
1:10
Personality Traits
1:11
Measured on a Scale from Low to High
1:34
Factor Analysis
2:14
Trait of Conscientiousness
2:57
Stability of Personality
3:29
Traits Must Be Fairly Consistent Over Time
3:30
Personality is Consistent
3:44
Temperament and Extraversion
5:10
The Big Five Factor Model
7:01
Five Traits
7:28
All Other Traits
7:52
Big Five Factor Model
8:06
Extroversion
9:00
Agreeableness
9:54
Conscientiousness
10:08
Neuroticism
10:41
Openness to Experience
11:22
Why Measure Personality?
12:09
Employment Selection
12:25
Job or Occupation Choices
13:14
Gain a Better Understanding of Behavior
14:24
Team Building
15:06
The MMPI
15:43
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is Designed to Diagnose Disorders
16:07
Structure of the Exam
16:29
Projective Personality Tests
20:17
Purpose of Projective Personality Tests
20:27
Rorschach Inkblot Test
21:02
Thematic Apperception Test
22:35
Summary of Projective Personality Testing
23:52
Most Psychologists Do Not See Significant Benefits from Projective Forms of Personality Testing
23:57
Some Therapists Use Them As An Additional Tool
24:34
Section 7: Social Psychology
Social Psychology: Attitudes & Behavior

15m 22s

Intro
0:00
Social Psychology
0:11
Influence On Our Attitudes and Behavior Can Be Strong
0:30
Social Psychology
0:36
Attribution Theory
1:02
Attribute Others' Behavior To Internal Dispositions or to External Situations
1:03
Fundamental Attribution Error
2:08
Attitudes and Behavior
2:45
Defining Attitude
2:46
Defining Behavior
2:57
Cognitive Dissonance
3:42
Cognitive Dissonance
4:43
Smoker Example
4:44
People Often Refuse to Believe Something That Goes Against What They Think is True
6:31
Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
7:53
Dissonance Created Leads to a Change in Attitude
9:26
Adopting a Role
10:37
Behave as Society Expects a Person In That 'Role' to Behave
10:42
Our Behavior in a Role Influences Our Attitudes
11:22
Stanford Prison Study
11:32
Changing Attitudes and Behavior
13:57
Can Change How We Think About Others and Feel About Ourselves
14:15
Various Therapies Involve Acting in a More Positive Manner
14:22
Social Psychology: Conformity & Obedience

18m 45s

Intro
0:00
Social Psychology
0:11
Influence On Our Attitudes and Behavior Can Be Strong
0:14
Social Psychology
0:37
Conformity
0:53
Mimic the Behavior or Others
1:02
Mimicking Has Many Beneficial Outcomes
1:43
Negative Behaviors are Also Mimicked
2:59
Group Pressure and Conformity
3:24
Conformity
3:26
Solomon Ash
4:02
The Experiment
4:17
When Does Conformity Increase
5:56
Why We Feel Pressure to Conform
7:35
Normative Social Influence
7:59
Informational Social Influence
9:30
Obedience
10:18
Compliance and Obedience
10:24
Stanley Milgram Conducted a Now Famous Experiment
11:18
The Experiment
12:03
Point of the Experiment
12:08
Milgram's Experiment Showed How Influential Orders from an Authority Figure Can Be
14:40
Factors That Lead to More Obedience
16:00
If the Situation is Powerful Enough, Normal People Can Become Agents to Terrible Acts
18:05
Social Psychology: Group Influence

17m 48s

Intro
0:00
Social Facilitation
0:09
Social Psychology
0:11
Social Facilitation
1:06
Social Loafing
2:22
Defining Social Loafing
2:42
Each Person in a Group Tends to 'Slack' Because of These Reasons
3:08
Reducing Social Loafing
3:57
Deindividuation
4:30
Defining Deindividuation
4:34
Involves Feelings of Depersonalization
6:11
Studies Show That Changing Ones Appearance Increases Levels of Anonymity
7:05
Group Polarization
7:51
Defining Group Polarization
7:59
It Can Be Positive
8:39
It Can Be Negative
9:59
Groupthink
10:33
Defining Groupthink
11:36
When Does Groupthink Occur
12:06
Examples
12:45
The Power of Individuals
15:13
Minority Influence
15:58
People Who Have Influenced Millions of People
16:05
When Minority Influence is the Strongest
16:44
Social Relations: Prejudice & Aggression

24m 24s

Intro
0:00
Prejudice
0:09
Social Psychology
0:14
Prejudice
0:40
Usually Directed at Different Cultural, Ethnic, or Gender Groups
0:50
Prejudice Involves Beliefs, Emotions, and Predisposition to Action
1:03
Attitudinal Roots of Prejudice
1:48
Developing Prejudice Attitudes
1:53
Just-World Phenomenon
2:57
Stereotypes Rationalize Inequalities
3:52
Blame-the-Victim
4:34
Ingroup Bias
5:46
The Groups We Associated With Help Define Us
5:55
'Us' and 'Them'
7:00
Ingroup Bias
7:21
Ingroup Bias Occurs Naturally
7:30
Ingroup Bias Predisposes Prejudice Against Strangers
8:59
Emotional Roots of Prejudice
9:53
Prejudice Usually Carries an Emotional Element
10:03
Scapegoat Theory of Prejudice
10:33
When Is Prejudice Higher
11:14
Anger and Frustration Create Aggression Which Raises Prejudice Attitudes to a Violent Level
12:17
Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
12:40
Cognitively Process Information Can Lead to Prejudice
13:13
Own-Race Bias
14:06
Remember and Over generalize Memorable Or Vivid Stories
14:49
Aggression
15:32
Defining Aggression
15:37
Stems From the Interaction of Biology and Psychology
15:55
Biologically, Aggression Comes from Genetics, Neural System, and Biochemicals
16:22
Frustration-Aggression Principle
18:22
Social and Cultural Factors Play a Role in Aggression
20:42
Learned Behavior: Rewarded or Punished
20:52
Fight for What You Need and Don't Back Down
21:32
Watching Violence on TV Desensitizes Those to Violence and Correlates with Feelings of Hostility and Aggression
22:36
Summary
23:44
Social Relations: Altruism, Attraction, & the Bystander Effect

31m 15s

Intro
0:00
Altruism
0:10
Social Psychology
0:11
Altruism
0:38
Kitty Genovese Example
1:07
Bystander Intervention
1:38
Theory of Bystander Intervention
1:40
Notice the Incident
2:03
Interpret It As An Emergency
2:11
Assume Responsibility
3:22
Bystander Effect
3:45
The Bystander Effect
3:57
Someone Alone Is More Likely to Help Someone in an Emergency
4:03
Person in a Group is Less Likely to Help Someone in an Emergency
4:06
Diffusion of Responsibility
4:43
Social Exchange Theory
4:58
Defining the Social Exchange Theory
5:04
Helping is Intrinsically Rewarding for Most People
6:48
Reciprocity Norms
7:30
Social Responsibility Norms
8:15
Attraction
8:52
Factors That Strongly Impact Attraction
9:30
Proximity
9:42
Mere Exposure Effect
10:20
Physical Attractiveness
10:56
Similarity
13:26
Reward Theory of Attraction
14:36
Romantic Love
15:17
Romantic Love
15:25
Passionate Love
15:32
Companionate Love
15:56
Long Lasting Relationships
16:47
Equity
17:06
Self-disclosure
17:31
Conflict
19:14
Defining Conflict
19:20
Social Traps
20:40
View Other People and Nations as Untrustworthy and Evil
22:39
Mirror-Image Perceptions
23:21
Promoting Peace
24:44
Enemy Can Quickly Become an Ally
24:46
Four Conditions Contribute to Peacefulness
25:04
Contact
25:21
Cooperation
26:10
Communication
28:51
Conciliation
29:53
Section 8: Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders: Definition & Classification

22m 37s

Intro
0:00
Psychological Disorders
0:11
World Health Organization Reports That Worldwide 450 Million People Suffer from a Psychological Disorder
0:12
Feel the Pain
0:34
'To Study the Abnormal is the Best Way of Understanding the Normal'
1:01
Defining Psychological Disorders
1:17
Deviant
1:42
Distressful
3:25
Dysfunctional
4:04
Major Categories of Disorders
5:32
Mood Disorders
5:39
Schizophrenia
5:58
Anxiety Disorders
6:04
Somatoform Disorders
6:50
Dissociative Disorders
7:04
Personality Disorders
7:16
Medical Model
7:38
Strange Behavior Was Often Attributed to Evil Spirits
7:40
Severe Stress, Inhumane Conditions, and Disease Are Underlying Causes of Many Odd Behaviors
8:15
Asylums Gave Rise to Medical Model
8:43
Biopsychosocial Model
9:36
Medical Model Looks for Physical Causes of Mental Disorders and Attempts to Cure the Person Through Treatment
9:40
Psychologists Believe the Medical Model to Be Incomplete
9:57
Biopsychosocial Model
10:07
Classification of Disorders
11:15
Classification
11:16
Diagnostic Classification
12:20
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
13:01
DSM-V
14:01
DSM-I
14:03
Proponents
14:40
Critics
15:09
Many Studies Have Shown That Biased Perceptions Elecity the Very Behavior Expected
16:40
Famous Study
17:05
Effects of Labeling
18:16
Labeling Someone
18:18
Refusing to Seek Treatment Due to the Stigma of Having a 'Psychological Issue'
18:24
Individuals Labeled with a Mental Disorder Are Often Portrayed as Dangerous
18:46
Prevalence of Psychological Disorders
19:15
26% of American Adults
19:16
Highest Rate
19:36
Lowest Rate
20:04
Rates of Serious Psychological Disorders is Doubled in Areas Below the Poverty Line
20:46
Psychological Disorders
21:37
Mood Disorders

12m 28s

Intro
0:00
Mood Depressive Disorder
0:07
Mood Disorders
0:13
Major Depressive Disorder
0:46
Depression
1:34
Major Depressive Disorder
1:43
Depression Often Follows Stressful Events
1:46
Rates of Depression
1:58
Women are Twice as Likely To Suffer
2:18
Men are More Vulnerable to Externalized Disorders
2:44
Depression Subsides on Its Own
2:49
About 50% of People Who Recover from Depression Will Experience it Again Within Two Years
3:28
Experience Behavioral Changes and Cognitive Changes
3:49
Causes of Depression
4:26
Stems from Interaction of Biology, Cognitions and the Environment
4:27
Biology and Genetics
5:07
Imbalance of Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine
7:06
Social Cognitive Perspective
8:25
Bipolar Disorder
9:56
Lows of Depression are Sometimes Followed by Extreme Hyperactivity
9:58
Defining Bipolar Disorder
10:30
Manic Phase
10:49
Some Artists With Bipolar Disease Created Some of Their Greatest Works During Milder Manic Phases
11:22
Summary
11:53
Anxiety Disorders

21m 53s

Intro
0:00
Anxiety Disorders
0:06
Characterized by Persistent, Intense Feelings of Anxiousness and Fear
0:09
Some Anxiety Disorders Include
0:18
15% of Americans Suffer from One or More Anxiety Disorders
0:42
Occur Twice as Frequently in Females
0:57
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
1:12
Characterized by Negative Feelings, Tension, Constant Worrying, and Apprehension
1:17
Often Resort to Maladaptive Behaviors and Suffer Physical Problems
1:58
Panic Disorder
3:09
Characterized by Panic Attacks
3:11
Panic Attacks Usually Last 10-20 Mins
3:47
Often Experience Anxiety Anticipating Another Panic Attack
4:10
Phobias
4:33
Characterized by an Intense, Irrational Fear
4:36
Most Common Phobias
5:30
9-18% of Americans Suffer from Phobias
6:45
More Prevalent in Adults Than Children, and More in Females than Males
6:50
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
7:19
Characterized by Repetitive Thoughts and/or Actions
7:23
More Common Among Teens and Young Adults
8:41
Most Common Obsessions and Compulsions
8:51
Most Common Obsessions
8:53
Most Common Compulsions
9:59
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
10:55
Characterized by Haunting Memories, Nightmares, Social Withdrawal, Jumpy Anxiety, or Insomnia That Lingers After a Traumatic Experience
11:03
Factors That Increase the Risk of PTSD
13:05
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
13:46
Anxiety is a Feeling and a Cognition
14:00
The Learning Perspective
14:08
Classical Conditioning
14:52
Reinforced and Repeated Behaviors
15:26
The Biological Perspective
16:34
People with 'High-Strung' Temperaments
17:20
Traumatic Experiences Can Cause Fear Circuits
18:06
Hereditary Explanation
18:46
Summary
21:23
Schizophrenia

21m 21s

Intro
0:00
Schizophrenia
0:07
Psychotic Disorder Marked by Irrationality and Lost Contact with Reality
0:32
Characterized by Disorganized Thinking, Disturbed Perceptions, Inappropriate Emotions and Behavior
1:18
Disorganized Thinking
1:32
Disturbed Perceptions
2:17
Inappropriate Emotions and Behavior
2:57
Positive and Negative Symptoms
4:05
Positive Symptoms
4:58
Negative Symptoms
5:12
Types of Schizophrenia
5:51
Chronic Schizophrenia
6:02
Acute Schizophrenia
6:57
Facts About Schizophrenia
7:57
Age
8:00
Over 50% of People with Schizophrenia Also Have a Substance Abuse Disorder
8:28
Life-Expectancy
9:31
Causes of Schizophrenia
10:05
Complex Cluster of Disorders
10:28
Brain Abnormalities
11:19
Dopamine
11:52
Abnormal Activity in Multiple Areas of the Brain
12:13
Prenatal Factors
15:13
Known Risk Factors: Low Birth Rate and Oxygen Deprivation
15:46
Mid-pregnancy Virus
16:29
Genetic Factors
18:02
Psychological and Environmental Factors
19:00
Dissociative, Somatic, and Personality Disorders

29m 23s

Intro
0:00
Dissociative Disorders
0:09
Disorders of Consciousness
0:16
Three Dissociative Disorders
0:46
Dissociative Identity Disorder
1:51
Defining Dissociative Identity Disorder
1:54
Identities Can Suddenly Change
2:10
Psychoanalytic Therapists
4:07
Learning Psychologists
4:25
Uncommon
5:04
Skeptics
6:28
Patients Exhibit Physical Signs When Changing from One Identity to Another
7:41
Somatic Symptom Disorders
9:07
Characteristics
9:17
Stems from Anxiety
9:49
Two Prevalent Disorders
10:09
Somatization Disorder
11:11
Patient Interprets Normal Sensations as Symptoms of a Dreaded Disease
11:12
Search for Confirmation of Disease
11:17
Temporary Relief
12:00
Culture and Somatic Symptom Disorders
12:20
Emotional Symptoms
13:29
Physical Symptoms
13:52
Personality Disorders
14:29
Characteristics
14:39
Difficulty with Cognitions, Emotions, Interpersonal Functioning, and/or Impulse Control
14:54
Three Clusters
16:20
Odd or Eccentric Personality Disorders
16:31
Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Personality Disorders
17:08
Anxious or Fearful Personality Disorders
18:06
Antisocial Personality Disorder
20:04
Sociopath or Psychopath
20:14
Patient Profile
20:36
Roughly 50% Adolescents Become Criminals as Adults
21:00
Exhibit The Following Behavior
21:22
No Fears and Feels Nothing Toward His Victims
22:19
Do Not Have Antisocial Personality Disorder -- They Show Concern for Friends
23:22
Prevalence is Higher Among Prisoners and Those in Drug and Alcohol Treatment Programs
23:54
Roots of Antisocial Personality Disorder
24:13
Biological and Psychological Roots
24:14
Children with Low Levels of Arousal
25:10
Less Activity in Frontal Lobe
25:52
Lower Levels of Serotonin
26:24
Head Injuries Have Been Linked to Antisocial Personality Disorder
27:04
Socio-Cultural and Psychological Factors
28:50
Section 9: Therapies
Psychological Therapies

36m 56s

Intro
0:00
Types of Therapy
0:08
Psychological
0:48
Biomedical
1:04
Psychotherapy and Biomedical Approach
1:24
Electric Approach
1:52
Major Psychological Therapies
2:16
Psychoanalysis
2:46
Sigmund Freud
2:50
Psychodynamic Therapists
3:08
Original Psychoanalytic Theory
3:52
Role of the Unconscious
4:19
5 Psychosexual Stages
4:22
Id, Superego, Ego
4:31
Purpose of Psychoanalysis
5:50
Patient Engages in Free Association
6:04
Psychodynamic Therapy
6:57
Transference
7:00
How Psychodynamic Therapists Help Clients
7:53
Humanistic Therapies
9:08
Humanistic Therapies
9:14
Involves Understanding Who We Are and Why We Act and Feel Certain Ways
10:26
Therapists Promote Self-Acceptance and Self Love
11:08
Carl Rogers Developed Client Centered Therapy
11:48
Improve Self-Awareness and Self-Esteem
14:00
Behavior Therapies
14:10
Behavior Therapies
14:16
Classical Conditioning Techniques
15:02
Systematic Desensitization
15:31
Aversive Conditioning
16:45
Operant Conditioning Techniques
18:00
Cognitive Therapies
20:06
Look at Our Responses to Events as the Problem
20:17
Focus
22:42
Cognitive Behavioral Therapies
23:01
Focus
23:02
Effective for Anxiety and Depression
23:26
Dealing with Anxiety Issues
23:58
Group and Family Therapies
25:30
When Issues within the Family Occur
25:32
Family Members Can Work on Communication
26:22
Most Therapies Occur in Small Groups
26:33
Effective in Dealing with Relationship Issues
27:20
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
27:25
Most People Who Seek Therapy Report Improvement After
27:42
Therapists Also Report Seeing Positive Outcomes From Sessions with Clients
28:15
Behavioral Conditioning
30:24
Cognitive Therapy
30:57
Alternative Therapies
31:30
Alternative Methods
31:49
Considerations When Seeking Therapy
33:03
Conclusions
33:50
Three Common Elements
33:55
Evaluating Therapists, Experience, and Degrees
35:40
Biomedical Therapies

29m 17s

Intro
0:00
Types of Therapy
0:07
Psychological
0:36
Biomedical
1:16
Biomedical Therapies
1:20
Treat Psychological Disorders with Drugs
1:21
Psychiatrist Administers Medication
1:59
Electric Approach
2:25
Drug Therapies
2:40
Advances in Psychopharmacology
2:45
Pros of Drug Therapy
3:37
Cons of Drug Therapy
4:15
Antipsychotic Drugs
6:50
Blocks Dopamine Receptor Sites
6:54
Control Positive Symptoms
7:24
Most Common is Chlorpromazine
8:24
Chronic Schizophrenia Patients Do Not Respond to Antipsychotics
8:52
Atypical Antipsychotics
8:58
Target Dopamine and Serotonin Receptors
9:14
Antianxiety Drugs
10:17
Treat Symptoms of Anxiety
10:19
Xanax and Ativan
10:25
Physiological Dependence
12:47
Antidepressants
13:38
Boost a Person's Mood By Increasing the Neurotransmitters
14:28
Prozac and Zoloft
14:36
Becoming the Most Common Method to Treat Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
16:10
SSRIs
16:18
Addictive
16:50
Electroconvulsive Therapy
17:08
Shock Treatment
17:19
Low Voltage Currents to the Brain
17:55
Short Term Success Rate
18:32
Relapse
18:54
Alternative Neurostimulation Therapies
19:17
Deep Brain Stimulation
19:20
Brain Pacemaker
20:14
Psychosurgery
21:39
Psychosurgery
21:42
Lobotomy
22:10
Vegetable State
22:19
Today It is Only Performed in Extreme Cases
23:29
Lifestyle Therapy
24:04
We Cannot Isolate Our Mind From Our Body
25:01
80% of All Physical Illness is Related to Stress
25:35
Eat, Sleep, Exercise
26:20
Ways to Take Care of Ourselves
27:12
Loading...
This is a quick preview of the lesson. For full access, please Log In or Sign up.
For more information, please see full course syllabus of Intro to Psychology
Bookmark & Share Embed

Share this knowledge with your friends!

Copy & Paste this embed code into your website’s HTML

Please ensure that your website editor is in text mode when you paste the code.
(In Wordpress, the mode button is on the top right corner.)
  ×
  • - Allow users to view the embedded video in full-size.
Since this lesson is not free, only the preview will appear on your website.

  • Discussion

  • Download Lecture Slides

  • Table of Contents

Please login to ask a question and view discussion.

Start Learning Now

Our free lessons will get you started (Adobe Flash® required).
Get immediate access to our entire library.

Sign up for Educator.com

Membership Overview

  • Unlimited access to our entire library of courses.
  • Search and jump to exactly what you want to learn.
  • *Ask questions and get answers from the community and our teachers!
  • Practice questions with step-by-step solutions.
  • Download lesson files for programming and software training practice.
  • Track your course viewing progress.
  • Download lecture slides for taking notes.
  • Learn at your own pace... anytime, anywhere!

Forms of Learning: Classical Conditioning

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  • Intro 0:00
  • Forms of Learning 0:03
    • Defining Learning
    • Primary Forms of Learning
    • Classical Conditioning
    • Operant Conditioning
    • Observational Learning
  • Classical Conditioning 3:54
    • Ivan Pavlov
    • Learning by Associating Two Things That Occur Together
    • How It Works
    • Example of Classical Conditioning
    • Unconditioned Stimulus
    • Unconditioned Response
    • Conditioned Stimulus
    • Conditioned Response
    • Example: Dogs
    • Example: Peoples
    • Stages of Classical Conditioning
    • Acquisition
    • Extinction
    • Spontaneous Recovery
    • Generalization
    • Discrimination
  • Features of Classical Conditioning 23:05
    • Time Delay
    • Stronger When Biological Predisposition In Place
    • Learning Happens Automatically
    • Conditioned Response Usually Is Not Stronger Than Unconditioned Response
Educator®

Please sign in to participate in this lecture discussion.

Resetting Your Password?
or
Still having trouble? Contact us
OR

Start Learning Now

Our free lessons will get you started (Adobe Flash® required).
 Get immediate access to our entire library.

Membership Overview

  • Available 24/7. Unlimited Access to Our Entire Library.
  • Search and jump to exactly what you want to learn.
  • *Ask questions and get answers from the community and our teachers!
  • Practice questions with step-by-step solutions.
  • Download lecture slides for taking notes.
  • Track your course viewing progress.
  • Accessible anytime, anywhere with our Android and iOS apps.