Dan Fullerton

Dan Fullerton

Work

Slide Duration:

Table of Contents

Section 1: Introduction
What is Physics?

7m 12s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:11
What is Physics?
0:27
Why?
0:50
Physics Answers the 'Why' Question
0:51
Matter
1:27
Matter
1:28
Mass
1:43
Inertial Mass
1:50
Gravitational Mass
2:13
A Spacecraft's Mass
3:03
What is the Mass of the Spacecraft?
3:05
Energy
3:37
Energy
3:38
Work
3:45
Putting Energy and Work Together
3:50
Mass-Energy Equivalence
4:15
Relationship between Mass & Energy: E = mc²
4:16
Source of Energy on Earth
4:47
The Study of Everything
5:00
Physics is the Study of Everything
5:01
Mechanics
5:29
Topics Covered
5:30
Topics Not Covered
6:07
Next Steps
6:44
Three Things You'd Like to Learn About in Physics
6:45
Math Review

1h 51s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:10
Vectors and Scalars
1:06
Scalars
1:07
Vectors
1:27
Vector Representations
2:00
Vector Representations
2:01
Graphical Vector Addition
2:54
Graphical Vector Addition
2:55
Graphical Vector Subtraction
5:36
Graphical Vector Subtraction
5:37
Vector Components
7:12
Vector Components
7:13
Angle of a Vector
8:56
tan θ
9:04
sin θ
9:25
cos θ
9:46
Vector Notation
10:10
Vector Notation 1
10:11
Vector Notation 2
12:59
Example I: Magnitude of the Horizontal & Vertical Component
16:08
Example II: Magnitude of the Plane's Eastward Velocity
17:59
Example III: Magnitude of Displacement
19:33
Example IV: Total Displacement from Starting Position
21:51
Example V: Find the Angle Theta Depicted by the Diagram
26:35
Vector Notation, cont.
27:07
Unit Vector Notation
27:08
Vector Component Notation
27:25
Vector Multiplication
28:39
Dot Product
28:40
Cross Product
28:54
Dot Product
29:03
Dot Product
29:04
Defining the Dot Product
29:26
Defining the Dot Product
29:27
Calculating the Dot Product
29:42
Unit Vector Notation
29:43
Vector Component Notation
30:58
Example VI: Calculating a Dot Product
31:45
Example VI: Part 1 - Find the Dot Product of the Following Vectors
31:46
Example VI: Part 2 - What is the Angle Between A and B?
32:20
Special Dot Products
33:52
Dot Product of Perpendicular Vectors
33:53
Dot Product of Parallel Vectors
34:03
Dot Product Properties
34:51
Commutative
34:52
Associative
35:05
Derivative of A * B
35:24
Example VII: Perpendicular Vectors
35:47
Cross Product
36:42
Cross Product of Two Vectors
36:43
Direction Using the Right-hand Rule
37:32
Cross Product of Parallel Vectors
38:04
Defining the Cross Product
38:13
Defining the Cross Product
38:14
Calculating the Cross Product Unit Vector Notation
38:41
Calculating the Cross Product Unit Vector Notation
38:42
Calculating the Cross Product Matrix Notation
39:18
Calculating the Cross Product Matrix Notation
39:19
Example VII: Find the Cross Product of the Following Vectors
42:09
Cross Product Properties
45:16
Cross Product Properties
45:17
Units
46:41
Fundamental Units
46:42
Derived units
47:13
Example IX: Dimensional Analysis
47:21
Calculus
49:05
Calculus
49:06
Differential Calculus
49:49
Differentiation & Derivative
49:50
Example X: Derivatives
51:21
Integral Calculus
53:03
Integration
53:04
Integral
53:11
Integration & Derivation are Inverse Functions
53:16
Determine the Original Function
53:37
Common Integrations
54:45
Common Integrations
54:46
Example XI: Integrals
55:17
Example XII: Calculus Applications
58:32
Section 2: Kinematics
Describing Motion I

23m 47s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:10
Position / Displacement
0:39
Object's Position
0:40
Position Vector
0:45
Displacement
0:56
Position & Displacement are Vectors
1:05
Position & Displacement in 1 Dimension
1:11
Example I: Distance & Displacement
1:21
Average Speed
2:14
Average Speed
2:15
Average Speed is Scalar
2:27
Average Velocity
2:39
Average Velocity
2:40
Average Velocity is a Vector
2:57
Example II: Speed vs. Velocity
3:16
Example II: Deer's Average Speed
3:17
Example II: Deer's Average Velocity
3:48
Example III: Chuck the Hungry Squirrel
4:21
Example III: Chuck's Distance Traveled
4:22
Example III: Chuck's Displacement
4:43
Example III: Chuck's Average Speed
5:25
Example III: Chuck's Average Velocity
5:39
Acceleration
6:11
Acceleration: Definition & Equation
6:12
Acceleration: Units
6:19
Relationship of Acceleration to Velocity
6:52
Example IV: Acceleration Problem
7:05
The Position Vector
7:39
The Position Vector
7:40
Average Velocity
9:35
Average Velocity
9:36
Instantaneous Velocity
11:20
Instantaneous Velocity
11:21
Instantaneous Velocity is the Derivative of Position with Respect to Time
11:35
Area Under the Velocity-time Graph
12:08
Acceleration
12:36
More on Acceleration
12:37
Average Acceleration
13:11
Velocity vs. Time Graph
13:14
Graph Transformations
13:59
Graphical Analysis of Motion
14:00
Velocity and acceleration in 2D
14:35
Velocity Vector in 2D
14:39
Acceleration Vector in 2D
15:26
Polynomial Derivatives
16:10
Polynomial Derivatives
16:11
Example V: Polynomial Kinematics
16:31
Example VI: Velocity Function
17:54
Example VI: Part A - Determine the Acceleration at t=1 Second
17:55
Example VI: Part B - Determine the Displacement between t=0 and t=5 Seconds
18:33
Example VII: Tortoise and Hare
20:14
Example VIII: d-t Graphs
22:40
Describing Motion II

36m 47s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:09
Special Case: Constant Acceleration
0:31
Constant Acceleration & Kinematic Equations
0:32
Deriving the Kinematic Equations
1:28
V = V₀ + at
1:39
∆x = V₀t +(1/2)at²
2:03
V² = V₀² +2a∆x
4:05
Problem Solving Steps
7:02
Step 1
7:13
Step 2
7:18
Step 3
7:27
Step 4
7:30
Step 5
7:31
Example IX: Horizontal Kinematics
7:38
Example X: Vertical Kinematics
9:45
Example XI: 2 Step Problem
11:23
Example XII: Acceleration Problem
15:01
Example XIII: Particle Diagrams
15:57
Example XIV: Particle Diagrams
17:36
Example XV: Quadratic Solution
18:46
Free Fall
22:56
Free Fall
22:57
Air Resistance
23:24
Air Resistance
23:25
Acceleration Due to Gravity
23:48
Acceleration Due to Gravity
23:49
Objects Falling From Rest
24:18
Objects Falling From Rest
24:19
Example XVI: Falling Objects
24:55
Objects Launched Upward
26:01
Objects Launched Upward
26:02
Example XVII: Ball Thrown Upward
27:16
Example XVIII: Height of a Jump
27:48
Example XIX: Ball Thrown Downward
31:10
Example XX: Maximum Height
32:27
Example XXI: Catch-Up Problem
33:53
Example XXII: Ranking Max Height
35:52
Projectile Motion

30m 34s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
What is a Projectile?
0:28
What is a Projectile?
0:29
Path of a Projectile
0:58
Path of a Projectile
0:59
Independence of Motion
2:45
Vertical & Horizontal Motion
2:46
Example I: Horizontal Launch
3:14
Example II: Parabolic Path
7:20
Angled Projectiles
8:01
Angled Projectiles
8:02
Example III: Human Cannonball
10:05
Example IV: Motion Graphs
14:39
Graphing Projectile Motion
19:05
Horizontal Equation
19:06
Vertical Equation
19:46
Example V: Arrow Fired from Tower
21:28
Example VI: Arrow Fired from Tower
24:10
Example VII: Launch from a Height
24:40
Example VIII: Acceleration of a Projectile
29:49
Circular & Relative Motion

30m 24s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:08
Radians and Degrees
0:32
Degrees
0:35
Radians
0:40
Example I: Radians and Degrees
1:08
Example I: Part A - Convert 90 Degrees to Radians
1:09
Example I: Part B - Convert 6 Radians to Degrees
2:08
Linear vs. Angular Displacement
2:38
Linear Displacement
2:39
Angular Displacement
2:52
Linear vs. Angular Velocity
3:18
Linear Velocity
3:19
Angular Velocity
3:25
Direction of Angular Velocity
4:36
Direction of Angular Velocity
4:37
Converting Linear to Angular Velocity
5:05
Converting Linear to Angular Velocity
5:06
Example II: Earth's Angular Velocity
6:12
Linear vs. Angular Acceleration
7:26
Linear Acceleration
7:27
Angular Acceleration
7:32
Centripetal Acceleration
8:05
Expressing Position Vector in Terms of Unit Vectors
8:06
Velocity
10:00
Centripetal Acceleration
11:14
Magnitude of Centripetal Acceleration
13:24
Example III: Angular Velocity & Centripetal Acceleration
14:02
Example IV: Moon's Orbit
15:03
Reference Frames
17:44
Reference Frames
17:45
Laws of Physics
18:00
Motion at Rest vs. Motion at a Constant Velocity
18:21
Motion is Relative
19:20
Reference Frame: Sitting in a Lawn Chair
19:21
Reference Frame: Sitting on a Train
19:56
Calculating Relative Velocities
20:19
Calculating Relative Velocities
20:20
Example: Calculating Relative Velocities
20:57
Example V: Man on a Train
23:19
Example VI: Airspeed
24:56
Example VII: 2-D Relative Motion
26:12
Example VIII: Relative Velocity w/ Direction
28:32
Section 3: Dynamics
Newton's First Law & Free Body Diagrams

23m 57s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:11
Newton's 1st Law of Motion
0:28
Newton's 1st Law of Motion
0:29
Force
1:16
Definition of Force
1:17
Units of Force
1:20
How Much is a Newton?
1:25
Contact Forces
1:47
Field Forces
2:32
What is a Net Force?
2:53
What is a Net Force?
2:54
What Does It Mean?
4:35
What Does It Mean?
4:36
Objects at Rest
4:52
Objects at Rest
4:53
Objects in Motion
5:12
Objects in Motion
5:13
Equilibrium
6:03
Static Equilibrium
6:04
Mechanical Equilibrium
6:22
Translational Equilibrium
6:38
Inertia
6:48
Inertia
6:49
Inertial Mass
6:58
Gravitational Mass
7:11
Example I: Inertia
7:40
Example II: Inertia
8:03
Example III: Translational Equilibrium
8:25
Example IV: Net Force
9:19
Free Body Diagrams
10:34
Free Body Diagrams Overview
10:35
Falling Elephant: Free Body Diagram
10:53
Free Body Diagram Neglecting Air Resistance
10:54
Free Body Diagram Including Air Resistance
11:22
Soda on Table
11:54
Free Body Diagram for a Glass of Soda Sitting on a Table
11:55
Free Body Diagram for Box on Ramp
13:38
Free Body Diagram for Box on Ramp
13:39
Pseudo- Free Body Diagram
15:26
Example V: Translational Equilibrium
18:35
Newton's Second & Third Laws of Motion

23m 57s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:09
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion
0:36
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion
0:37
Applying Newton's 2nd Law
1:12
Step 1
1:13
Step 2
1:18
Step 3
1:27
Step 4
1:36
Example I: Block on a Surface
1:42
Example II: Concurrent Forces
2:42
Mass vs. Weight
4:09
Mass
4:10
Weight
4:28
Example III: Mass vs. Weight
4:45
Example IV: Translational Equilibrium
6:43
Example V: Translational Equilibrium
8:23
Example VI: Determining Acceleration
10:13
Example VII: Stopping a Baseball
12:38
Example VIII: Steel Beams
14:11
Example IX: Tension Between Blocks
17:03
Example X: Banked Curves
18:57
Example XI: Tension in Cords
24:03
Example XII: Graphical Interpretation
27:13
Example XIII: Force from Velocity
28:12
Newton's 3rd Law
29:16
Newton's 3rd Law
29:17
Examples - Newton's 3rd Law
30:01
Examples - Newton's 3rd Law
30:02
Action-Reaction Pairs
30:40
Girl Kicking Soccer Ball
30:41
Rocket Ship in Space
31:02
Gravity on You
31:23
Example XIV: Force of Gravity
32:11
Example XV: Sailboat
32:38
Example XVI: Hammer and Nail
33:18
Example XVII: Net Force
33:47
Friction

20m 41s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:06
Coefficient of Friction
0:21
Coefficient of Friction
0:22
Approximate Coefficients of Friction
0:44
Kinetic or Static?
1:21
Sled Sliding Down a Snowy Hill
1:22
Refrigerator at Rest that You Want to Move
1:32
Car with Tires Rolling Freely
1:49
Car Skidding Across Pavement
2:01
Example I: Car Sliding
2:21
Example II: Block on Incline
3:04
Calculating the Force of Friction
3:33
Calculating the Force of Friction
3:34
Example III: Finding the Frictional Force
4:02
Example IV: Box on Wood Surface
5:34
Example V: Static vs. Kinetic Friction
7:35
Example VI: Drag Force on Airplane
7:58
Example VII: Pulling a Sled
8:41
Example VIII: AP-C 2007 FR1
13:23
Example VIII: Part A
13:24
Example VIII: Part B
14:40
Example VIII: Part C
15:19
Example VIII: Part D
17:08
Example VIII: Part E
18:24
Retarding & Drag Forces

32m 10s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
Retarding Forces
0:41
Retarding Forces
0:42
The Skydiver
1:30
Drag Forces on a Free-falling Object
1:31
Velocity as a Function of Time
5:31
Velocity as a Function of Time
5:32
Velocity as a Function of Time, cont.
12:27
Acceleration
12:28
Velocity as a Function of Time, cont.
15:16
Graph: Acceleration vs. Time
16:06
Graph: Velocity vs. Time
16:40
Graph: Displacement vs. Time
17:04
Example I: AP-C 2005 FR1
17:43
Example I: Part A
17:44
Example I: Part B
19:17
Example I: Part C
20:17
Example I: Part D
21:09
Example I: Part E
22:42
Example II: AP-C 2013 FR2
24:26
Example II: Part A
24:27
Example II: Part B
25:25
Example II: Part C
26:22
Example II: Part D
27:04
Example II: Part E
30:50
Ramps & Inclines

20m 31s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:06
Drawing Free Body Diagrams for Ramps
0:32
Step 1: Choose the Object & Draw It as a Dot or Box
0:33
Step 2: Draw and Label all the External Forces
0:39
Step 3: Sketch a Coordinate System
0:42
Example: Object on a Ramp
0:52
Pseudo-Free Body Diagrams
2:06
Pseudo-Free Body Diagrams
2:07
Redraw Diagram with All Forces Parallel to Axes
2:18
Box on a Ramp
4:08
Free Body Diagram for Box on a Ramp
4:09
Pseudo-Free Body Diagram for Box on a Ramp
4:54
Example I: Box at Rest
6:13
Example II: Box Held By Force
6:35
Example III: Truck on a Hill
8:46
Example IV: Force Up a Ramp
9:29
Example V: Acceleration Down a Ramp
12:01
Example VI: Able of Repose
13:59
Example VII: Sledding
17:03
Atwood Machines

24m 58s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
What is an Atwood Machine?
0:25
What is an Atwood Machine?
0:26
Properties of Atwood Machines
1:03
Ideal Pulleys are Frictionless and Massless
1:04
Tension is Constant
1:14
Setup for Atwood Machines
1:26
Setup for Atwood Machines
1:27
Solving Atwood Machine Problems
1:52
Solving Atwood Machine Problems
1:53
Alternate Solution
5:24
Analyze the System as a Whole
5:25
Example I: Basic Atwood Machine
7:31
Example II: Moving Masses
9:59
Example III: Masses and Pulley on a Table
13:32
Example IV: Mass and Pulley on a Ramp
15:47
Example V: Ranking Atwood Machines
19:50
Section 4: Work, Energy, & Power
Work

37m 34s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
What is Work?
0:36
What is Work?
0:37
Units of Work
1:09
Work in One Dimension
1:31
Work in One Dimension
1:32
Examples of Work
2:19
Stuntman in a Jet Pack
2:20
A Girl Struggles to Push Her Stalled Car
2:50
A Child in a Ghost Costume Carries a Bag of Halloween Candy Across the Yard
3:24
Example I: Moving a Refrigerator
4:03
Example II: Liberating a Car
4:53
Example III: Lifting Box
5:30
Example IV: Pulling a Wagon
6:13
Example V: Ranking Work on Carts
7:13
Non-Constant Forces
12:21
Non-Constant Forces
12:22
Force vs. Displacement Graphs
13:49
Force vs. Displacement Graphs
13:50
Hooke's Law
14:41
Hooke's Law
14:42
Determining the Spring Constant
15:38
Slope of the Graph Gives the Spring Constant, k
15:39
Work Done in Compressing the Spring
16:34
Find the Work Done in Compressing the String
16:35
Example VI: Finding Spring Constant
17:21
Example VII: Calculating Spring Constant
19:48
Example VIII: Hooke's Law
20:30
Example IX: Non-Linear Spring
22:18
Work in Multiple Dimensions
23:52
Work in Multiple Dimensions
23:53
Work-Energy Theorem
25:25
Work-Energy Theorem
25:26
Example X: Work-Energy Theorem
28:35
Example XI: Work Done on Moving Carts
30:46
Example XII: Velocity from an F-d Graph
35:01
Energy & Conservative Forces

28m 4s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:08
Energy Transformations
0:31
Energy Transformations
0:32
Work-Energy Theorem
0:57
Kinetic Energy
1:12
Kinetic Energy: Definition
1:13
Kinetic Energy: Equation
1:55
Example I: Frog-O-Cycle
2:07
Potential Energy
2:46
Types of Potential Energy
2:47
A Potential Energy Requires an Interaction between Objects
3:29
Internal energy
3:50
Internal Energy
3:51
Types of Energy
4:37
Types of Potential & Kinetic Energy
4:38
Gravitational Potential Energy
5:42
Gravitational Potential Energy
5:43
Example II: Potential Energy
7:27
Example III: Kinetic and Potential Energy
8:16
Example IV: Pendulum
9:09
Conservative Forces
11:37
Conservative Forces Overview
11:38
Type of Conservative Forces
12:42
Types of Non-conservative Forces
13:02
Work Done by Conservative Forces
13:28
Work Done by Conservative Forces
13:29
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
14:18
Gravitational Force of Attraction between Any Two Objects with Mass
14:19
Gravitational Potential Energy
15:27
Gravitational Potential Energy
15:28
Elastic Potential Energy
17:36
Elastic Potential Energy
17:37
Force from Potential Energy
18:51
Force from Potential Energy
18:52
Gravitational Force from the Gravitational Potential Energy
20:46
Gravitational Force from the Gravitational Potential Energy
20:47
Hooke's Law from Potential Energy
22:04
Hooke's Law from Potential Energy
22:05
Summary
23:16
Summary
23:17
Example V: Kinetic Energy of a Mass
24:40
Example VI: Force from Potential Energy
25:48
Example VII: Work on a Spinning Disc
26:54
Conservation of Energy

54m 56s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:09
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
0:32
Consider a Single Conservative Force Doing Work on a Closed System
0:33
Non-Conservative Forces
1:40
Non-Conservative Forces
1:41
Work Done by a Non-conservative Force
1:47
Formula: Total Energy
1:54
Formula: Total Mechanical Energy
2:04
Example I: Falling Mass
2:15
Example II: Law of Conservation of Energy
4:07
Example III: The Pendulum
6:34
Example IV: Cart Compressing a Spring
10:12
Example V: Cart Compressing a Spring
11:12
Example V: Part A - Potential Energy Stored in the Compressed Spring
11:13
Example V: Part B - Maximum Vertical Height
12:01
Example VI: Car Skidding to a Stop
13:05
Example VII: Block on Ramp
14:22
Example VIII: Energy Transfers
16:15
Example IX: Roller Coaster
20:04
Example X: Bungee Jumper
23:32
Example X: Part A - Speed of the Jumper at a Height of 15 Meters Above the Ground
24:48
Example X: Part B - Speed of the Jumper at a Height of 30 Meters Above the Ground
26:53
Example X: Part C - How Close Does the Jumper Get to the Ground?
28:28
Example XI: AP-C 2002 FR3
30:28
Example XI: Part A
30:59
Example XI: Part B
31:54
Example XI: Part C
32:50
Example XI: Part D & E
33:52
Example XII: AP-C 2007 FR3
35:24
Example XII: Part A
35:52
Example XII: Part B
36:27
Example XII: Part C
37:48
Example XII: Part D
39:32
Example XIII: AP-C 2010 FR1
41:07
Example XIII: Part A
41:34
Example XIII: Part B
43:05
Example XIII: Part C
45:24
Example XIII: Part D
47:18
Example XIV: AP-C 2013 FR1
48:25
Example XIV: Part A
48:50
Example XIV: Part B
49:31
Example XIV: Part C
51:27
Example XIV: Part D
52:46
Example XIV: Part E
53:25
Power

16m 44s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:06
Defining Power
0:20
Definition of Power
0:21
Units of Power
0:27
Average Power
0:43
Instantaneous Power
1:03
Instantaneous Power
1:04
Example I: Horizontal Box
2:07
Example II: Accelerating Truck
4:48
Example III: Motors Delivering Power
6:00
Example IV: Power Up a Ramp
7:00
Example V: Power from Position Function
8:51
Example VI: Motorcycle Stopping
10:48
Example VII: AP-C 2003 FR1
11:52
Example VII: Part A
11:53
Example VII: Part B
12:50
Example VII: Part C
14:36
Example VII: Part D
15:52
Section 5: Momentum
Momentum & Impulse

13m 9s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
Momentum
0:39
Definition of Momentum
0:40
Total Momentum
1:00
Formula for Momentum
1:05
Units of Momentum
1:11
Example I: Changing Momentum
1:18
Impulse
2:27
Impulse
2:28
Example II: Impulse
2:41
Relationship Between Force and ∆p (Impulse)
3:36
Relationship Between Force and ∆p (Impulse)
3:37
Example III: Force from Momentum
4:37
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
5:14
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
5:15
Example IV: Impulse-Momentum
6:26
Example V: Water Gun & Horizontal Force
7:56
Impulse from F-t Graphs
8:53
Impulse from F-t Graphs
8:54
Example VI: Non-constant Forces
9:16
Example VII: F-t Graph
10:01
Example VIII: Impulse from Force
11:19
Conservation of Linear Momentum

46m 30s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:08
Conservation of Linear Momentum
0:28
In an Isolated System
0:29
In Any Closed System
0:37
Direct Outcome of Newton's 3rd Law of Motion
0:47
Collisions and Explosions
1:07
Collisions and Explosions
1:08
The Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum
1:25
Solving Momentum Problems
1:35
Solving Momentum Problems
1:36
Types of Collisions
2:08
Elastic Collision
2:09
Inelastic Collision
2:34
Example I: Traffic Collision
3:00
Example II: Collision of Two Moving Objects
6:55
Example III: Recoil Velocity
9:47
Example IV: Atomic Collision
12:12
Example V: Collision in Multiple Dimensions
18:11
Example VI: AP-C 2001 FR1
25:16
Example VI: Part A
25:33
Example VI: Part B
26:44
Example VI: Part C
28:17
Example VI: Part D
28:58
Example VII: AP-C 2002 FR1
30:10
Example VII: Part A
30:20
Example VII: Part B
32:14
Example VII: Part C
34:25
Example VII: Part D
36:17
Example VIII: AP-C 2014 FR1
38:55
Example VIII: Part A
39:28
Example VIII: Part B
41:00
Example VIII: Part C
42:57
Example VIII: Part D
44:20
Center of Mass

28m 26s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
Center of Mass
0:45
Center of Mass
0:46
Finding Center of Mass by Inspection
1:25
For Uniform Density Objects
1:26
For Objects with Multiple Parts
1:36
For Irregular Objects
1:44
Example I: Center of Mass by Inspection
2:06
Calculating Center of Mass for Systems of Particles
2:25
Calculating Center of Mass for Systems of Particles
2:26
Example II: Center of Mass (1D)
3:15
Example III: Center of Mass of Continuous System
4:29
Example IV: Center of Mass (2D)
6:00
Finding Center of Mass by Integration
7:38
Finding Center of Mass by Integration
7:39
Example V: Center of Mass of a Uniform Rod
8:10
Example VI: Center of Mass of a Non-Uniform Rod
11:40
Center of Mass Relationships
14:44
Center of Mass Relationships
14:45
Center of Gravity
17:36
Center of Gravity
17:37
Uniform Gravitational Field vs. Non-uniform Gravitational Field
17:53
Example VII: AP-C 2004 FR1
18:26
Example VII: Part A
18:45
Example VII: Part B
19:38
Example VII: Part C
21:03
Example VII: Part D
22:04
Example VII: Part E
24:52
Section 6: Uniform Circular Motion
Uniform Circular Motion

21m 36s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:08
Uniform Circular Motion
0:42
Distance Around the Circle for Objects Traveling in a Circular Path at Constant Speed
0:51
Average Speed for Objects Traveling in a Circular Path at Constant Speed
1:15
Frequency
1:42
Definition of Frequency
1:43
Symbol of Frequency
1:46
Units of Frequency
1:49
Period
2:04
Period
2:05
Frequency and Period
2:19
Frequency and Period
2:20
Example I: Race Car
2:32
Example II: Toy Train
3:22
Example III: Round-A-Bout
4:07
Example III: Part A - Period of the Motion
4:08
Example III: Part B- Frequency of the Motion
4:43
Example III: Part C- Speed at Which Alan Revolves
4:58
Uniform Circular Motion
5:28
Is an Object Undergoing Uniform Circular Motion Accelerating?
5:29
Direction of Centripetal Acceleration
6:21
Direction of Centripetal Acceleration
6:22
Magnitude of Centripetal Acceleration
8:23
Magnitude of Centripetal Acceleration
8:24
Example IV: Car on a Track
8:39
Centripetal Force
10:14
Centripetal Force
10:15
Calculating Centripetal Force
11:47
Calculating Centripetal Force
11:48
Example V: Acceleration
12:41
Example VI: Direction of Centripetal Acceleration
13:44
Example VII: Loss of Centripetal Force
14:03
Example VIII: Bucket in Horizontal Circle
14:44
Example IX: Bucket in Vertical Circle
15:24
Example X: Demon Drop
17:38
Example X: Question 1
18:02
Example X: Question 2
18:25
Example X: Question 3
19:22
Example X: Question 4
20:13
Section 7: Rotational Motion
Rotational Kinematics

32m 52s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
Radians and Degrees
0:35
Once Around a Circle: In Degrees
0:36
Once Around a Circle: In Radians
0:48
Measurement of Radian
0:51
Example I: Radian and Degrees
1:08
Example I: Convert 90° to Radians
1:09
Example I: Convert 6 Radians to Degree
1:23
Linear vs. Angular Displacement
1:43
Linear Displacement
1:44
Angular Displacement
1:51
Linear vs. Angular Velocity
2:04
Linear Velocity
2:05
Angular Velocity
2:10
Direction of Angular Velocity
2:28
Direction of Angular Velocity
2:29
Converting Linear to Angular Velocity
2:58
Converting Linear to Angular Velocity
2:59
Example II: Angular Velocity of Earth
3:51
Linear vs. Angular Acceleration
4:35
Linear Acceleration
4:36
Angular Acceleration
4:42
Example III: Angular Acceleration
5:09
Kinematic Variable Parallels
6:30
Kinematic Variable Parallels: Translational & Angular
6:31
Variable Translations
7:00
Variable Translations: Translational & Angular
7:01
Kinematic Equation Parallels
7:38
Kinematic Equation Parallels: Translational & Rotational
7:39
Example IV: Deriving Centripetal Acceleration
8:29
Example V: Angular Velocity
13:24
Example V: Part A
13:25
Example V: Part B
14:15
Example VI: Wheel in Motion
14:39
Example VII: AP-C 2003 FR3
16:23
Example VII: Part A
16:38
Example VII: Part B
17:34
Example VII: Part C
24:02
Example VIII: AP-C 2014 FR2
25:35
Example VIII: Part A
25:47
Example VIII: Part B
26:28
Example VIII: Part C
27:48
Example VIII: Part D
28:26
Example VIII: Part E
29:16
Moment of Inertia

24m

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
Types of Inertia
0:34
Inertial Mass
0:35
Moment of Inertia
0:44
Kinetic Energy of a Rotating Disc
1:25
Kinetic Energy of a Rotating Disc
1:26
Calculating Moment of Inertia (I)
5:32
Calculating Moment of Inertia (I)
5:33
Moment of Inertia for Common Objects
5:49
Moment of Inertia for Common Objects
5:50
Example I: Point Masses
6:46
Example II: Uniform Rod
9:09
Example III: Solid Cylinder
13:07
Parallel Axis Theorem (PAT)
17:33
Parallel Axis Theorem (PAT)
17:34
Example IV: Calculating I Using the Parallel Axis Theorem
18:39
Example V: Hollow Sphere
20:18
Example VI: Long Thin Rod
20:55
Example VII: Ranking Moment of Inertia
21:50
Example VIII: Adjusting Moment of Inertia
22:39
Torque

26m 9s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:06
Torque
0:18
Definition of Torque
0:19
Torque & Rotation
0:26
Lever Arm ( r )
0:30
Example: Wrench
0:39
Direction of the Torque Vector
1:45
Direction of the Torque Vector
1:46
Finding Direction Using the Right-hand Rule
1:53
Newton's 2nd Law: Translational vs. Rotational
2:20
Newton's 2nd Law: Translational vs. Rotational
2:21
Equilibrium
3:17
Static Equilibrium
3:18
Dynamic Equilibrium
3:30
Example I: See-Saw Problem
3:46
Example II: Beam Problem
7:12
Example III: Pulley with Mass
10:34
Example IV: Net Torque
13:46
Example V: Ranking Torque
15:29
Example VI: Ranking Angular Acceleration
16:25
Example VII: Café Sign
17:19
Example VIII: AP-C 2008 FR2
19:44
Example VIII: Part A
20:12
Example VIII: Part B
21:08
Example VIII: Part C
22:36
Example VIII: Part D
24:37
Rotational Dynamics

56m 58s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:08
Conservation of Energy
0:48
Translational Kinetic Energy
0:49
Rotational Kinetic Energy
0:54
Total Kinetic Energy
1:03
Example I: Disc Rolling Down an Incline
1:10
Rotational Dynamics
4:25
Rotational Dynamics
4:26
Example II: Strings with Massive Pulleys
4:37
Example III: Rolling without Slipping
9:13
Example IV: Rolling with Slipping
13:45
Example V: Amusement Park Swing
22:49
Example VI: AP-C 2002 FR2
26:27
Example VI: Part A
26:48
Example VI: Part B
27:30
Example VI: Part C
29:51
Example VI: Part D
30:50
Example VII: AP-C 2006 FR3
31:39
Example VII: Part A
31:49
Example VII: Part B
36:20
Example VII: Part C
37:14
Example VII: Part D
38:48
Example VIII: AP-C 2010 FR2
39:40
Example VIII: Part A
39:46
Example VIII: Part B
40:44
Example VIII: Part C
44:31
Example VIII: Part D
46:44
Example IX: AP-C 2013 FR3
48:27
Example IX: Part A
48:47
Example IX: Part B
50:33
Example IX: Part C
53:28
Example IX: Part D
54:15
Example IX: Part E
56:20
Angular Momentum

33m 2s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:09
Linear Momentum
0:44
Definition of Linear Momentum
0:45
Total Angular Momentum
0:52
p = mv
0:59
Angular Momentum
1:08
Definition of Angular Momentum
1:09
Total Angular Momentum
1:21
A Mass with Velocity v Moving at Some Position r
1:29
Calculating Angular Momentum
1:44
Calculating Angular Momentum
1:45
Spin Angular Momentum
4:17
Spin Angular Momentum
4:18
Example I: Object in Circular Orbit
4:51
Example II: Angular Momentum of a Point Particle
6:34
Angular Momentum and Net Torque
9:03
Angular Momentum and Net Torque
9:04
Conservation of Angular Momentum
11:53
Conservation of Angular Momentum
11:54
Example III: Ice Skater Problem
12:20
Example IV: Combining Spinning Discs
13:52
Example V: Catching While Rotating
15:13
Example VI: Changes in Angular Momentum
16:47
Example VII: AP-C 2005 FR3
17:37
Example VII: Part A
18:12
Example VII: Part B
18:32
Example VII: Part C
19:53
Example VII: Part D
21:52
Example VIII: AP-C 2014 FR3
24:23
Example VIII: Part A
24:31
Example VIII: Part B
25:33
Example VIII: Part C
26:58
Example VIII: Part D
28:24
Example VIII: Part E
30:42
Section 8: Oscillations
Oscillations

1h 1m 12s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:08
Simple Harmonic Motion
0:45
Simple Harmonic Motion
0:46
Circular Motion vs. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
1:39
Circular Motion vs. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
1:40
Position, Velocity, & Acceleration
4:55
Position
4:56
Velocity
5:12
Acceleration
5:49
Frequency and Period
6:37
Frequency
6:42
Period
6:49
Angular Frequency
7:05
Angular Frequency
7:06
Example I: Oscillating System
7:37
Example I: Determine the Object's Angular Frequency
7:38
Example I: What is the Object's Position at Time t = 10s?
8:16
Example I: At What Time is the Object at x = 0.1m?
9:10
Mass on a Spring
10:17
Mass on a Spring
10:18
Example II: Analysis of Spring-Block System
11:34
Example III: Spring-Block ranking
12:53
General Form of Simple Harmonic Motion
14:41
General Form of Simple Harmonic Motion
14:42
Graphing Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
15:22
Graphing Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
15:23
Energy of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
15:49
Energy of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
15:50
Horizontal Spring Oscillator
19:24
Horizontal Spring Oscillator
19:25
Vertical Spring Oscillator
20:58
Vertical Spring Oscillator
20:59
Springs in Series
23:30
Springs in Series
23:31
Springs in Parallel
26:08
Springs in Parallel
26:09
The Pendulum
26:59
The Pendulum
27:00
Energy and the Simple Pendulum
27:46
Energy and the Simple Pendulum
27:47
Frequency and Period of a Pendulum
30:16
Frequency and Period of a Pendulum
30:17
Example IV: Deriving Period of a Simple Pendulum
31:42
Example V: Deriving Period of a Physical Pendulum
35:20
Example VI: Summary of Spring-Block System
38:16
Example VII: Harmonic Oscillator Analysis
44:14
Example VII: Spring Constant
44:24
Example VII: Total Energy
44:45
Example VII: Speed at the Equilibrium Position
45:05
Example VII: Speed at x = 0.30 Meters
45:37
Example VII: Speed at x = -0.40 Meter
46:46
Example VII: Acceleration at the Equilibrium Position
47:21
Example VII: Magnitude of Acceleration at x = 0.50 Meters
47:35
Example VII: Net Force at the Equilibrium Position
48:04
Example VII: Net Force at x = 0.25 Meter
48:20
Example VII: Where does Kinetic Energy = Potential Energy?
48:33
Example VIII: Ranking Spring Systems
49:35
Example IX: Vertical Spring Block Oscillator
51:45
Example X: Ranking Period of Pendulum
53:50
Example XI: AP-C 2009 FR2
54:50
Example XI: Part A
54:58
Example XI: Part B
57:57
Example XI: Part C
59:11
Example XII: AP-C 2010 FR3
1:00:18
Example XII: Part A
1:00:49
Example XII: Part B
1:02:47
Example XII: Part C
1:04:30
Example XII: Part D
1:05:53
Example XII: Part E
1:08:13
Section 9: Gravity & Orbits
Gravity & Orbits

34m 59s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
0:45
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
0:46
Example I: Gravitational Force Between Earth and Sun
2:24
Example II: Two Satellites
3:39
Gravitational Field Strength
4:23
Gravitational Field Strength
4:24
Example III: Weight on Another Planet
6:22
Example IV: Gravitational Field of a Hollow Shell
7:31
Example V: Gravitational Field Inside a Solid Sphere
8:33
Velocity in Circular Orbit
12:05
Velocity in Circular Orbit
12:06
Period and Frequency for Circular Orbits
13:56
Period and Frequency for Circular Orbits
13:57
Mechanical Energy for Circular Orbits
16:11
Mechanical Energy for Circular Orbits
16:12
Escape Velocity
17:48
Escape Velocity
17:49
Kepler's 1st Law of Planetary Motion
19:41
Keller's 1st Law of Planetary Motion
19:42
Kepler's 2nd Law of Planetary Motion
20:05
Keller's 2nd Law of Planetary Motion
20:06
Kepler's 3rd Law of Planetary Motion
20:57
Ratio of the Squares of the Periods of Two Planets
20:58
Ratio of the Squares of the Periods to the Cubes of Their Semi-major Axes
21:41
Total Mechanical Energy for an Elliptical Orbit
21:57
Total Mechanical Energy for an Elliptical Orbit
21:58
Velocity and Radius for an Elliptical Orbit
22:35
Velocity and Radius for an Elliptical Orbit
22:36
Example VI: Rocket Launched Vertically
24:26
Example VII: AP-C 2007 FR2
28:16
Example VII: Part A
28:35
Example VII: Part B
29:51
Example VII: Part C
31:14
Example VII: Part D
32:23
Example VII: Part E
33:16
Section 10: Sample AP Exam
1998 AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice

28m 11s

Intro
0:00
Problem 1
0:30
Problem 2
0:51
Problem 3
1:25
Problem 4
2:00
Problem 5
3:05
Problem 6
4:19
Problem 7
4:48
Problem 8
5:18
Problem 9
5:38
Problem 10
6:26
Problem 11
7:21
Problem 12
8:08
Problem 13
8:35
Problem 14
9:20
Problem 15
10:09
Problem 16
10:25
Problem 17
11:30
Problem 18
12:27
Problem 19
13:00
Problem 20
14:40
Problem 21
15:44
Problem 22
16:42
Problem 23
17:35
Problem 24
17:54
Problem 25
18:32
Problem 26
19:08
Problem 27
20:56
Problem 28
22:19
Problem 29
22:36
Problem 30
23:18
Problem 31
24:06
Problem 32
24:40
1998 AP Practice Exam: Free Response Questions (FRQ)

28m 11s

Intro
0:00
Question 1
0:15
Part A: I
0:16
Part A: II
0:46
Part A: III
1:13
Part B
1:40
Part C
2:49
Part D: I
4:46
Part D: II
5:15
Question 2
5:46
Part A: I
6:13
Part A: II
7:05
Part B: I
7:48
Part B: II
8:42
Part B: III
9:03
Part B: IV
9:26
Part B: V
11:32
Question 3
13:30
Part A: I
13:50
Part A: II
14:16
Part A: III
14:38
Part A: IV
14:56
Part A: V
15:36
Part B
16:11
Part C
17:00
Part D: I
19:56
Part D: II
21:08
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Lecture Comments (24)

2 answers

Last reply by: Professor Dan Fullerton
Fri Oct 27, 2017 1:39 PM

Post by Kevin Wiggins on October 27, 2017

in the lifting of the box there is no displacement in the x direction so how is there work done?

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Dan Fullerton
Sun Sep 24, 2017 11:19 AM

Post by Isara Senaratne on September 24, 2017

I'm experiencing some technical problems here. I can't pause the video. It's common to all lectures . I think there's  a problem with the video player.

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Dan Fullerton
Fri Mar 10, 2017 8:15 AM

Post by Thomas Lyles on March 10, 2017

I'm looking for (many) example problems with worked out solutions, preferably video tutorials.

Does this site have lectures only?

I can find many, random physics problems on Youtube for free, but I'm looking for a place that has that information organized and well-presented.

Any recommendations would be greatly appreciated.

thanks

2 answers

Last reply by: Thomas Lyles
Fri Mar 10, 2017 6:52 AM

Post by Thomas Lyles on March 9, 2017

I'm new to this site.  Are there problem sets available? (other than the examples in the lectures)

thanks

3 answers

Last reply by: Professor Dan Fullerton
Sun Aug 21, 2016 9:39 AM

Post by Cathy Zhao on August 20, 2016

On Example X, why you got -15,000 N instead of 15000N? How come you got a negative number? Thanks!

2 answers

Last reply by: Parth Shorey
Tue Sep 29, 2015 7:38 PM

Post by Parth Shorey on September 29, 2015

I still don't understand how you got 1/2(1000) on the work-energy theorem problem ?

3 answers

Last reply by: Professor Dan Fullerton
Wed Sep 30, 2015 6:36 AM

Post by Parth Shorey on September 29, 2015

Does the inegral represent the initial starting point and final on work-energy theorem?

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Dan Fullerton
Mon Mar 9, 2015 6:50 PM

Post by Nike Oyedokun on March 9, 2015

Which Lecture is equivalent to College introduction to Physics

Work

  • Work is the process of moving an object by applying a force. The object must move for work to be done, and the force must cause the movement.
  • Work is a scalar quantity. The units of work are joules.
  • Work is calculated as the integral of scalar product of the force vector with the differential of displacement. In one dimension, work is the area under the force vs. displacement graph.
  • The force from a spring is opposite the direction of its displacement from equilibrium, therefore it is a restoring force.
  • Fspring=-kx
  • The slope of a graph of the force from a spring against its displacement from equilibrium gives you the spring’s “spring constant.”
  • The work done on an object changes the object’s energy.

Work

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  • Intro 0:00
  • Objectives 0:07
  • What is Work? 0:36
    • What is Work?
    • Units of Work
  • Work in One Dimension 1:31
    • Work in One Dimension
  • Examples of Work 2:19
    • Stuntman in a Jet Pack
    • A Girl Struggles to Push Her Stalled Car
    • A Child in a Ghost Costume Carries a Bag of Halloween Candy Across the Yard
  • Example I: Moving a Refrigerator 4:03
  • Example II: Liberating a Car 4:53
  • Example III: Lifting Box 5:30
  • Example IV: Pulling a Wagon 6:13
  • Example V: Ranking Work on Carts 7:13
  • Non-Constant Forces 12:21
    • Non-Constant Forces
  • Force vs. Displacement Graphs 13:49
    • Force vs. Displacement Graphs
  • Hooke's Law 14:41
    • Hooke's Law
  • Determining the Spring Constant 15:38
    • Slope of the Graph Gives the Spring Constant, k
  • Work Done in Compressing the Spring 16:34
    • Find the Work Done in Compressing the String
  • Example VI: Finding Spring Constant 17:21
  • Example VII: Calculating Spring Constant 19:48
  • Example VIII: Hooke's Law 20:30
  • Example IX: Non-Linear Spring 22:18
  • Work in Multiple Dimensions 23:52
    • Work in Multiple Dimensions
  • Work-Energy Theorem 25:25
    • Work-Energy Theorem
  • Example X: Work-Energy Theorem 28:35
  • Example XI: Work Done on Moving Carts 30:46
  • Example XII: Velocity from an F-d Graph 35:01

Transcription: Work

Hello, everyone, and welcome back to www.educator.com.0000

I am Dan Fullerton and in this lesson we are going to talk about work.0003

Our objectives include calculating the work done by a force of an object undergoing a displacement that displacement is going to be very important.0008

Relating the work done to the area under graph of forces a function of position.0016

Using integration to calculate the work performed by a non constant force on an object undergoing a displacement.0021

Using a dot product to calculate the work performed by a specified constant force on an object undergoing displacement on a plane.0028

Suppose we are going to start by talking about what is work?0036

Work is the process of moving object by applying the force.0040

There are keys there the object has to move for work to be done.0045

You can push and push and push on something if it does not move you are not doing any work.0049

The force also must cause the movement.0055

If you apply a force up to something just a holdup there you keep holding it you are applying a force that is not moving0059

or it is moving but it is not because of the force your applying you are not the one doing the work.0065

Work is a scalar quantity and its units are joules.0070

You also can have positive and negative work.0074

For positive would be the work you are doing.0077

Negative would be work done on you but that does not have a direction north south east west.0079

Work is a scalar units are joules.0085

Let us take a look at work in one dimension.0090

Only the force in the direction of the displacement contributes to the work done.0093

If we have a box with the force at some angle θ moving through some displacement Δ x,0096

if we want to find the work done we need to know the component of the force that actually causing the displacement.0102

This vertical component is not helping you cause the displacement.0108

What is really doing that it is the horizontal component of that force which is going to be F cos θ.0112

If we go to find the work done our work is going to be F cos θ.0121

Δ x or F dotted with Δ x, it is a dot product there.0129

Let us look at some examples.0139

Let us assume a stuntman in a jet pack blast through the atmosphere accelerating the higher and higher speeds.0141

Sounds exciting, perhaps a touch of danger.0147

The jet pack is applying to force causing it to move.0149

How is expanding gasses are pushed a backward of a jet pack with a reactionary force0152

by Newton’s third law that pushes the jet pack forward causing a displacement?0157

The expanding exhaust gas is doing work on the jet pack causing that displacement.0162

As a second example of a girl struggles to push her stalled cart but cannot make it move.0170

Pushes and pushes and pushes just tired out and turning red she expands tons of effort but the cart does not move.0176

If the cart is not moving no work is done.0184

Do not equate the amount of work you do with how much energy you are exerting.0187

How hard you are trying for example.0196

In the physics sense work requires a displacement.0199

Another example, a child in a ghost costume carries a bag of Halloween candy across the yard.0204

The child applies a force upward on the bag but the bag is moving horizontally.0210

The forces of the child arms on the bag are not the one that is causing the displacement so no work is being done by the child's arms on the bag.0216

If he wanted a little more complicated the child's pushing with the legs, the legs are causing a forward displacement.0225

At some point the child is doing some work on it.0232

As far as the arms are just holding up that is not really doing any work because it is not in the direction of the displacement.0234

Let us do some examples.0243

An appliance salesman pushes a refrigerator 2m across the floor by applying the force of 200 N, find the work done.0245

Our displacement Δ X is going to be 2m, the applied force is 200 N, the angle between them is 0°.0254

The forces in the direction of the displacement and cos θ if cos 0 which is just 1.0264

Work which is force dotted with Δ X or F cos θ, Δ X is just going to be 200 N × 2m which is 400 joules.0272

My straightforward simple application.0290

On the other hand, your buddy’s car is stuck on the ice.0295

You push down on the car to provide more friction for the tires because you are increasing the normal force by pushing down on the car.0299

Get more friction allowing the car's tires to propel it forward 5 m on the west with the ground.0307

How much work did you do?0312

The key here you are pushing down and although that is allowing the car to move and you are not the one doing work.0315

The car is the one that is providing the force the cause of the displacement.0321

You do a 0 work on the car.0324

Example 3, how much work is done the lifting of 8 kg box from the floor to a height of 2m above the floor?0331

Work must F dotted with Δ x.0339

Our force, the force that you need to lift that box has to at least equal the force of gravity0343

so that is going to be MG for force and the displacement is going to be your height 2m0349

so that is going to be 8kg × acceleration due to gravity 10 m / s² × height 2m or 160 joules.0356

Let us take a look at the pulling wagon example.0373

Barry and Sydney pull a 30 kg wagon with the force of 500 N the distance of 20 m.0377

The force acts at an angle 30° from horizontal, find the work done.0383

Work is F dotted with Δ x but all of that force is in the direction of the displacement.0391

Only the x component is which is going to be F cos θ or F cos 30°.0398

That is going to be equals 500 N the total force × the cos 30° to give you the component in the direction the displacement × 20 m.0406

All that together and I come up with about 8660 joules.0421

Let us do a ranking test.0432

4 carts initially at rest on a flat surface are subjected to vary in forces is the carts moved0435

to the right to set distance is depicted here in the diagram below.0440

Rank the 4 carts from least to greatness in terms of the work done by the applied force on the carts.0444

Their inertia and the normal force applied by the surface to the cart.0451

Alright, let us give ourselves some more room here.0457

We had just blown up and the way I do a ranking test like this is probably make a table of information0460

especially when you have multiple questions around the same setup.0467

You can do them all at once.0470

We are going to need to know items for cart A, B, C and D.0472

The things we are going to want to know include the force, angle, the force acts with compared to the displacement.0479

The displacement we will call that D, the work done W.0487

We need to know the mass that is the measure of inertia and the normal force.0492

Starting with the force we can read that right off the base we have 20 N, 30 N, 25 N, and 50 N.0499

The angle we can read write off the diagrams as well.0510

We have 30° for A, 60° for B, 30° for C, and 0° for D and their displacements can come right off here as well.0513

We have 8m, 12m, 8m, and 6 m.0528

To find the work done, that is just going to be a component of the force in the direction of the displacement F cos θ × that displaced in itself.0535

Our work done here F cos θ 20 Cos 30 × 8 =139 joules going down 180 joules for B, 173 joules for C and 90 joules for D.0546

We can read their mass the measure of their inertia right off the graphs as well.0563

Our mass is going to be 10 kg, 20 kg, 15 kg, 12 kg.0567

For the normal force, it might be helpful draw free body diagrams here.0577

Let us go up to A and realize that we have weight down.0581

We also have the vertical component of the force which is going to be F sin θ that is going to be F sin 30° in the normal force acting up.0587

These have to be in balance because our car is accelerating up off the plane.0601

The normal force must equal MG + F sin 30.0606

Normal force = MG + f sin 30 I come up with 110 N.0610

Same idea over here for B but now we have our force acting upwards of the vertical component is going to be F sin 60°.0618

We have the normal force and we have MG.0628

The normal force + F sin 60 have to equal MG.0632

The normal force is MG –f sin 60 is going to give us 174 N.0637

Looking at C, we have free body diagram.0646

We have F sin 30°, we have our normal force up, we have our weight M.0655

Once again, the same basic design as we had in B but with F sin 30 in the different force.0670

For C, I come up with about 137.5 N for the normal force.0676

D is a nice straightforward we have normal force up, MG down.0683

The normal force equals the force of gravity is 120 N/ our normal force 120.0688

To do our ranking, for work we are going to rank from smallest to greatest.0698

We have D, A, C, and B.0707

For inertia, that is just mass is a measure of inertia so we start off with A, D, C, B.0714

For our normal force, we have let us see A, D, C, and B from smallest to greatest.0727

What happens when you have a force that varies? A non constant force.0740

Here, we are showing a graph of force that varies as a function of the displacement.0744

How would you deal with something like that?0750

Here, we can go to some of our calculus skills and work done because the area under the force vs. displacement graph.0753

If we wanted the entire work done we can take the entire area under that but how we can to find something like that?0763

Here is where integration is going to come in so handy.0771

What we can do is we can break up our very detailed curve into a bunch of tiny little rectangles0774

that we are going to approximate as rectangles that make those skinnier until infinitesimally thin.0784

Then we add up all of those to give us the total work.0791

We will call that with dx and the height is just F(x) at that point dx.0795

Our total work done is going to be the integral the sum of all these little rectangles from some initial value of x0803

to some final value of x, F(x) the height of our rectangle × width dx, that infinitesimally small piece of width.0813

Let us do that with some examples.0828

The area under force displacement graph is the work done by the force.0830

Consider the situation of a block pull across a table with the constant 5 N force over displacement 5m0834

and then net force tapers off over the next 5m, find the work done.0841

We do not actually have to use any calculus here.0846

We can use common sense and say the area under the graph here that is a rectangle that is going to be 5 N × 5m or 25 joules length × width.0849

Here we have a triangle ½ base height or by observation you can probably look at that0861

and say that is half of what we have over there 12.5 joules.0866

Add those up and find the work done is to 37.5 joules.0872

Let us take a look at Hooke’s law talking about springs.0882

The more you stretch or compress a spring the greater the force of the spring.0885

It always wants to restore.0889

If you squish it, it wants to go back to where it was.0890

If you pull it, it wants to go back to where it was.0893

We call it a restoring force.0895

The spring’s forces opposite the direction of its displacement.0897

We are going to model this as a linear relationship where the force applied by the spring is equal to some constant.0901

We will call that k the spring constant multiplied by the springs displacement from its equilibrium or rest position.0907

We call this relationship Hooke’s law where the force of the spring is equal – KX.0914

Assuming that we have that when your relationship between force and the displacement from the equilibrium position.0920

Not all objects follow Hooke’s law.0928

It is an empirical law not a pure law of physics that is usually a pretty good approximation.0931

Let us take a look at how we might determine the spring constant for a spring.0937

If we make a graph of force vs. Displacement the slope of the graph is going to be our spring constant K rise over run0941

which is going to be our change in force over change in displacement.0952

For something like this, that is going to change let us pick 2 points on our line.0957

There are a couple easy ones.0961

20 N -0 N / 0.1m -0 m = 20/0.1 or 200 N/m would be our spring constant.0963

If the spring was there for we have a higher spring constant.0977

If it was when shares had less force per unit extension would have a smaller spring constant.0981

K = 200 N/m we found by taking the slope of the force vs. Displacement graph.0986

How about compressing the spring?0994

Find the work done as we compress a spring from 0 to .1 meter?0996

Well, the work done remember is the area under force vs. Displacement graph.1001

We could take the area under the graph in this case makes a nice happy triangle.1006

Remember the area of the triangle is ½ base height.1013

The work is our area is ½ base × height is going to be ½ the base of our triangle is 0.1m.1017

The height is 20 N just going to give us it takes 1 joule.1028

It takes 1 joule of work in order to compress that spring 0.1m.1034

Take a look at another example where we are trying to find the spring constant.1041

A spring is subjected to a varying force and its elongation is measured.1045

Determine the spring constant of the spring.1049

First thing we are given some forces in elongation and very popular in AP exams is to have the plot the data.1052

It is probably worth to take a minute in doing that here.1058

We have a point at 00, we have a point at a force of 1 N, elongation of 0.3 that is going to be right around here.1061

We have 8.67m, 3 N force, so that is going to be somewhere right in here at 1m a force of 4 N.1072

At 1.3m, we have 5 N so that is going to be right around here and finally at 1.5m we have 6 N.1087

We are going to do is draw our best fit line, we are not connecting the dots.1102

We are drawing a line that has best fits our data.1107

There are lots of different ways to do this but typically if you target roughly the same amount of points above1111

and below the line by the same distance you are in the ballpark of what we are after.1116

But we are not connecting the dots.1120

Our actual best fit line actually does not have to go through any of the data points.1122

We will see that looks like it goes through a couple there when we find the slope.1127

To find the spring constant, the key is we do not use data points instead we use points on our best fit line.1135

If they happen to overlap the data points that is great but it does not have to be the case.1142

As I look at my line I see a bunch of places I could go.1147

Let us see.1151

It looks like we have got a pretty good one right there that is right in a grid match and that should be easy to see.1153

And 00 there with line looks pretty easy.1160

Our slope is rise over run between these two we have a rise of 5 N and our run is from 0 to 1.25m gives us 4 N/m.1163

That must be our spring constant.1185

Another example at 10 N force compresses a spring ¼ m from its equilibrium position.1190

Find the spring constant of the spring.1196

Our force is 10 N and our displacement from the equilibrium or happy position of the spring is 0.25 m.1199

Our spring constant that is going to be the force divided by the displacement by Hooke's law which is 10 N / 0.25m or 40 N/m.1210

Taking a step further we have a spring that obeys Hooke’s law where F =kx.1230

We are looking at the magnitude of the force here.1235

The negative on the Hooke’s law just means it is a restoring force.1237

How much work is done and compressing the spring from equilibrium to some point x?1241

The work done and it is going to be the integral of F • dx.1248

We are going to integrate from some X =0 and its equilibrium position to some final point x.1255

The force is KX and we have our dx.1261

K is a spring constant.1269

It can be pulled out of the integral sign.1271

K integral from 0 to x of x and dx complies the net work done is going to K the integral of x is x² / 2.1273

Our limits of integration we have to evaluate that from 0 to x which is going to K × what these mean again1286

we are going to take this value and plug it into our variable.1294

We got x² /2 - and then we take our bottom variable 0 and plug it in.1298

0² /2 is 0 so we end up with ½ K c².1305

If the work that we doing compressing the spring that amount is ½ KX² where did that energy go?1311

It is stored potential energy in the spring so what this is really saying is that the potential energy stored in the spring is ½ KX².1318

We just found a formula for the potential energy of a spring that is Hooke’s law.1331

We said not all springs obey Hooke’s law.1338

What if you have a nonlinear spring?1340

When it does not obey Hooke’s law?1342

Here we have an example where the force required to extend this spring is half k² that is the force not the store potential energy.1344

How much work is done in compressing this spring from equilibrium to some point x?1353

We can follow the same basic procedure.1358

Work is going to be the integral from x equal 0 to some final value x of F • dx which will be the integral1360

from 0 to x but now our force is ½ KX² dotted with dx.1371

We will pull our constant out of the integral.1379

That will be k/2 can come out integral from 0 to x of x² Dx.1381

Which can b k/2 the integral of x² is x³/3.1389

We will evaluate that from 0 to X.1395

This implies them that the work done is K/2 and we are going to take X and plug in for a variable.1398

X³/3 – the bottom value 0 plug in for a variable -0³/3 which is just 0.1408

Therefore we, find that we have kx³/6 that is the work required to compress this nonlinear spring.1419

Let us talk about now work in multiple dimensions.1432

Assume we have an object moving along some path here and we are going to break up the path of the little tiny bits or going to call Dr.1435

There it is at this point.1443

The force does not have to be completely in that direction.1445

The force at this little bit of piece of our path on this dr is in that direction.1448

There is F and the way they can find the work for the entire path is to find just little tiny bits of work1453

we do over each a little bit of the path dr or sometimes we will write that as DL.1461

Add all of those little bits of work do all the little pieces in the path.1467

Our little tiny bit of work that we get for that little piece is going to be our force dotted with our little bit of displacement along the path Dr.1472

Our total work is just going to be the integral of all these little bit of dw.1483

Add all of these infinite tests with small pieces of tiny bits of work to get the entire work.1489

Or we can say that is going to be the integral from some initial position vector or one1495

which takes you to over here to some final position vector over here r2 of F dotted with Dr.1500

That is going to be a more general formula that we can use for work.1510

Work = integral of f • dr.1514

There is a generalized version we can use that covers one dimension and multiple dimensions.1519

From this so we can actually derive the work energy theorem.1526

Work is the integral from some initial X value to some final x value of F(x) dx.1530

We also know that force is mass × acceleration.1541

Acceleration is the derivative of velocity with respect to time.1547

Or we can write we know velocity is the derivative of the position or dx dt therefore DX = VDT even when we rearrange them.1553

We could then write work is equal to the integral.1566

We are going to replace F with mdv dt and we are going to replace Dx with our vdt.1571

Why we do that?1584

We have a nice little simplification here DT / DT makes a ratio of 1 and we end up with the integral of MV dv.1587

Our variable of integral now is velocity.1595

We are going to integrate over the limits from some V equals V initial to some final velocity of M DV × V.1598

This implies then that their work is the integral from our initial to our final velocity of MV dv.1609

Mass in this case should be a constant we can pull that out of the integral sign.1621

Which is going to be M integral from the initial to V final V DV which is going to be M the integral V is V² /2 evaluate it from V initial to V final.1626

Which is going to be M × we will take our top variable plug it in for V final²/2 - our bottom value for variable V initial²/2.1641

Which implies then kinetic energy is ½ mv².1658

What we have here is that work is equal to all we have ½ V final² – ½ V initial² that is going to be1666

final kinetic energy - initial kinetic energy which is our change in kinetic energy.1678

Work equals a change in kinetic energy.1686

There is the work energy theorem.1689

You are on something like a horizontal surface and dealing only with conservative forces we are neglecting friction things like that.1692

The work that you do on the object becomes the change in its kinetic energy.1697

When you do work on something you give an energy.1703

When the object does work on something else it gives it energy.1706

Work is a transfer of energy of sorts.1710

Let us take a look at an example what is the work energy theorem.1714

A pickup truck with a mass of 1000 kg is traveling at 30 m /s, the driver sees a dog on the road 31m ahead.1717

What force must the brakes exert in order to stop the truck?1728

It is going to come to rest in the distance of 30 m assuming constant acceleration.1732

What do we know?1738

Mass is 1000 kg, our initial velocity is 30 m/s, our final velocity is going to be 0.1740

We need all this to happen in a displacement of 30m.1755

Our net work is going to be the change in kinetic energy to be the final kinetic energy - the initial kinetic energy.1760

The final we want to be 0 since we want it to be at rest and that is going to be 0 -1/2 M 1000 × its initial velocity squared.1769

30² 900 × 1000 × - ½ is -450,000 joules.1781

But we also know that the net work is the force × Δ x.1791

Assuming we have that constant force here.1798

Therefore force is our net work divided by Δ x or -450,000 joules /30 m.1802

We get a force of -15,000 N.1818

There is our answer.1823

What is that negative mean?1826

All that just means that the force you are applying is opposite the direction we initially called positive which is the direction of the initial velocity.1828

The force is opposite direction and velocity which you need in order to slow it down to bring to a stop.1836

Let us take a look at the work done on moving carts.1843

Another ranking test.1846

In the following diagrams of force F x on a cart in motion on a fictional surface to change its velocity.1848

The initial and final velocity of each cart is shown on the left, final on the right.1854

You do not know how far in which direction the car traveled?1859

The magnitude of the energy change of each cart from greatest to least.1862

With that these different carts let us give ourselves a little bit more room on the next page to do some work here.1868

Our ranking leaves from the greatest to least.1875

As we go to our next page with a little more room we are going to make a table again to help me out here.1878

Our carts, we will list A, B, C, and D.1885

Things are going to want to know will probably the mass of the cart, the initial velocity, the final velocity,1889

the initial kinetic energy, final kinetic energy, and we will call that the magnitude of the work done or energy change.1898

That one is going to get a little tricky.1907

Let us go through this.1909

For A, our mass is 2kg B3 C5 and D4.1911

Our initial velocity, 5, 3, 5, -1.1917

For final velocity, 2, -3, 6, and 2.1925

Our initial kinetic energy ½ mv² we have 25, we have ½ mv², here is going to be 13.5, we have 62.5.1933

For the final, ½ mv² is just going to be 2.1947

For the final kinetic energy is ½ mv final² is going to give us 4, 13.5, 90, 8.1953

To get this piece remember that the work done is the change in kinetic energy.1967

It is pretty easy on some of these to see what is going on.1973

Final - initial or initial – final.1975

We are looking at the absolute value that will be 21.1977

Here we have 13.5 and notice it is going one direction initially in the opposite direction when we are done .1981

This is where you get into some tricky.1990

If work is changing kinetic energy to kinetic energy change but direction change.1992

The kinetic energy is not a scalar.1998

It gets to be kind of a tricky question and really has a lot to do with semantics.2001

You are doing work on the cart in one direction it is going the opposite way.2005

Are you doing positive work or negative work?2009

Which all you can get into an argument in semantics.2012

What is really going to be useful in that?2016

Probably what you want to know was how much energy it is going to take in order to change its velocity that much.2018

And that should be pretty straightforward.2024

It takes 13.5 joules to get to 0 and another 13.5 to get back to 3 m /s going the opposite direction.2026

We are going to interpret that as the energy needed which is why the question is worded the way it is and say that is going to be 27 joules.2035

We did a little bit of thinking there about what we are really after and what the questions asking.2044

You can get lost in semantics on these and not worth spending all that time figuring out exactly what your quick question means.2049

Instead what are you trying to accomplish with the question?2057

Take that answer.2059

Down here for C we go from 5 to 6 that change in kinetic energy is going to be 27.5.2062

That is the energy we have made.2070

For the last one, we are going from -1 to 2.2072

We are going from one direction to the other the amount of energy would take for us to do that is going to be 10 joules.2077

That is how we are going to interpret and use this question.2083

Therefore, if we are going from greatest to least the order that we would do this in would C, B, A, and D.2086

Let us take a look at one last question here.2099

Given a force versus displacement graph below for net force applied horizontally to an object of mass M at initially at rest on the frictionless surface.2103

Determine the objects final speed in terms of F net, these r1 and r2 and r3 points and mass.2112

You may assume the force does not change its direction.2119

We got a force vs. displacement graph.2123

If we want the work done and we could take the area that and if the work is the change in kinetic energy we can go from there to solve for velocity.2126

Work is going to be the area under a graph which is ½ base × height + width of the second rectangle + ½ base height for this third triangle.2137

The second triangle our third section of the curve.2153

This implies then we have got ½ r1 × F max + this distance here is going to be r2 – r1 × height F max + ½.2158

Our base here is going to be r3 – r2 F max and all of that has to equal ½ mv² by the work energy theorem.2178

This implies then that velocity squared we can multiply everything else by 2/M is going to be let us factor out f max / M.2191

I would get r3, -r2, +r2.2204

We will have + r2 – r1 which implies then that our velocity is going to be the square root of all of that which will be f max /m × (r3 + r2 – r1).2215

We can get the velocity even from the area under our force displacement graph.2240

Hopefully that gets you a good start on work.2247

Thank you so much for joining us at www.educator.com.2249

I hope to see you again real soon and make it a great day everyone.2251

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