Dan Fullerton

Dan Fullerton

Newton's First Law & Free Body Diagrams

Slide Duration:

Table of Contents

Section 1: Introduction
What is Physics?

7m 12s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:11
What is Physics?
0:27
Why?
0:50
Physics Answers the 'Why' Question
0:51
Matter
1:27
Matter
1:28
Mass
1:43
Inertial Mass
1:50
Gravitational Mass
2:13
A Spacecraft's Mass
3:03
What is the Mass of the Spacecraft?
3:05
Energy
3:37
Energy
3:38
Work
3:45
Putting Energy and Work Together
3:50
Mass-Energy Equivalence
4:15
Relationship between Mass & Energy: E = mc²
4:16
Source of Energy on Earth
4:47
The Study of Everything
5:00
Physics is the Study of Everything
5:01
Mechanics
5:29
Topics Covered
5:30
Topics Not Covered
6:07
Next Steps
6:44
Three Things You'd Like to Learn About in Physics
6:45
Math Review

1h 51s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:10
Vectors and Scalars
1:06
Scalars
1:07
Vectors
1:27
Vector Representations
2:00
Vector Representations
2:01
Graphical Vector Addition
2:54
Graphical Vector Addition
2:55
Graphical Vector Subtraction
5:36
Graphical Vector Subtraction
5:37
Vector Components
7:12
Vector Components
7:13
Angle of a Vector
8:56
tan θ
9:04
sin θ
9:25
cos θ
9:46
Vector Notation
10:10
Vector Notation 1
10:11
Vector Notation 2
12:59
Example I: Magnitude of the Horizontal & Vertical Component
16:08
Example II: Magnitude of the Plane's Eastward Velocity
17:59
Example III: Magnitude of Displacement
19:33
Example IV: Total Displacement from Starting Position
21:51
Example V: Find the Angle Theta Depicted by the Diagram
26:35
Vector Notation, cont.
27:07
Unit Vector Notation
27:08
Vector Component Notation
27:25
Vector Multiplication
28:39
Dot Product
28:40
Cross Product
28:54
Dot Product
29:03
Dot Product
29:04
Defining the Dot Product
29:26
Defining the Dot Product
29:27
Calculating the Dot Product
29:42
Unit Vector Notation
29:43
Vector Component Notation
30:58
Example VI: Calculating a Dot Product
31:45
Example VI: Part 1 - Find the Dot Product of the Following Vectors
31:46
Example VI: Part 2 - What is the Angle Between A and B?
32:20
Special Dot Products
33:52
Dot Product of Perpendicular Vectors
33:53
Dot Product of Parallel Vectors
34:03
Dot Product Properties
34:51
Commutative
34:52
Associative
35:05
Derivative of A * B
35:24
Example VII: Perpendicular Vectors
35:47
Cross Product
36:42
Cross Product of Two Vectors
36:43
Direction Using the Right-hand Rule
37:32
Cross Product of Parallel Vectors
38:04
Defining the Cross Product
38:13
Defining the Cross Product
38:14
Calculating the Cross Product Unit Vector Notation
38:41
Calculating the Cross Product Unit Vector Notation
38:42
Calculating the Cross Product Matrix Notation
39:18
Calculating the Cross Product Matrix Notation
39:19
Example VII: Find the Cross Product of the Following Vectors
42:09
Cross Product Properties
45:16
Cross Product Properties
45:17
Units
46:41
Fundamental Units
46:42
Derived units
47:13
Example IX: Dimensional Analysis
47:21
Calculus
49:05
Calculus
49:06
Differential Calculus
49:49
Differentiation & Derivative
49:50
Example X: Derivatives
51:21
Integral Calculus
53:03
Integration
53:04
Integral
53:11
Integration & Derivation are Inverse Functions
53:16
Determine the Original Function
53:37
Common Integrations
54:45
Common Integrations
54:46
Example XI: Integrals
55:17
Example XII: Calculus Applications
58:32
Section 2: Kinematics
Describing Motion I

23m 47s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:10
Position / Displacement
0:39
Object's Position
0:40
Position Vector
0:45
Displacement
0:56
Position & Displacement are Vectors
1:05
Position & Displacement in 1 Dimension
1:11
Example I: Distance & Displacement
1:21
Average Speed
2:14
Average Speed
2:15
Average Speed is Scalar
2:27
Average Velocity
2:39
Average Velocity
2:40
Average Velocity is a Vector
2:57
Example II: Speed vs. Velocity
3:16
Example II: Deer's Average Speed
3:17
Example II: Deer's Average Velocity
3:48
Example III: Chuck the Hungry Squirrel
4:21
Example III: Chuck's Distance Traveled
4:22
Example III: Chuck's Displacement
4:43
Example III: Chuck's Average Speed
5:25
Example III: Chuck's Average Velocity
5:39
Acceleration
6:11
Acceleration: Definition & Equation
6:12
Acceleration: Units
6:19
Relationship of Acceleration to Velocity
6:52
Example IV: Acceleration Problem
7:05
The Position Vector
7:39
The Position Vector
7:40
Average Velocity
9:35
Average Velocity
9:36
Instantaneous Velocity
11:20
Instantaneous Velocity
11:21
Instantaneous Velocity is the Derivative of Position with Respect to Time
11:35
Area Under the Velocity-time Graph
12:08
Acceleration
12:36
More on Acceleration
12:37
Average Acceleration
13:11
Velocity vs. Time Graph
13:14
Graph Transformations
13:59
Graphical Analysis of Motion
14:00
Velocity and acceleration in 2D
14:35
Velocity Vector in 2D
14:39
Acceleration Vector in 2D
15:26
Polynomial Derivatives
16:10
Polynomial Derivatives
16:11
Example V: Polynomial Kinematics
16:31
Example VI: Velocity Function
17:54
Example VI: Part A - Determine the Acceleration at t=1 Second
17:55
Example VI: Part B - Determine the Displacement between t=0 and t=5 Seconds
18:33
Example VII: Tortoise and Hare
20:14
Example VIII: d-t Graphs
22:40
Describing Motion II

36m 47s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:09
Special Case: Constant Acceleration
0:31
Constant Acceleration & Kinematic Equations
0:32
Deriving the Kinematic Equations
1:28
V = V₀ + at
1:39
∆x = V₀t +(1/2)at²
2:03
V² = V₀² +2a∆x
4:05
Problem Solving Steps
7:02
Step 1
7:13
Step 2
7:18
Step 3
7:27
Step 4
7:30
Step 5
7:31
Example IX: Horizontal Kinematics
7:38
Example X: Vertical Kinematics
9:45
Example XI: 2 Step Problem
11:23
Example XII: Acceleration Problem
15:01
Example XIII: Particle Diagrams
15:57
Example XIV: Particle Diagrams
17:36
Example XV: Quadratic Solution
18:46
Free Fall
22:56
Free Fall
22:57
Air Resistance
23:24
Air Resistance
23:25
Acceleration Due to Gravity
23:48
Acceleration Due to Gravity
23:49
Objects Falling From Rest
24:18
Objects Falling From Rest
24:19
Example XVI: Falling Objects
24:55
Objects Launched Upward
26:01
Objects Launched Upward
26:02
Example XVII: Ball Thrown Upward
27:16
Example XVIII: Height of a Jump
27:48
Example XIX: Ball Thrown Downward
31:10
Example XX: Maximum Height
32:27
Example XXI: Catch-Up Problem
33:53
Example XXII: Ranking Max Height
35:52
Projectile Motion

30m 34s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
What is a Projectile?
0:28
What is a Projectile?
0:29
Path of a Projectile
0:58
Path of a Projectile
0:59
Independence of Motion
2:45
Vertical & Horizontal Motion
2:46
Example I: Horizontal Launch
3:14
Example II: Parabolic Path
7:20
Angled Projectiles
8:01
Angled Projectiles
8:02
Example III: Human Cannonball
10:05
Example IV: Motion Graphs
14:39
Graphing Projectile Motion
19:05
Horizontal Equation
19:06
Vertical Equation
19:46
Example V: Arrow Fired from Tower
21:28
Example VI: Arrow Fired from Tower
24:10
Example VII: Launch from a Height
24:40
Example VIII: Acceleration of a Projectile
29:49
Circular & Relative Motion

30m 24s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:08
Radians and Degrees
0:32
Degrees
0:35
Radians
0:40
Example I: Radians and Degrees
1:08
Example I: Part A - Convert 90 Degrees to Radians
1:09
Example I: Part B - Convert 6 Radians to Degrees
2:08
Linear vs. Angular Displacement
2:38
Linear Displacement
2:39
Angular Displacement
2:52
Linear vs. Angular Velocity
3:18
Linear Velocity
3:19
Angular Velocity
3:25
Direction of Angular Velocity
4:36
Direction of Angular Velocity
4:37
Converting Linear to Angular Velocity
5:05
Converting Linear to Angular Velocity
5:06
Example II: Earth's Angular Velocity
6:12
Linear vs. Angular Acceleration
7:26
Linear Acceleration
7:27
Angular Acceleration
7:32
Centripetal Acceleration
8:05
Expressing Position Vector in Terms of Unit Vectors
8:06
Velocity
10:00
Centripetal Acceleration
11:14
Magnitude of Centripetal Acceleration
13:24
Example III: Angular Velocity & Centripetal Acceleration
14:02
Example IV: Moon's Orbit
15:03
Reference Frames
17:44
Reference Frames
17:45
Laws of Physics
18:00
Motion at Rest vs. Motion at a Constant Velocity
18:21
Motion is Relative
19:20
Reference Frame: Sitting in a Lawn Chair
19:21
Reference Frame: Sitting on a Train
19:56
Calculating Relative Velocities
20:19
Calculating Relative Velocities
20:20
Example: Calculating Relative Velocities
20:57
Example V: Man on a Train
23:19
Example VI: Airspeed
24:56
Example VII: 2-D Relative Motion
26:12
Example VIII: Relative Velocity w/ Direction
28:32
Section 3: Dynamics
Newton's First Law & Free Body Diagrams

23m 57s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:11
Newton's 1st Law of Motion
0:28
Newton's 1st Law of Motion
0:29
Force
1:16
Definition of Force
1:17
Units of Force
1:20
How Much is a Newton?
1:25
Contact Forces
1:47
Field Forces
2:32
What is a Net Force?
2:53
What is a Net Force?
2:54
What Does It Mean?
4:35
What Does It Mean?
4:36
Objects at Rest
4:52
Objects at Rest
4:53
Objects in Motion
5:12
Objects in Motion
5:13
Equilibrium
6:03
Static Equilibrium
6:04
Mechanical Equilibrium
6:22
Translational Equilibrium
6:38
Inertia
6:48
Inertia
6:49
Inertial Mass
6:58
Gravitational Mass
7:11
Example I: Inertia
7:40
Example II: Inertia
8:03
Example III: Translational Equilibrium
8:25
Example IV: Net Force
9:19
Free Body Diagrams
10:34
Free Body Diagrams Overview
10:35
Falling Elephant: Free Body Diagram
10:53
Free Body Diagram Neglecting Air Resistance
10:54
Free Body Diagram Including Air Resistance
11:22
Soda on Table
11:54
Free Body Diagram for a Glass of Soda Sitting on a Table
11:55
Free Body Diagram for Box on Ramp
13:38
Free Body Diagram for Box on Ramp
13:39
Pseudo- Free Body Diagram
15:26
Example V: Translational Equilibrium
18:35
Newton's Second & Third Laws of Motion

23m 57s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:09
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion
0:36
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion
0:37
Applying Newton's 2nd Law
1:12
Step 1
1:13
Step 2
1:18
Step 3
1:27
Step 4
1:36
Example I: Block on a Surface
1:42
Example II: Concurrent Forces
2:42
Mass vs. Weight
4:09
Mass
4:10
Weight
4:28
Example III: Mass vs. Weight
4:45
Example IV: Translational Equilibrium
6:43
Example V: Translational Equilibrium
8:23
Example VI: Determining Acceleration
10:13
Example VII: Stopping a Baseball
12:38
Example VIII: Steel Beams
14:11
Example IX: Tension Between Blocks
17:03
Example X: Banked Curves
18:57
Example XI: Tension in Cords
24:03
Example XII: Graphical Interpretation
27:13
Example XIII: Force from Velocity
28:12
Newton's 3rd Law
29:16
Newton's 3rd Law
29:17
Examples - Newton's 3rd Law
30:01
Examples - Newton's 3rd Law
30:02
Action-Reaction Pairs
30:40
Girl Kicking Soccer Ball
30:41
Rocket Ship in Space
31:02
Gravity on You
31:23
Example XIV: Force of Gravity
32:11
Example XV: Sailboat
32:38
Example XVI: Hammer and Nail
33:18
Example XVII: Net Force
33:47
Friction

20m 41s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:06
Coefficient of Friction
0:21
Coefficient of Friction
0:22
Approximate Coefficients of Friction
0:44
Kinetic or Static?
1:21
Sled Sliding Down a Snowy Hill
1:22
Refrigerator at Rest that You Want to Move
1:32
Car with Tires Rolling Freely
1:49
Car Skidding Across Pavement
2:01
Example I: Car Sliding
2:21
Example II: Block on Incline
3:04
Calculating the Force of Friction
3:33
Calculating the Force of Friction
3:34
Example III: Finding the Frictional Force
4:02
Example IV: Box on Wood Surface
5:34
Example V: Static vs. Kinetic Friction
7:35
Example VI: Drag Force on Airplane
7:58
Example VII: Pulling a Sled
8:41
Example VIII: AP-C 2007 FR1
13:23
Example VIII: Part A
13:24
Example VIII: Part B
14:40
Example VIII: Part C
15:19
Example VIII: Part D
17:08
Example VIII: Part E
18:24
Retarding & Drag Forces

32m 10s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
Retarding Forces
0:41
Retarding Forces
0:42
The Skydiver
1:30
Drag Forces on a Free-falling Object
1:31
Velocity as a Function of Time
5:31
Velocity as a Function of Time
5:32
Velocity as a Function of Time, cont.
12:27
Acceleration
12:28
Velocity as a Function of Time, cont.
15:16
Graph: Acceleration vs. Time
16:06
Graph: Velocity vs. Time
16:40
Graph: Displacement vs. Time
17:04
Example I: AP-C 2005 FR1
17:43
Example I: Part A
17:44
Example I: Part B
19:17
Example I: Part C
20:17
Example I: Part D
21:09
Example I: Part E
22:42
Example II: AP-C 2013 FR2
24:26
Example II: Part A
24:27
Example II: Part B
25:25
Example II: Part C
26:22
Example II: Part D
27:04
Example II: Part E
30:50
Ramps & Inclines

20m 31s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:06
Drawing Free Body Diagrams for Ramps
0:32
Step 1: Choose the Object & Draw It as a Dot or Box
0:33
Step 2: Draw and Label all the External Forces
0:39
Step 3: Sketch a Coordinate System
0:42
Example: Object on a Ramp
0:52
Pseudo-Free Body Diagrams
2:06
Pseudo-Free Body Diagrams
2:07
Redraw Diagram with All Forces Parallel to Axes
2:18
Box on a Ramp
4:08
Free Body Diagram for Box on a Ramp
4:09
Pseudo-Free Body Diagram for Box on a Ramp
4:54
Example I: Box at Rest
6:13
Example II: Box Held By Force
6:35
Example III: Truck on a Hill
8:46
Example IV: Force Up a Ramp
9:29
Example V: Acceleration Down a Ramp
12:01
Example VI: Able of Repose
13:59
Example VII: Sledding
17:03
Atwood Machines

24m 58s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
What is an Atwood Machine?
0:25
What is an Atwood Machine?
0:26
Properties of Atwood Machines
1:03
Ideal Pulleys are Frictionless and Massless
1:04
Tension is Constant
1:14
Setup for Atwood Machines
1:26
Setup for Atwood Machines
1:27
Solving Atwood Machine Problems
1:52
Solving Atwood Machine Problems
1:53
Alternate Solution
5:24
Analyze the System as a Whole
5:25
Example I: Basic Atwood Machine
7:31
Example II: Moving Masses
9:59
Example III: Masses and Pulley on a Table
13:32
Example IV: Mass and Pulley on a Ramp
15:47
Example V: Ranking Atwood Machines
19:50
Section 4: Work, Energy, & Power
Work

37m 34s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
What is Work?
0:36
What is Work?
0:37
Units of Work
1:09
Work in One Dimension
1:31
Work in One Dimension
1:32
Examples of Work
2:19
Stuntman in a Jet Pack
2:20
A Girl Struggles to Push Her Stalled Car
2:50
A Child in a Ghost Costume Carries a Bag of Halloween Candy Across the Yard
3:24
Example I: Moving a Refrigerator
4:03
Example II: Liberating a Car
4:53
Example III: Lifting Box
5:30
Example IV: Pulling a Wagon
6:13
Example V: Ranking Work on Carts
7:13
Non-Constant Forces
12:21
Non-Constant Forces
12:22
Force vs. Displacement Graphs
13:49
Force vs. Displacement Graphs
13:50
Hooke's Law
14:41
Hooke's Law
14:42
Determining the Spring Constant
15:38
Slope of the Graph Gives the Spring Constant, k
15:39
Work Done in Compressing the Spring
16:34
Find the Work Done in Compressing the String
16:35
Example VI: Finding Spring Constant
17:21
Example VII: Calculating Spring Constant
19:48
Example VIII: Hooke's Law
20:30
Example IX: Non-Linear Spring
22:18
Work in Multiple Dimensions
23:52
Work in Multiple Dimensions
23:53
Work-Energy Theorem
25:25
Work-Energy Theorem
25:26
Example X: Work-Energy Theorem
28:35
Example XI: Work Done on Moving Carts
30:46
Example XII: Velocity from an F-d Graph
35:01
Energy & Conservative Forces

28m 4s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:08
Energy Transformations
0:31
Energy Transformations
0:32
Work-Energy Theorem
0:57
Kinetic Energy
1:12
Kinetic Energy: Definition
1:13
Kinetic Energy: Equation
1:55
Example I: Frog-O-Cycle
2:07
Potential Energy
2:46
Types of Potential Energy
2:47
A Potential Energy Requires an Interaction between Objects
3:29
Internal energy
3:50
Internal Energy
3:51
Types of Energy
4:37
Types of Potential & Kinetic Energy
4:38
Gravitational Potential Energy
5:42
Gravitational Potential Energy
5:43
Example II: Potential Energy
7:27
Example III: Kinetic and Potential Energy
8:16
Example IV: Pendulum
9:09
Conservative Forces
11:37
Conservative Forces Overview
11:38
Type of Conservative Forces
12:42
Types of Non-conservative Forces
13:02
Work Done by Conservative Forces
13:28
Work Done by Conservative Forces
13:29
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
14:18
Gravitational Force of Attraction between Any Two Objects with Mass
14:19
Gravitational Potential Energy
15:27
Gravitational Potential Energy
15:28
Elastic Potential Energy
17:36
Elastic Potential Energy
17:37
Force from Potential Energy
18:51
Force from Potential Energy
18:52
Gravitational Force from the Gravitational Potential Energy
20:46
Gravitational Force from the Gravitational Potential Energy
20:47
Hooke's Law from Potential Energy
22:04
Hooke's Law from Potential Energy
22:05
Summary
23:16
Summary
23:17
Example V: Kinetic Energy of a Mass
24:40
Example VI: Force from Potential Energy
25:48
Example VII: Work on a Spinning Disc
26:54
Conservation of Energy

54m 56s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:09
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
0:32
Consider a Single Conservative Force Doing Work on a Closed System
0:33
Non-Conservative Forces
1:40
Non-Conservative Forces
1:41
Work Done by a Non-conservative Force
1:47
Formula: Total Energy
1:54
Formula: Total Mechanical Energy
2:04
Example I: Falling Mass
2:15
Example II: Law of Conservation of Energy
4:07
Example III: The Pendulum
6:34
Example IV: Cart Compressing a Spring
10:12
Example V: Cart Compressing a Spring
11:12
Example V: Part A - Potential Energy Stored in the Compressed Spring
11:13
Example V: Part B - Maximum Vertical Height
12:01
Example VI: Car Skidding to a Stop
13:05
Example VII: Block on Ramp
14:22
Example VIII: Energy Transfers
16:15
Example IX: Roller Coaster
20:04
Example X: Bungee Jumper
23:32
Example X: Part A - Speed of the Jumper at a Height of 15 Meters Above the Ground
24:48
Example X: Part B - Speed of the Jumper at a Height of 30 Meters Above the Ground
26:53
Example X: Part C - How Close Does the Jumper Get to the Ground?
28:28
Example XI: AP-C 2002 FR3
30:28
Example XI: Part A
30:59
Example XI: Part B
31:54
Example XI: Part C
32:50
Example XI: Part D & E
33:52
Example XII: AP-C 2007 FR3
35:24
Example XII: Part A
35:52
Example XII: Part B
36:27
Example XII: Part C
37:48
Example XII: Part D
39:32
Example XIII: AP-C 2010 FR1
41:07
Example XIII: Part A
41:34
Example XIII: Part B
43:05
Example XIII: Part C
45:24
Example XIII: Part D
47:18
Example XIV: AP-C 2013 FR1
48:25
Example XIV: Part A
48:50
Example XIV: Part B
49:31
Example XIV: Part C
51:27
Example XIV: Part D
52:46
Example XIV: Part E
53:25
Power

16m 44s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:06
Defining Power
0:20
Definition of Power
0:21
Units of Power
0:27
Average Power
0:43
Instantaneous Power
1:03
Instantaneous Power
1:04
Example I: Horizontal Box
2:07
Example II: Accelerating Truck
4:48
Example III: Motors Delivering Power
6:00
Example IV: Power Up a Ramp
7:00
Example V: Power from Position Function
8:51
Example VI: Motorcycle Stopping
10:48
Example VII: AP-C 2003 FR1
11:52
Example VII: Part A
11:53
Example VII: Part B
12:50
Example VII: Part C
14:36
Example VII: Part D
15:52
Section 5: Momentum
Momentum & Impulse

13m 9s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
Momentum
0:39
Definition of Momentum
0:40
Total Momentum
1:00
Formula for Momentum
1:05
Units of Momentum
1:11
Example I: Changing Momentum
1:18
Impulse
2:27
Impulse
2:28
Example II: Impulse
2:41
Relationship Between Force and ∆p (Impulse)
3:36
Relationship Between Force and ∆p (Impulse)
3:37
Example III: Force from Momentum
4:37
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
5:14
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
5:15
Example IV: Impulse-Momentum
6:26
Example V: Water Gun & Horizontal Force
7:56
Impulse from F-t Graphs
8:53
Impulse from F-t Graphs
8:54
Example VI: Non-constant Forces
9:16
Example VII: F-t Graph
10:01
Example VIII: Impulse from Force
11:19
Conservation of Linear Momentum

46m 30s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:08
Conservation of Linear Momentum
0:28
In an Isolated System
0:29
In Any Closed System
0:37
Direct Outcome of Newton's 3rd Law of Motion
0:47
Collisions and Explosions
1:07
Collisions and Explosions
1:08
The Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum
1:25
Solving Momentum Problems
1:35
Solving Momentum Problems
1:36
Types of Collisions
2:08
Elastic Collision
2:09
Inelastic Collision
2:34
Example I: Traffic Collision
3:00
Example II: Collision of Two Moving Objects
6:55
Example III: Recoil Velocity
9:47
Example IV: Atomic Collision
12:12
Example V: Collision in Multiple Dimensions
18:11
Example VI: AP-C 2001 FR1
25:16
Example VI: Part A
25:33
Example VI: Part B
26:44
Example VI: Part C
28:17
Example VI: Part D
28:58
Example VII: AP-C 2002 FR1
30:10
Example VII: Part A
30:20
Example VII: Part B
32:14
Example VII: Part C
34:25
Example VII: Part D
36:17
Example VIII: AP-C 2014 FR1
38:55
Example VIII: Part A
39:28
Example VIII: Part B
41:00
Example VIII: Part C
42:57
Example VIII: Part D
44:20
Center of Mass

28m 26s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
Center of Mass
0:45
Center of Mass
0:46
Finding Center of Mass by Inspection
1:25
For Uniform Density Objects
1:26
For Objects with Multiple Parts
1:36
For Irregular Objects
1:44
Example I: Center of Mass by Inspection
2:06
Calculating Center of Mass for Systems of Particles
2:25
Calculating Center of Mass for Systems of Particles
2:26
Example II: Center of Mass (1D)
3:15
Example III: Center of Mass of Continuous System
4:29
Example IV: Center of Mass (2D)
6:00
Finding Center of Mass by Integration
7:38
Finding Center of Mass by Integration
7:39
Example V: Center of Mass of a Uniform Rod
8:10
Example VI: Center of Mass of a Non-Uniform Rod
11:40
Center of Mass Relationships
14:44
Center of Mass Relationships
14:45
Center of Gravity
17:36
Center of Gravity
17:37
Uniform Gravitational Field vs. Non-uniform Gravitational Field
17:53
Example VII: AP-C 2004 FR1
18:26
Example VII: Part A
18:45
Example VII: Part B
19:38
Example VII: Part C
21:03
Example VII: Part D
22:04
Example VII: Part E
24:52
Section 6: Uniform Circular Motion
Uniform Circular Motion

21m 36s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:08
Uniform Circular Motion
0:42
Distance Around the Circle for Objects Traveling in a Circular Path at Constant Speed
0:51
Average Speed for Objects Traveling in a Circular Path at Constant Speed
1:15
Frequency
1:42
Definition of Frequency
1:43
Symbol of Frequency
1:46
Units of Frequency
1:49
Period
2:04
Period
2:05
Frequency and Period
2:19
Frequency and Period
2:20
Example I: Race Car
2:32
Example II: Toy Train
3:22
Example III: Round-A-Bout
4:07
Example III: Part A - Period of the Motion
4:08
Example III: Part B- Frequency of the Motion
4:43
Example III: Part C- Speed at Which Alan Revolves
4:58
Uniform Circular Motion
5:28
Is an Object Undergoing Uniform Circular Motion Accelerating?
5:29
Direction of Centripetal Acceleration
6:21
Direction of Centripetal Acceleration
6:22
Magnitude of Centripetal Acceleration
8:23
Magnitude of Centripetal Acceleration
8:24
Example IV: Car on a Track
8:39
Centripetal Force
10:14
Centripetal Force
10:15
Calculating Centripetal Force
11:47
Calculating Centripetal Force
11:48
Example V: Acceleration
12:41
Example VI: Direction of Centripetal Acceleration
13:44
Example VII: Loss of Centripetal Force
14:03
Example VIII: Bucket in Horizontal Circle
14:44
Example IX: Bucket in Vertical Circle
15:24
Example X: Demon Drop
17:38
Example X: Question 1
18:02
Example X: Question 2
18:25
Example X: Question 3
19:22
Example X: Question 4
20:13
Section 7: Rotational Motion
Rotational Kinematics

32m 52s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
Radians and Degrees
0:35
Once Around a Circle: In Degrees
0:36
Once Around a Circle: In Radians
0:48
Measurement of Radian
0:51
Example I: Radian and Degrees
1:08
Example I: Convert 90° to Radians
1:09
Example I: Convert 6 Radians to Degree
1:23
Linear vs. Angular Displacement
1:43
Linear Displacement
1:44
Angular Displacement
1:51
Linear vs. Angular Velocity
2:04
Linear Velocity
2:05
Angular Velocity
2:10
Direction of Angular Velocity
2:28
Direction of Angular Velocity
2:29
Converting Linear to Angular Velocity
2:58
Converting Linear to Angular Velocity
2:59
Example II: Angular Velocity of Earth
3:51
Linear vs. Angular Acceleration
4:35
Linear Acceleration
4:36
Angular Acceleration
4:42
Example III: Angular Acceleration
5:09
Kinematic Variable Parallels
6:30
Kinematic Variable Parallels: Translational & Angular
6:31
Variable Translations
7:00
Variable Translations: Translational & Angular
7:01
Kinematic Equation Parallels
7:38
Kinematic Equation Parallels: Translational & Rotational
7:39
Example IV: Deriving Centripetal Acceleration
8:29
Example V: Angular Velocity
13:24
Example V: Part A
13:25
Example V: Part B
14:15
Example VI: Wheel in Motion
14:39
Example VII: AP-C 2003 FR3
16:23
Example VII: Part A
16:38
Example VII: Part B
17:34
Example VII: Part C
24:02
Example VIII: AP-C 2014 FR2
25:35
Example VIII: Part A
25:47
Example VIII: Part B
26:28
Example VIII: Part C
27:48
Example VIII: Part D
28:26
Example VIII: Part E
29:16
Moment of Inertia

24m

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
Types of Inertia
0:34
Inertial Mass
0:35
Moment of Inertia
0:44
Kinetic Energy of a Rotating Disc
1:25
Kinetic Energy of a Rotating Disc
1:26
Calculating Moment of Inertia (I)
5:32
Calculating Moment of Inertia (I)
5:33
Moment of Inertia for Common Objects
5:49
Moment of Inertia for Common Objects
5:50
Example I: Point Masses
6:46
Example II: Uniform Rod
9:09
Example III: Solid Cylinder
13:07
Parallel Axis Theorem (PAT)
17:33
Parallel Axis Theorem (PAT)
17:34
Example IV: Calculating I Using the Parallel Axis Theorem
18:39
Example V: Hollow Sphere
20:18
Example VI: Long Thin Rod
20:55
Example VII: Ranking Moment of Inertia
21:50
Example VIII: Adjusting Moment of Inertia
22:39
Torque

26m 9s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:06
Torque
0:18
Definition of Torque
0:19
Torque & Rotation
0:26
Lever Arm ( r )
0:30
Example: Wrench
0:39
Direction of the Torque Vector
1:45
Direction of the Torque Vector
1:46
Finding Direction Using the Right-hand Rule
1:53
Newton's 2nd Law: Translational vs. Rotational
2:20
Newton's 2nd Law: Translational vs. Rotational
2:21
Equilibrium
3:17
Static Equilibrium
3:18
Dynamic Equilibrium
3:30
Example I: See-Saw Problem
3:46
Example II: Beam Problem
7:12
Example III: Pulley with Mass
10:34
Example IV: Net Torque
13:46
Example V: Ranking Torque
15:29
Example VI: Ranking Angular Acceleration
16:25
Example VII: Café Sign
17:19
Example VIII: AP-C 2008 FR2
19:44
Example VIII: Part A
20:12
Example VIII: Part B
21:08
Example VIII: Part C
22:36
Example VIII: Part D
24:37
Rotational Dynamics

56m 58s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:08
Conservation of Energy
0:48
Translational Kinetic Energy
0:49
Rotational Kinetic Energy
0:54
Total Kinetic Energy
1:03
Example I: Disc Rolling Down an Incline
1:10
Rotational Dynamics
4:25
Rotational Dynamics
4:26
Example II: Strings with Massive Pulleys
4:37
Example III: Rolling without Slipping
9:13
Example IV: Rolling with Slipping
13:45
Example V: Amusement Park Swing
22:49
Example VI: AP-C 2002 FR2
26:27
Example VI: Part A
26:48
Example VI: Part B
27:30
Example VI: Part C
29:51
Example VI: Part D
30:50
Example VII: AP-C 2006 FR3
31:39
Example VII: Part A
31:49
Example VII: Part B
36:20
Example VII: Part C
37:14
Example VII: Part D
38:48
Example VIII: AP-C 2010 FR2
39:40
Example VIII: Part A
39:46
Example VIII: Part B
40:44
Example VIII: Part C
44:31
Example VIII: Part D
46:44
Example IX: AP-C 2013 FR3
48:27
Example IX: Part A
48:47
Example IX: Part B
50:33
Example IX: Part C
53:28
Example IX: Part D
54:15
Example IX: Part E
56:20
Angular Momentum

33m 2s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:09
Linear Momentum
0:44
Definition of Linear Momentum
0:45
Total Angular Momentum
0:52
p = mv
0:59
Angular Momentum
1:08
Definition of Angular Momentum
1:09
Total Angular Momentum
1:21
A Mass with Velocity v Moving at Some Position r
1:29
Calculating Angular Momentum
1:44
Calculating Angular Momentum
1:45
Spin Angular Momentum
4:17
Spin Angular Momentum
4:18
Example I: Object in Circular Orbit
4:51
Example II: Angular Momentum of a Point Particle
6:34
Angular Momentum and Net Torque
9:03
Angular Momentum and Net Torque
9:04
Conservation of Angular Momentum
11:53
Conservation of Angular Momentum
11:54
Example III: Ice Skater Problem
12:20
Example IV: Combining Spinning Discs
13:52
Example V: Catching While Rotating
15:13
Example VI: Changes in Angular Momentum
16:47
Example VII: AP-C 2005 FR3
17:37
Example VII: Part A
18:12
Example VII: Part B
18:32
Example VII: Part C
19:53
Example VII: Part D
21:52
Example VIII: AP-C 2014 FR3
24:23
Example VIII: Part A
24:31
Example VIII: Part B
25:33
Example VIII: Part C
26:58
Example VIII: Part D
28:24
Example VIII: Part E
30:42
Section 8: Oscillations
Oscillations

1h 1m 12s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:08
Simple Harmonic Motion
0:45
Simple Harmonic Motion
0:46
Circular Motion vs. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
1:39
Circular Motion vs. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
1:40
Position, Velocity, & Acceleration
4:55
Position
4:56
Velocity
5:12
Acceleration
5:49
Frequency and Period
6:37
Frequency
6:42
Period
6:49
Angular Frequency
7:05
Angular Frequency
7:06
Example I: Oscillating System
7:37
Example I: Determine the Object's Angular Frequency
7:38
Example I: What is the Object's Position at Time t = 10s?
8:16
Example I: At What Time is the Object at x = 0.1m?
9:10
Mass on a Spring
10:17
Mass on a Spring
10:18
Example II: Analysis of Spring-Block System
11:34
Example III: Spring-Block ranking
12:53
General Form of Simple Harmonic Motion
14:41
General Form of Simple Harmonic Motion
14:42
Graphing Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
15:22
Graphing Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
15:23
Energy of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
15:49
Energy of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
15:50
Horizontal Spring Oscillator
19:24
Horizontal Spring Oscillator
19:25
Vertical Spring Oscillator
20:58
Vertical Spring Oscillator
20:59
Springs in Series
23:30
Springs in Series
23:31
Springs in Parallel
26:08
Springs in Parallel
26:09
The Pendulum
26:59
The Pendulum
27:00
Energy and the Simple Pendulum
27:46
Energy and the Simple Pendulum
27:47
Frequency and Period of a Pendulum
30:16
Frequency and Period of a Pendulum
30:17
Example IV: Deriving Period of a Simple Pendulum
31:42
Example V: Deriving Period of a Physical Pendulum
35:20
Example VI: Summary of Spring-Block System
38:16
Example VII: Harmonic Oscillator Analysis
44:14
Example VII: Spring Constant
44:24
Example VII: Total Energy
44:45
Example VII: Speed at the Equilibrium Position
45:05
Example VII: Speed at x = 0.30 Meters
45:37
Example VII: Speed at x = -0.40 Meter
46:46
Example VII: Acceleration at the Equilibrium Position
47:21
Example VII: Magnitude of Acceleration at x = 0.50 Meters
47:35
Example VII: Net Force at the Equilibrium Position
48:04
Example VII: Net Force at x = 0.25 Meter
48:20
Example VII: Where does Kinetic Energy = Potential Energy?
48:33
Example VIII: Ranking Spring Systems
49:35
Example IX: Vertical Spring Block Oscillator
51:45
Example X: Ranking Period of Pendulum
53:50
Example XI: AP-C 2009 FR2
54:50
Example XI: Part A
54:58
Example XI: Part B
57:57
Example XI: Part C
59:11
Example XII: AP-C 2010 FR3
1:00:18
Example XII: Part A
1:00:49
Example XII: Part B
1:02:47
Example XII: Part C
1:04:30
Example XII: Part D
1:05:53
Example XII: Part E
1:08:13
Section 9: Gravity & Orbits
Gravity & Orbits

34m 59s

Intro
0:00
Objectives
0:07
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
0:45
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
0:46
Example I: Gravitational Force Between Earth and Sun
2:24
Example II: Two Satellites
3:39
Gravitational Field Strength
4:23
Gravitational Field Strength
4:24
Example III: Weight on Another Planet
6:22
Example IV: Gravitational Field of a Hollow Shell
7:31
Example V: Gravitational Field Inside a Solid Sphere
8:33
Velocity in Circular Orbit
12:05
Velocity in Circular Orbit
12:06
Period and Frequency for Circular Orbits
13:56
Period and Frequency for Circular Orbits
13:57
Mechanical Energy for Circular Orbits
16:11
Mechanical Energy for Circular Orbits
16:12
Escape Velocity
17:48
Escape Velocity
17:49
Kepler's 1st Law of Planetary Motion
19:41
Keller's 1st Law of Planetary Motion
19:42
Kepler's 2nd Law of Planetary Motion
20:05
Keller's 2nd Law of Planetary Motion
20:06
Kepler's 3rd Law of Planetary Motion
20:57
Ratio of the Squares of the Periods of Two Planets
20:58
Ratio of the Squares of the Periods to the Cubes of Their Semi-major Axes
21:41
Total Mechanical Energy for an Elliptical Orbit
21:57
Total Mechanical Energy for an Elliptical Orbit
21:58
Velocity and Radius for an Elliptical Orbit
22:35
Velocity and Radius for an Elliptical Orbit
22:36
Example VI: Rocket Launched Vertically
24:26
Example VII: AP-C 2007 FR2
28:16
Example VII: Part A
28:35
Example VII: Part B
29:51
Example VII: Part C
31:14
Example VII: Part D
32:23
Example VII: Part E
33:16
Section 10: Sample AP Exam
1998 AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice

28m 11s

Intro
0:00
Problem 1
0:30
Problem 2
0:51
Problem 3
1:25
Problem 4
2:00
Problem 5
3:05
Problem 6
4:19
Problem 7
4:48
Problem 8
5:18
Problem 9
5:38
Problem 10
6:26
Problem 11
7:21
Problem 12
8:08
Problem 13
8:35
Problem 14
9:20
Problem 15
10:09
Problem 16
10:25
Problem 17
11:30
Problem 18
12:27
Problem 19
13:00
Problem 20
14:40
Problem 21
15:44
Problem 22
16:42
Problem 23
17:35
Problem 24
17:54
Problem 25
18:32
Problem 26
19:08
Problem 27
20:56
Problem 28
22:19
Problem 29
22:36
Problem 30
23:18
Problem 31
24:06
Problem 32
24:40
1998 AP Practice Exam: Free Response Questions (FRQ)

28m 11s

Intro
0:00
Question 1
0:15
Part A: I
0:16
Part A: II
0:46
Part A: III
1:13
Part B
1:40
Part C
2:49
Part D: I
4:46
Part D: II
5:15
Question 2
5:46
Part A: I
6:13
Part A: II
7:05
Part B: I
7:48
Part B: II
8:42
Part B: III
9:03
Part B: IV
9:26
Part B: V
11:32
Question 3
13:30
Part A: I
13:50
Part A: II
14:16
Part A: III
14:38
Part A: IV
14:56
Part A: V
15:36
Part B
16:11
Part C
17:00
Part D: I
19:56
Part D: II
21:08
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Lecture Comments (12)

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Dan Fullerton
Tue Jul 5, 2016 7:08 AM

Post by Hemant Srivastava on July 4, 2016

"We have a falling elephant. Oh No."

Professor Fullerton, your lessons are the first which are actually enjoyable and educational!!!

Keep being an phun physics professor!!!! :):)

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Dan Fullerton
Mon Feb 29, 2016 6:05 AM

Post by Alexandra Baran on February 27, 2016

One medium small sized apple. ~ Professor Dan Fullerton  

You are such a joker

2 answers

Last reply by: Hannah O'Neil
Thu Sep 24, 2015 9:54 AM

Post by Parth Shorey on September 22, 2015

I still didn't understand how you got T2=50N on Example V?

2 answers

Last reply by: Parth Shorey
Tue Sep 22, 2015 8:12 PM

Post by Parth Shorey on September 21, 2015

I still don't understand the difference between net force and net torque?

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Dan Fullerton
Sun May 10, 2015 3:34 PM

Post by Aman Agrawal Aman Agrawal on May 10, 2015

in the FBD, would we write the magnitude of normal force as mg or -mg? the direction is already shown using diagram.. so we could write mg aswell?

Newton's First Law & Free Body Diagrams

  • Newton’s 1st Law of Motion: The velocity of an object will remain constant unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
  • Inertia is an object’s resistance to being accelerated. Mass is a measure of an object’s inertia.

Newton's First Law & Free Body Diagrams

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  • Intro 0:00
  • Objectives 0:11
  • Newton's 1st Law of Motion 0:28
    • Newton's 1st Law of Motion
  • Force 1:16
    • Definition of Force
    • Units of Force
    • How Much is a Newton?
    • Contact Forces
    • Field Forces
  • What is a Net Force? 2:53
    • What is a Net Force?
  • What Does It Mean? 4:35
    • What Does It Mean?
  • Objects at Rest 4:52
    • Objects at Rest
  • Objects in Motion 5:12
    • Objects in Motion
  • Equilibrium 6:03
    • Static Equilibrium
    • Mechanical Equilibrium
    • Translational Equilibrium
  • Inertia 6:48
    • Inertia
    • Inertial Mass
    • Gravitational Mass
  • Example I: Inertia 7:40
  • Example II: Inertia 8:03
  • Example III: Translational Equilibrium 8:25
  • Example IV: Net Force 9:19
  • Free Body Diagrams 10:34
    • Free Body Diagrams Overview
  • Falling Elephant: Free Body Diagram 10:53
    • Free Body Diagram Neglecting Air Resistance
    • Free Body Diagram Including Air Resistance
  • Soda on Table 11:54
    • Free Body Diagram for a Glass of Soda Sitting on a Table
  • Free Body Diagram for Box on Ramp 13:38
    • Free Body Diagram for Box on Ramp
    • Pseudo- Free Body Diagram
  • Example V: Translational Equilibrium 18:35

Transcription: Newton's First Law & Free Body Diagrams

Hello, everyone, and welcome back to www.educator.com.0000

I am Dan Fullerton and today we are going to start our study of dynamics with a lesson on Newton’s first law and free body diagrams.0003

Our objectives are going to be to analyze situations in which a particle remains at rest0011

or it moves with the constant velocity under the influence of several forces.0016

To draw free body diagrams for objects under the influence of multiple forces.0021

As we talk about these let us start with Newton’s first law of motion and it is a very simple law.0028

Everybody thinks they know it but there as so many pieces to it and it is really tough to understand because it is tough to see here on Earth.0034

Let us take our time and walk through it slowly.0039

An object at rest will remain at rest.0044

An object in motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity, constant speed, and constant direction in a straight line0048

that is constant direction part unless acted upon by that net force or an unbalanced force.0059

And that is also known as the law of inertia.0067

What we are going to do is just dive into what that means in detail.0069

I suppose first we probably will talk about forces.0074

A force is a push or pull on an object.0077

The units of force are Newton's the symbol is N.0081

1N is 1 kg × m/s², it is a derived unit.0085

To give you an idea how much is in a Newton it is about the weight of a regular sized apple.0090

If you think of Isaac Newton sitting under a tree the apple comes down bops him on the head.0096

He needs all the help to remember that Newton was about the weight of 1 medium small sized apple somewhere in there.0100

Forces are pushes or pulls but we can divide forces into a couple different types.0108

We can talk about contact forces and we can talk about field forces.0112

Contact forces are things like that tension in a rope string pull and applied force is when you literally go push on something or pull on something.0126

Friction is a contact force.0139

All these forces that arise from the inter atomic attraction and repulsion of the electrons, the charges on atoms when we look at the very small scale.0141

Field forces on the other hand can act in the distance, things like gravity, the electrical force, and the magnetic force.0154

Electrical and magnetic are 2 different sides of the same point.0166

Contact forces and field forces.0170

What then is a net force?0174

Besides being a set of books by Tom Clancy and another author, a net force in physics is the vector sum of all the forces acting on an object.0177

Add up all the forces on an object and whenever you have left over after everything cancels out that is your net force.0189

It is the unbalanced force on an object.0196

If all the forces are balanced, if we have a 20 N force this way and 20 N force exactly opposing it our net force would be 0.0198

If all forces are balance there is no net force and that leads to a situation known as translational equilibrium.0208

Net force unbalanced force mean the same thing.0218

If we took an example we have some object here we have a 5 N force to the right.0222

We have of 5 N force to the left.0228

Our net force is 0.0231

On the other hand what happens if we have a 5 N force to the left a 3 N force to the right.0234

How we can find that out you can probably see just by looking at what the answer is but we can add this up in vector edition.0246

We would draw our 5 N force to add vectors we line them up to tail so we will move that 3 N force so it is lined up to tail there.0253

There is our 3 N force and our resultant goes from the starting point of the first to the ending point of the last would be 2 N to the left.0263

Our net force would be 2 N.0272

What does Newton’s first law really mean?0276

An object is going to continue in its current state of motion unless an unbalanced force acts on it.0279

Whatever it is doing it is going to keep going until there is an unbalanced force.0285

Objects at rest will remain at rest that is easy.0293

I see that all the time.0296

Put the cat on a couch it is going to stay there and until an unbalanced force acts upon it.0299

Sometimes that happens to be the dog.0303

Object at rest, they are still very easy to see in our world.0307

If we want to look at objects in motion though those will remain in motion at a constant velocity and was acted upon by a net force.0311

That is much harder to observe here on earth because we have so much friction.0320

Think about, you put a car on the highway it is going down 15 m/s and it does not just keep going 50 m/s,0325

unless you apply force because you have all that air resistance and the friction between the tires and the car is going to slowdown.0333

You just do not see this every day unless you have a very low friction apparatus you can demonstrate this with.0339

Instead, think of doing this in space.0345

Throw a baseball in space send it flying out it is going to keep going and going and going and going.0347

Eventually, there will be some gravitational forces on it too so we cannot get away from that unbalanced force situation but you get the idea.0353

Talking about equilibrium in a bit more detail.0363

A couple types of equilibrium.0366

Static equilibrium occurs when a net force on an object is 0 and the net torque on an object is 0 and it is at rest.0368

It is still and it does not have any net force and so it is not accelerating in any direction.0375

It does not have a net torque on it either.0380

Mechanical equilibrium occurs when a net force on an object to 0 and the net torque to 0.0385

That does not mean it has to be at rest that just means whatever it is doing it is going to keep doing.0394

Translation of equilibrium is just when a net force on an object is 0.0399

A couple different types of equilibrium.0405

Let us talk about inertia for a moment.0409

Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist the change in velocity.0411

We talked about very early mass has 2 aspects.0416

We have talked about inertial mass.0420

How hard it is to change an objects velocity?0422

At some measure of the objects ability to resist a change in velocity or to resist acceleration.0426

The other type of mass we have talked about is gravitational mass.0433

How strongly a gravitational field affects a mass?0436

We are going to get to that soon.0438

But every time we have measured these they have always been the same.0440

For the purposes of basic intro physics mass and inertia are synonymous.0444

Mass is a measure of an object's inertia so we can almost use those interchangeably here if you see them in a problem.0452

Let us take a look at an example that does just that.0460

Which this objects has the greatest inertia? A falling leaf, a softball in flight, a seated high school student, or a helium filled toy balloon?0463

And of course the object of the greatest inertia is the one that has the greatest mass.0472

Mass is a measure of inertia must be C our seated high school student.0478

Or a question like this, which of these has the greatest inertia?0484

A 5 kg mass moving at 10 m/s, a 10 kg mass at 1 m/s and so on and so on.0487

These speeds do not matter.0495

Inertia masses a measure of inertia.0496

We are just looking for the one with the greatest mass.0500

As we talk about translational equilibrium draw the velocity time graph for an object in translational equilibrium.0506

Let us start by drawing our axis.0512

We have a velocity on the y, time on the x, and if it is in translational equilibrium we know that the net force on the object must be 0.0524

Newton’s first law is going to have no acceleration, no change in velocity, no change in velocity, no acceleration means velocity must be constant.0535

All we have to do is draw a graph of a constant velocity, nice straight line.0546

Let us do a net force problem.0559

What is the net force of an object experiencing a pull of 5 N to the north, a push of 3 N to the south and the pull of 2 N to the east.0561

Let us see if we can draw that.0573

We got 5 N to the north, 3 N to the south, this up to the tail, 3 N to the south and 2 N to the east.0575

As I look at my diagram there.0594

If this whole thing was 5 then we came back 3 that mean this piece must be 2 N.0596

We got 2 N to the right and our result as we draw from the starting point of the first to the ending point of the last.0601

We got this 45° angle vector.0608

What is the magnitude of that net force?0613

Magnitude of our net force is just going to be if we can use the Pythagorean theorem to figure that out √ 2² + 2² is about 2.83 N.0616

Our angle is going to be 45° NE.0628

As we talk about forces of objects a very useful tool is known as the free body diagram.0634

It shows all the forces acting on a single object.0641

What we do is we draw the object itself as a dot or rectangle and then we draw all of the forces acting on that single object.0644

Let us take the example of the following elephant.0653

We have a circus elephant that falls off a tight rope, draw a free body diagram for the following elephant neglecting air resistance.0656

I’m going to draw an elephant as a dot quite the artist there.0664

Neglecting air resistance what forces act on that elephant?0670

The only force I can think of its following is the force of gravity which we are going to write as mg.0675

Draw a free body diagram for a falling elephant but this time including air resistance.0684

There is our elephant we still have the force of gravity on the elephant.0690

We also have some air resistance and air resistance is a form of friction that opposes motion.0696

Let us draw a force in the opposite direction.0702

There is our force of air resistance.0707

It is pretty straightforward.0713

Draw a free body diagram for glass of soda sitting on the table.0716

Let us start with a quick diagram of our situation.0720

We have got some table here and sitting on that we have our glass.0725

What are all the forces acting on our glass of soda?0741

Let us draw that as a dot and there is our object.0745

We have the force of gravity mg.0749

There must be another force on this.0754

What is that?0757

There is a force of table pushing back up on our glass otherwise that object will accelerate through the table and we know that does not happen.0758

That is what we are going to call the normal force.0766

The normal force is a force of perpendicular to a surface.0771

What is really happening is if you look very closely at the surface the atoms on that are bending down a little bit0775

as you have that weight on top of it and pushing back almost like a spring action.0781

The force when we talk about normal force, by normal we mean perpendicular.0785

Perpendicular force from some surface.0795

Those 2 we now must be exactly balance I suppose I should draw the N vector a little bit bigger because it is not accelerating at all.0798

It is just sitting there.0805

If one of those vectors were bigger than the other there would be an unbalanced force0806

and we would have a change in the glasses motion.0810

It is just sitting there it is being nice and boring and still.0813

How about a free body diagram for a box on a ramp?0817

We have a 5 kg box sitting on a ramp incline of 30° what forces act on our box?0821

Let us see if we can identify them first.0828

We can see that we are applying a force up the incline it is just sitting there it is not moving or accelerating.0831

We have the weight of the box, the force of gravity on it mg.0836

We have a normal force n and assuming it is coming up the ramp we can assume let us say0843

that is going up the ramp we can go in some force of friction opposing that motion right there.0852

Let us try out what those forces just for example problem here.0859

I'm going to draw my free body diagram off to the side and0863

the trick here when you draw your free body diagram just look at the angle of our ramp.0867

If it is on a ramp just use that angle of the ramp as your x axis.0871

Try and draw one of the axis in the direction of the object is going to move.0874

I could draw that is my x and my y is going to be perpendicular to my x.0878

Pretty close to it I suppose and you have the greatest drawing ever.0887

X y there is our dot for our object and that will identify the forces acting on it.0891

We have f up the ramp.0898

We have force of gravity straight down.0901

We got friction acting in that direction and our normal force perpendicular to the surface, perpendicular to the ramp.0905

There is our free body diagram but when we get into analysis of these free body diagrams forces0916

that do not line up with one of these axis can get a little bit troublesome mathematically.0922

Although this is our free body diagram what we are going to do is we are going to draw what is called a pseudo free body diagram.0927

Or we are going to take this vector, this force it does not line up with the axis and breaking up the components that do.0935

It is a little easier to deal with.0940

On the AP exam if you are asked for a free body diagram this is the one you have to draw.0942

Do not go right ahead and make a drawing that has a pseudo free body diagram even if you can do that in your head.0948

You will lose points.0954

You need to have the separate free body diagram then redraw to another pseudo free body diagram to help you with your problem solving.0955

Let us draw our axis again.0964

We will see if I can get this a little bit more perpendicular this time.0967

There we go we get our y and x.0972

We will draw our dot and we can already put the forces that lineup with the axis back on here nice and simply.0978

Normal force, force of friction, the only troublesome one is this force of gravity and I'm going to draw that in green0986

just so it stands out you make a little bigger so you can see it pretty easily.0993

The trick here is it does not lineup with the axis.0999

It would be nice if we can break it up into a component that is parallel with the x and parallel with the y.1002

We can do that using trigonometry.1011

This piece the one that is perpendicular to the ramp I will call mg perpendicular by trigonometry1014

we can see that that is going to be adjacent to this angle which is the same as the angle as the ramp and that is going to be mg cos θ.1021

This piece that is parallel with the ramp mg parallel is opposite r angle θ, the same as our angle 30° on the ramp.1031

That is going to be mg sin θ.1039

What I could do is when I redraw my pseudo free body diagram I can replace this green vector an angle1043

with these 2 components to make that equivalent.1050

I will do that here just to illustrate how we are looking were all done.1053

There is our y, here is our x, we will call that y x.1058

There is our dot.1070

Of course we still have f up the ramp.1072

We have our normal force fn or n whichever you prefer perpendicular to the ramp, the normal.1075

We have our force of friction.1082

Although we could draw it back right here from the starting point it starts to get a little tough to say.1086

I like to draw these n to n so I can see them a little bit better.1090

We have in this direction mg sin θ and over here we have mg cos θ.1094

That would be the useful pseudo free body diagram that I would use when I was doing a more detailed analysis of something like this.1105

Let us take a look at an example of how we can put all this together.1114

We have a 10 kg traffic light suspended from a beam as shown.1118

Find the tension in each of the 3 cables T1, T2, T3 supporting the traffic light.1122

What we will do is, let start off by looking at what we have here and I'm going to analyze our object as this one right here.1129

We have on that little ring, we have got T3 up as 1 force tension from the rope and we have mg down.1139

The net force in the y direction then let us call up the positive y is going to be all now is add up all my forces in the y.1150

I got T3 - mg and because it is just sitting there it is equilibrium no acceleration and net force is going to be = 0.1159

There is no net force, therefore, I can state that T3 = mg or T3 is going to be = m 10 kg × g round it off to 10 m/s² or 100 N.1169

Let us take a look at the ring itself since we have already done the right.1187

If we look at the ring itself, we will draw free body diagram for it and I am going to draw my axis here first.1193

X makes these pretty small because we have a little bit of math to do here.1200

Extend at the touch.1206

Looking here there is our object.1210

We have pulling on a T3 down, we have T2 to the right which we have an angle of 30° there is T2 and we have T1 up to the left then angle of 60°.1214

If we want to break that up for a pseudo free body diagram I am going to redraw that over here, a little bit further on the left but we do not have to do that.1236

Let us just keep going with our components and get through this.1244

The net force in the x direction if we look at this we are going to have T2 is x component which could be T2 cos 30°.1249

I think you can see that right from the diagram.1257

Going to the left we have the x component of T1 which will be - T1 cos 60° and all of that has to equal 0.1260

We can try the same thing for the y direction the net force in the y which just means add up all the forces in the y direction.1271

We are going to have T1 sin 60° + T2 sin 30° - T3 which is 100 N -100 N all has to equal 0.1277

Those are the equations I have to solve in order to find my tensions.1295

Let us take a look here and then go back to my green one my net force in x direction as it looks like that just a little bit of math I can find T1 in terms of T2.1300

T2 cos 30 - T1 cos 60 = 0 I could write that T2 cos 30° = T1 cos 60° or T1 is going to be equal to T2 cos 30° / cos 60° which is about 1.732 T2.1310

T1 is that factor × T2.1337

We can take that and plug that into our red equation the net force for the y direction by writing that T1 sin 60° + T2 sin 30° = 100 N,1340

which implies then since we know that T1 = 1.732.1358

T2 we can replace T1 with that so we have 1.732 T2 sin 60° + T2 sin 30° is going to be equal to r 100 N,1364

which implies then that when we do all that together I get 1.5 T2 + 0.5 T2 = 100 N.1383

Therefore, T2 must be equal to 15 N.1395

Once I have done that if I know T2 is 15 N I can plug that back in here for T2 to find that T1 is 1.732.1400

T2 which was 50 N or 86.6 N.1410

We found the tensions T1, T2, and T3 in our suspended traffic light.1416

All right hopefully that gets you a good start with Newton’s first law with free body diagram.1427

We are going to continue to work on these and evolve them as we go to the course.1431

Thank you so much for your time everyone and make it a great day.1435

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