×
Start learning today, and be successful in your academic & professional career. Start Today!

Professor Murray

Laplace Transforms

Slide Duration:

Section 1: First-Order Equations
Linear Equations

1h 7m 21s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Objectives
0:19
How to Solve Linear Equations
2:54
Calculate the Integrating Factor
2:58
Changes the Left Side so We Can Integrate Both Sides
3:27
Solving Linear Equations
5:32
Further Notes
6:10
If P(x) is Negative
6:26
Leave Off the Constant
9:38
The C Is Important When Integrating Both Sides of the Equation
9:55
Example 1
10:29
Example 2
22:56
Example 3
36:12
Example 4
39:24
Example 5
44:10
Example 6
56:42
Separable Equations

35m 11s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Objectives
0:19
Some Equations Are Both Linear and Separable So You Can Use Either Technique to Solve Them
1:33
Important to Add C When You Do the Integration
2:27
Example 1
4:28
Example 2
10:45
Example 3
14:43
Example 4
19:21
Example 5
27:23
Slope & Direction Fields

1h 11m 36s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Objectives
0:20
If You Can Manipulate a Differential Equation Into a Certain Form, You Can Draw a Slope Field Also Known as a Direction Field
0:23
How You Do This
0:45
Solution Trajectories
2:49
Never Cross Each Other
3:44
General Solution to the Differential Equation
4:03
Use an Initial Condition to Find Which Solution Trajectory You Want
4:59
Example 1
6:52
Example 2
14:20
Example 3
26:36
Example 4
34:21
Example 5
46:09
Example 6
59:51
Applications, Modeling, & Word Problems of First-Order Equations

1h 5m 19s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:38
Mixing
1:00
Population
2:49
Finance
3:22
Set Variables
4:39
Write Differential Equation
6:29
Solve It
10:54
11:47
Example 1
13:29
Example 2
24:53
Example 3
32:13
Example 4
42:46
Example 5
55:05
Autonomous Equations & Phase Plane Analysis

1h 1m 20s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:18
Autonomous Differential Equations Have the Form y' = f(x)
0:21
Phase Plane Analysis
0:48
y' < 0
2:56
y' > 0
3:04
If we Perturb the Equilibrium Solutions
5:51
Equilibrium Solutions
7:44
8:06
Solutions Will Tend Away From Unstable Equilibria
9:32
Semistable Equilibria
10:59
Example 1
11:43
Example 2
15:50
Example 3
28:27
Example 4
31:35
Example 5
43:03
Example 6
49:01
Section 2: Second-Order Equations
Distinct Roots of Second Order Equations

28m 44s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:36
Linear Means
0:50
Second-Order
1:15
Homogeneous
1:30
Constant Coefficient
1:55
Solve the Characteristic Equation
2:33
Roots r1 and r2
3:43
To Find c1 and c2, Use Initial Conditions
4:50
Example 1
5:46
Example 2
8:20
Example 3
16:20
Example 4
18:26
Example 5
23:52
Complex Roots of Second Order Equations

31m 49s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:15
Sometimes The Characteristic Equation Has Complex Roots
1:12
Example 1
3:21
Example 2
7:42
Example 3
15:25
Example 4
18:59
Example 5
27:52
Repeated Roots & Reduction of Order

43m 2s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:23
If the Characteristic Equation Has a Double Root
1:46
Reduction of Order
3:10
Example 1
7:23
Example 2
9:20
Example 3
14:12
Example 4
31:49
Example 5
33:21
Undetermined Coefficients of Inhomogeneous Equations

50m 1s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:11
Inhomogeneous Equation Means the Right Hand Side is Not 0 Anymore
0:21
First Solve the Homogeneous Equation
1:04
Find a Particular Solution to the Inhomogeneous Equation Using Undetermined Coefficients
2:03
g(t) vs. Guess for ypar
2:42
If Any Term of Your Guess for ypar Looks Like Any Term of yhom
5:07
Example 1
7:54
Example 2
15:25
Example 3
23:45
Example 4
33:35
Example 5
42:57
Inhomogeneous Equations: Variation of Parameters

49m 22s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:31
Inhomogeneous vs. Homogeneous
0:47
First Solve the Homogeneous Equation
1:17
Notice There is No Coefficient in Front of y''
1:27
Find a Particular Solution to the Inhomogeneous Equation Using Variation of Parameters
2:32
How to Solve
4:33
Hint on Solving the System
5:23
Example 1
7:27
Example 2
17:46
Example 3
23:14
Example 4
31:49
Example 5
36:00
Section 3: Series Solutions
Review of Power Series

57m 38s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:36
Taylor Series Expansion
0:37
Maclaurin Series
2:36
Common Maclaurin Series to Remember From Calculus
3:35
7:58
Ratio Test
12:05
Example 1
15:18
Example 2
20:02
Example 3
27:32
Example 4
39:33
Example 5
45:42
Series Solutions Near an Ordinary Point

1h 20m 28s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:49
Guess a Power Series Solution and Calculate Its Derivatives, Example 1
1:03
Guess a Power Series Solution and Calculate Its Derivatives, Example 2
3:14
Combine the Series
5:00
Match Exponents on x By Shifting Indices
5:11
Match Starting Indices By Pulling Out Initial Terms
5:51
Find a Recurrence Relation on the Coefficients
7:09
Example 1
7:46
Example 2
19:10
Example 3
29:57
Example 4
41:46
Example 5
57:23
Example 6
1:09:12
Euler Equations

24m 42s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:11
Euler Equation
0:15
Real, Distinct Roots
2:22
Real, Repeated Roots
2:37
Complex Roots
2:49
Example 1
3:51
Example 2
6:20
Example 3
8:27
Example 4
13:04
Example 5
15:31
Example 6
18:31
Series Solutions

1h 26m 17s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:13
Singular Point
1:17
Definition: Pole of Order n
1:58
Pole Of Order n
2:04
Regular Singular Point
3:25
Solving Around Regular Singular Points
7:08
Indical Equation
7:30
If the Difference Between the Roots is An Integer
8:06
If the Difference Between the Roots is Not An Integer
8:29
Example 1
8:47
Example 2
14:57
Example 3
25:40
Example 4
47:23
Example 5
1:09:01
Section 4: Laplace Transform
Laplace Transforms

41m 52s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:09
Laplace Transform of a Function f(t)
0:18
Laplace Transform is Linear
1:04
Example 1
1:43
Example 2
18:30
Example 3
22:06
Example 4
28:27
Example 5
33:54
Inverse Laplace Transforms

47m 5s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:09
Laplace Transform L{f}
0:13
Run Partial Fractions
0:24
Common Laplace Transforms
1:20
Example 1
3:24
Example 2
9:55
Example 3
14:49
Example 4
22:03
Example 5
33:51
Laplace Transform Initial Value Problems

45m 15s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:12
0:14
Take the Laplace Transform of Both Sides of the Differential Equation
0:37
Plug in the Identities
1:20
Take the Inverse Laplace Transform to Find y
2:40
Example 1
4:15
Example 2
11:30
Example 3
17:59
Example 4
24:51
Example 5
36:05
Section 5: Review of Linear Algebra
Review of Linear Algebra

57m 30s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:41
Matrix
0:54
Determinants
4:45
3x3 Determinants
5:08
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
7:01
Eigenvector
7:48
Eigenvalue
7:54
Lesson Overview
8:17
Characteristic Polynomial
8:47
Find Corresponding Eigenvector
9:03
Example 1
10:19
Example 2
16:49
Example 3
20:52
Example 4
25:34
Example 5
35:05
Section 6: Systems of Equations
Distinct Real Eigenvalues

59m 26s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
1:11
How to Solve Systems
2:48
Find the Eigenvalues and Their Corresponding Eigenvectors
2:50
General Solution
4:30
Use Initial Conditions to Find c1 and c2
4:57
Graphing the Solutions
5:20
Solution Trajectories Tend Towards 0 or ∞ Depending on Whether r1 or r2 are Positive or Negative
6:35
Solution Trajectories Tend Towards the Axis Spanned by the Eigenvector Corresponding to the Larger Eigenvalue
7:27
Example 1
9:05
Example 2
21:06
Example 3
26:38
Example 4
36:40
Example 5
43:26
Example 6
51:33
Complex Eigenvalues

1h 3m 54s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:47
Recall That to Solve the System of Linear Differential Equations, We find the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
0:52
If the Eigenvalues are Complex, Then They Will Occur in Conjugate Pairs
1:13
Expanding Complex Solutions
2:55
Euler's Formula
2:56
Multiply This Into the Eigenvector, and Separate Into Real and Imaginary Parts
1:18
Graphing Solutions From Complex Eigenvalues
5:34
Example 1
9:03
Example 2
20:48
Example 3
28:34
Example 4
41:28
Example 5
51:21
Repeated Eigenvalues

45m 17s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:44
If the Characteristic Equation Has a Repeated Root, Then We First Find the Corresponding Eigenvector
1:14
Find the Generalized Eigenvector
1:25
Solutions from Repeated Eigenvalues
2:22
Form the Two Principal Solutions and the Two General Solution
2:23
Use Initial Conditions to Solve for c1 and c2
3:41
Graphing the Solutions
3:53
Example 1
8:10
Example 2
16:24
Example 3
23:25
Example 4
31:04
Example 5
38:17
Section 7: Inhomogeneous Systems
Undetermined Coefficients for Inhomogeneous Systems

43m 37s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:35
First Solve the Corresponding Homogeneous System x'=Ax
0:37
Solving the Inhomogeneous System
2:32
Look for a Single Particular Solution xpar to the Inhomogeneous System
2:36
Plug the Guess Into the System and Solve for the Coefficients
3:27
Add the Homogeneous Solution and the Particular Solution to Get the General Solution
3:52
Example 1
4:49
Example 2
9:30
Example 3
15:54
Example 4
20:39
Example 5
29:43
Example 6
37:41
Variation of Parameters for Inhomogeneous Systems

1h 8m 12s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:37
Find Two Solutions to the Homogeneous System
2:04
Look for a Single Particular Solution xpar to the inhomogeneous system as follows
2:59
Solutions by Variation of Parameters
3:35
General Solution and Matrix Inversion
6:35
General Solution
6:41
Hint for Finding Ψ-1
6:58
Example 1
8:13
Example 2
16:23
Example 3
32:23
Example 4
37:34
Example 5
49:00
Section 8: Numerical Techniques
Euler's Method

45m 30s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:32
Euler's Method is a Way to Find Numerical Approximations for Initial Value Problems That We Cannot Solve Analytically
0:34
Based on Drawing Lines Along Slopes in a Direction Field
1:18
Formulas for Euler's Method
1:57
Example 1
4:47
Example 2
14:45
Example 3
24:03
Example 4
33:01
Example 5
37:55
Runge-Kutta & The Improved Euler Method

41m 4s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:43
Runge-Kutta is Know as the Improved Euler Method
0:46
More Sophisticated Than Euler's Method
1:09
It is the Fundamental Algorithm Used in Most Professional Software to Solve Differential Equations
1:16
Order 2 Runge-Kutta Algorithm
1:45
Runge-Kutta Order 2 Algorithm
2:09
Example 1
4:57
Example 2
10:57
Example 3
19:45
Example 4
24:35
Example 5
31:39
Section 9: Partial Differential Equations
Review of Partial Derivatives

38m 22s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
1:04
Partial Derivative of u with respect to x
1:37
Geometrically, ux Represents the Slope As You Walk in the x-direction on the Surface
2:47
Computing Partial Derivatives
3:46
Algebraically, to Find ux You Treat The Other Variable t as a Constant and Take the Derivative with Respect to x
3:49
Second Partial Derivatives
4:16
Clairaut's Theorem Says that the Two 'Mixed Partials' Are Always Equal
5:21
Example 1
5:34
Example 2
7:40
Example 3
11:17
Example 4
14:23
Example 5
31:55
The Heat Equation

44m 40s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:28
Partial Differential Equation
0:33
Most Common Ones
1:17
Boundary Value Problem
1:41
Common Partial Differential Equations
3:41
Heat Equation
4:04
Wave Equation
5:44
Laplace's Equation
7:50
Example 1
8:35
Example 2
14:21
Example 3
21:04
Example 4
25:54
Example 5
35:12
Separation of Variables

57m 44s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:26
Separation of Variables is a Technique for Solving Some Partial Differential Equations
0:29
Separation of Variables
2:35
Try to Separate the Variables
2:38
If You Can, Then Both Sides Must Be Constant
2:52
Reorganize These Intro Two Ordinary Differential Equations
3:05
Example 1
4:41
Example 2
11:06
Example 3
18:30
Example 4
25:49
Example 5
32:53
Fourier Series

1h 24m 33s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:38
Fourier Series
0:42
Find the Fourier Coefficients by the Formulas
2:05
Notes on Fourier Series
3:34
Formula Simplifies
3:35
Function Must be Periodic
4:23
Even and Odd Functions
5:37
Definition
5:45
Examples
6:03
Even and Odd Functions and Fourier Series
9:47
If f is Even
9:52
If f is Odd
11:29
Extending Functions
12:46
If We Want a Cosine Series
14:13
If We Wants a Sine Series
15:20
Example 1
17:39
Example 2
43:23
Example 3
51:14
Example 4
1:01:52
Example 5
1:11:53
Solution of the Heat Equation

47m 41s

Intro
0:00
Lesson Overview
0:22
Solving the Heat Equation
1:03
Procedure for the Heat Equation
3:29
Extend So That its Fourier Series Will Have Only Sines
3:57
Find the Fourier Series for f(x)
4:19
Example 1
5:21
Example 2
8:08
Example 3
17:42
Example 4
25:13
Example 5
28:53
Example 6
42:22

• ## Related Books

 1 answerLast reply by: Dr. William MurrayFri Nov 13, 2015 7:59 PMPost by Aisha Alkaff on November 11, 2015how do i know if i should  integrate twice? 1 answerLast reply by: Dr. William MurrayFri Nov 7, 2014 4:51 PMPost by Tony Matth on November 6, 2014Since e^(-s*inf) is assumed to be zero in this lecture, s must be a positive number. How do we know that the variable s is a positive number? 3 answersLast reply by: Dr. William MurrayWed Sep 17, 2014 11:24 AMPost by Martin Clouthier on July 21, 2014If I were to solve f(t)=tsin(at), how could I integrate e^(-st)*t*sin(at)dt.  Can you do integration by parts for an integral with 3 components? 1 answerLast reply by: Dr. William MurrayTue Jun 17, 2014 12:02 PMPost by Mohamed Binamro on June 13, 2014thank you! 1 answerLast reply by: Dr. William MurrayTue Jun 17, 2014 12:01 PMPost by Narin Gopaul on June 6, 2014you have been my lecturer through my engineering math course thank you  Dr. Muary

### Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transforms (PDF)

### Laplace Transforms

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

• Intro 0:00
• Lesson Overview 0:09
• Laplace Transform of a Function f(t)
• Laplace Transform is Linear
• Example 1 1:43
• Example 2 18:30
• Example 3 22:06
• Example 4 28:27
• Example 5 33:54

### Transcription: Laplace Transforms

Hi, welcome back to www.educator.com, my name is Will Murray and this is the differential equations lectures.0000

Today we are going to learn about the Laplace transforms, let us start with the definition, the Laplace transform of a function, so will write the function in terms of t.0006

The Laplace transform by definition that is this calc and equal sign means, its definition is the integral from zero to infinity of each of the negative st x f(t)dt.0017

Let me emphasize right away here the variable of integration here is t, I will be integrating in terms of t and then we are plugging in t=0 and we will take the limit as t goes to infinity.0032

That s never gets anything plugged in to it, so your answer will be a function of s, all the Laplace transforms that we do today will start out with a function of t, we will run the Laplace transform and we will end up with a function of s.0047

One really nice property about the Laplace transform is that it is linear which means that if we have a function f(t) and g(t) and constants a and b ,then the Laplace transform of a(f) + b(g).0064

You can just do the Laplace transform separately, you can do L(f) and you can do L(g) and then you can just carry along the constants on the outside.0078

That is very convenient, that means you can break up a function into its little pieces to the Laplace transform on each one.0087

Just put them back together it is very safe to do that, let us try taking some Laplace transforms and see what kinds of things we end up with.0094

The first example here is to find the Laplace transform of t^n where n is greater than or equal to zero, this is actually several problems in one because we want to find the Laplace transform for each different power of t.0104

After we do, we will know how to find the Laplace transform of any polynomial, so let us start by picking low values of n's, we will start out with n=0 here and that just means that the f(t) is equal to t^0 that is just 1.0119

We are going to take the Laplace transform of one, let me just remind you about the formula for the Laplace transform L(f), remember by definition is equal to the integral from zero to infinity of e^-st x f(t) dt.0137

When f(t)=1, L(1) is by definition is the integral from zero to infinity of e^-st and f(t) is just 1, so it is just dt.0160

We have to integrate that remember we are integrating with respect to t the integral of e^-st is just e^-st and then we divide by the coefficient of t so that is -1/s and then we integrate that from t=0 to what we take the limit as t goes to infinity.0177

Now when t goes to infinity remember this is a negative power of e, this is like saying 1/e to infinity that would just be zero, that is the the term when t goes to infinity, we would just give a 0 because we will have an e in the denominator.0206

When t=0 this is minus -1/s +1/s e^0 which of course is just one and so what we get for Laplace transform is 1/s.0224

That is our Laplace transform of 1and now let us do our next power up is t, L(t) again by definition is the integral from zero to infinity of F(t) x e^=st, that is t x e^-s(t) d(t).0239

In order to do that we have to integrate by parts and if you do not remember how to do integration by parts we have another whole series of lectures from the calculus 2 series here on www.educator.com.0267

You might want go check out the calculus 2 lectures here on www.educator.com and there is a whole lecture on integration by parts.0280

Today I will just use the quick shorthand version of integration by parts where you make a little chart here t and e^-st.0288

The quick shorthand version of integration by parts, write down derivatives on the left, t goes down 1, 0 t goes to derivative of 1 is 0 integrals of e^-st, that is -1/s e^-st and +1/s^2 e^-st.0300

That is the integral of the line above and then we write these diagonal lines and little signs plus and minus on the diagonal lines, this is the shorthand version of integration by parts.0322

We multiply along the diagonal lines and we get minus t/s e^-st -1/s^2, e^-st and then we have to evaluate this from t=0 to the limit as t goes to infinity.0336

We are going to plug in t going to infinity into each of these terms and what we see was, we will have an infinite term in the denominator there but then we have an infinite term in the numerator with that t.0365

And an infinite term in the denominator with e^-st but a negative exponent on the e beats any polynomial, so this term going to zero beats this term going to infinity.0380

If you want you can check this using L'Hopitals rule, that is how you could confirm this but since that is a calculus 1 topic, we are just going to assume it for here.0396

The infinity terms give you 0 - 0 and then zero terms give us while because when t=0 so this was t going to infinity and now we will do t as 0, this has t=0, there is a zero there.0407

And then +1/s^2 e^0 and that all simplifies down to just 1/s^2 because e^0 is 1, that means that the Laplace transform of t is 1/s^2.0428

Let us do one more here, this is when n=1, we are figuring out the Laplace transform of t^1, when n=2 we want to find the Laplace transform of t^2, again by definition that is the integral from zero to infinity.0448

t^2(^-st)dt and again we can use integration by parts on that, and integration by parts I'm going to use the shorthand version.0471

You can go back and check the calculus 2 lectures are on www.educator.com if you are a little rusty on your integration by parts.0484

I'm going to write derivatives first derivative is 2t, derivative of 2t is 0, derivative of 2 is 0, integral of e^-st is -1/s, e^-st the integral of that is positive 1/s^2, e^-st.0492

The integral of that is -1/s^2 e^-st and I will going to write my diagonal lines again and put my alternating signs plus minus plus and I'm going to multiply along the diagonal lines.0512

I get -t^2/s e^-st - 2/s^2 e^-st - 2s^3 e ^-st and again I have to evaluate that from t=0 the limit as t goes to infinity.0530

I have e^-st on every term so even though that is getting multiplied by some positive powers of t having an e^-st in the denominator will drag all of these terms down to zero when t goes to infinity.0561

This is 0-0-0 when t goes to infinity, I'm kind of slurring over what is really L'Hopitals rule so if you are not so sure why these all go to zero.0577

Just check them out using L'Hopitals rule which is something you can learn on www.educator.com from the calculus 1 lectures and now if we plug in t=0, first term here has a t^2 in the denominator so that is 0.0590

Second term has a 2t in the denominator so that is zero, third term is 2/s^3 x e^0 by way, I have been putting plus on each of these because t=0 is the lower limits.0605

We are actually subtracting these off but then we had these negative signs so we are subtracting a negative which makes it positive and this gives us e^0 is 1, 2/s^3 is our Laplace transform for t^2.0620

We are starting to notice a pattern here, we are going to take one more power of t and then we are going to figure out this pattern for sure.0640

Let us try n=3 so the Laplace transform of t^3 is the integral from zero to infinity of t^3 e^-st(dt) and we are going to use parts again.0647

t^3 e^-st and again I'm going to use my shorthand version of integration by parts so derivative of t^3 is 3t^2, derivative of that is 6t, derivative of that is 6 and derivative of that is 0.0671

Integral of e^-st is -1/s e^-st, integral of that is 1/s^2 e^-st, integral of that is -1s^3 e^-st,the integral of that is 1/s^4 e^-st.0694

Now were going to write diagonal lines on each term here and there is a plus minus plus minus and so we can write down what our answer is.0724

This is the tabular integration method of integration by parts so we get minus t^3/s e^-st -3t^2/s^2 e^-st - 6t/s^3 e^-st and -6/t^4 e^-st and all of this has to be evaluated from t=0 2t going towards infinity.0739

Once again, if we take the limit as t goes to infinity of each of these terms , we will have some infinities in the numerator but nothing strong enough to be the e^-st which gives us infinity in the denominator.0783

All the infinity terms will give us zero and the t=0 terms, most of them will be 0 too, because we got t^3 and then t^2 and then a t, but then we have 6/ - that should have been s^4 not a t^4 up there.0798

We have plus because we are subtracting a negative, 6^4 e^-st, let me write that a little more clearly, 6/s^4 e^-st and so those are all the terms we get by plugging in t=0.0828

Actually when t=0 e^-st just gives us e^0, e^0 is 1 so it just simplifies down to 6/s^4 and that is the Laplace transform of t^3, that is what we started out with.0855

I think it is time to start noticing a pattern here what you can notice here is that 6 came from this 6 over here originally and this 6 came from 3× 2.0872

What is going to happen when you take higher powers is are going to be multiplying on bigger and bigger numbers and that 6 really comes from 3 factorial/s^4.0885

What we notice here is that the Laplace transform of one was 1/s, that is what we figured out on the previous page.0899

Laplace transform of t was 1/s^2 Laplace transform of t^2 is 2/s^3 we are starting to build up this factorial pattern in the numerator.0909

Laplace transform of t^3 is 6, 2×3/s^4 and that is because we are building up that factorial pattern in the numerator so in general our Laplace transform of t^n is n factorial.0931

We are getting an n factorial and in the denominator, when we had t^3, we had s^4, when we had t^2, we had s^3, each time we are getting s^ n +1 so that is our general formula for the Laplace transform of t^n.0961

Let me recap what we did there, basically what we did here was we had several different problems because we are trying to figure out the the Laplace transform of t^n for all values of n bigger than zero.0983

What we did was we took the n's one at a time, each time we took a value of n plugged in t^n here and that meant we took the integral of t^n x e^-st.0998

That is coming directly from our original definition of Laplace transform which was the integral of e^-st x f(t)dt, evaluated from zero to infinity.1009

We worked out that integral but in all of these we had to do integration by parts and I did not really show you the details of the integration by parts.1023

I use this short hand tabular integration method that we learned back in calculus 2 to do the integration by parts.1031

We worked out the integration by parts and then we try to plug in t going to infinity and we figured out that since we had a negative power of e on each of these terms, that gives us an infinity in the denominator.1039

That is stronger than any of the infinities in the numerator, that is kind of short hand way of getting around L'Hopitals rule but to check it formally and confirm it you would run L'Hopital's rule that shows you the all the infinity terms go to zero.1054

We plug in t=0, most of these terms still go to zero because when t=0 there were 0 in the numerator of most of these terms but this last term did not have a t in the numerator.1068

We got 6/s^4 x e^0 which is where we got our Laplace transform for t^3.1082

We did this for each power of t until we noticed a pattern, and the pattern is that we had this factorial these factorial is building up in the numerator, we always had s +1 in the denominator .1090

That is our generic formula for the Laplace transform of t^n is n factorial/s^n +1, in our next example we have to find the Laplace transform of f(t) equal e^(at) assuming that s is bigger than a.1101

Let us work that out, again from the definition of Laplace transform, let me mention first that s bigger than a, that tells us that s - a is going to be a positive number and that is going to be useful as we do our integration.1120

Let us remember the definition of Laplace transform L(e^at) by definition of Laplace transforms, this is using our original definition, is the integral from zero to infinity of e^-st times whatever your f(t) is.1139

In this case, it is e^(at)dt and what I'm going to do is I like to combine these exponents the (st) and the (at) and I'm going to factor out the negative sign.1157

We have the integral from zero to infinity of e^negative, now this is s - a, because I factored out a negative sign times (t)dt, the key point there is that s - a is positive.1171

We figure that out at the beginning using our assumption, if we integrate that, that is e^ negative - (at)/(-s - a) and we are going to evaluate that from t=0 to the limit as t goes to infinity.1188

That means were going be plugging in t going to infinity in here, but remember s minus a is positive, that is what we set up here s minus a is positive.1213

e^s - a is a negative power of e, when t goes to infinity we got a negative power of e, that means it is going to 0 and when t equal zero, were subtracting the t=0 term and that is negative so it turns into a positive.1222

We get e^0 because we are plugging in t=0/s -a r and it simplifies down to 1/s - a, remember e^0 is 1, we are done with that one.1243

Let me recap what we did, we started out the original definition of Laplace transform, that is the integral from zero to infinity of e^-st times whatever the f(t) is.1262

We took that f(t) and drop that into that integral formula, then I combined the exponents into s - a while negative s - a.1273

What I'm really doing is changing that positive a there into a (-a), it turns out to be convenient when we do the integration.1286

The integral of e^-s -at is just the same thing divided by negative s - a and then we plug in t goes to infinity so that is a negative power of e.1296

That is why we got zero here, it is e^negative infinity which is the same, remember 1/e to the infinity and then t=0 because we had t here that gives us e^0, that is just 1/s - a.1308

On our next example, we are going to final the Laplace transform of f(t)= cos(at), we are going right from the definition of Laplace transforms.1327

The Laplace transform of cos(at) just by definition is the integral from zero to infinity of e^-st times whatever your function is.1338

In this case, its cos(at) dt and this integral would be kind of ugly if you encounter this in calculus two class, you would probably use integration by parts twice.1354

Integrate by parts twice, alternately you could use a computer algebra system or an online integration tool, you can use that to solve this integral.1373

Or you could use a chart of integrals which are probably find inside the back cover of your calculus book there is lots of charts of integrals there and this will definitely be one of them.1393

Because it is a little cumbersome I do not want to go through the details here, I'm just going to read the answer off, I got this from a chart of integrals but you could also find it by any of these other methods.1408

It is negative s/a^2 + s^2, I'm reading the integral of e^-st x cos(at) tuns out to be -s/s^2 + a^2 x e^-st cos(at) + a/a^2 + a^2, e^-st sin(at).1420

What we are supposed to do with this is evaluate it from t=0 to the limit as t goes to infinity.1455

We got to plug our limits t going to infinity and t=0 in here, what we notice is that we have an e^-st, remember that is going to have an e in the denominator, whenever we plug in t=infinity or t approaching infinity this will be 1/e^infinity.1478

Will this be one to the infinity and so both of those terms go away to zero and when we plug in t=0 the sin term is going to be zero, let us remember that sin(0) is equal to zero and cos(0) is equal to 1.1502

The sin term goes to zero the cos term goes to 1, so minus s/a^2 + s^2 x e^0, that is when we plug in t=0 and it is minus all of these because it is the lower limit here.1534

All these terms dropout except for this term that e^0 is 1 and the two negatives cancel so we get s/a^2 + s^2 and it is positive because the two negatives cancel each other, that is our Laplace transform of cos(at).1556

We get a function of s there should not be any t's left over in these when you are done with taking the Laplace transform so let me recap how we got that.1577

We use the straight definition of Laplace transform which says you do the integral of e^-st times whatever your function is, we dropped in cos(at) now that is the integral that would have been a bit of a headache in calculus 2.1588

One way to do it is to do integration by parts twice, that is if you are going to do it by hand.1601

Another way do it is just drop it into a computer algebra system that will work out for you or an online integration system which there are several these days.1608

You can also use an integral chart if you still got your calculus book just check in the back cover you will see all kinds of charts of integrals and this is will be one of you them.1616

e^-st x cos(at) you might have slightly different variables, it might have a and b, it might have x instead of t but basically you will see that integral.1624

And you will see it expanded out into -s/a^2 + s^2 e^-st cos(at) and then a/a^2 + s^2 e^sc sin(at).1635

We try to plug in the limit as t goes to infinity everywhere, but when we do that, these e terms we had negative exponents on the e.1650

We get each of the infinity in the denominators all the all those terms turn into zero and dropout.1660

It is just a matter plugging in t=0 when that goes into sin we just get zero here so that term drops out.1667

We plugged in the cos(0) is 1 and we have to keep that term, we get an e^0, that gives us 1 and finally we just get s/a^2 + s^2, of course it is negative from this negative right here, that came out of doing the integral.1675

Since it is the lower limits, we have another negative sign here and so those two negatives gives us a positive.1694

We are finally just left with s/a^2 + s^2, so example 4 is quite similar to example 3 will do it in kind of a similar fashion, we are going to find the Laplace transform of f(t) is sin(at)1702

We are going to use just the straight definition of the Laplace transform L of sin(at) by definition were using the definition of Laplace transform.1717

Integral from zero infinity of e^-st times whatever function you are talking about, that is the sin(at) in this case dt.1729

This is kind of a nasty integral, just like in example 3, we would use parts integration by parts twice or we would use a computer algebra system or an online integration system or an integral chart.1743

Any of these other methods should give you the answer to this integral, what it should tell you is -a/a^2 + s^2, e^-stx cos(at) + s/a^2 + a^2 x e^-st x sin(at).1775

We have to evaluate that from t=0 to the limit as t goes to infinity, let us look at what happens when we plug in t=infinity.1808

Here we got a negative exponent to the e, I wil have e^infinity, which is the same as 1/e^infinity and we have the same thing over here.1827

That means when t goes to infinity, we will have these two terms that both go to zero.1837

When we plug in t=0, the first term is cos(at), that is cos(0), we will have -a/a^2 + s^2, e^0 x cos(0) + s/a^2 + s^2 e^0 x sin(0).1848

That is what we get plugging in t=0, the sin(0) goes to 0, that means this entire term drops out,cos(0) gives you 1, e^0 gives you 1, and we have -a/s^2 + s^2.1878

Those two negatives cancel and gives us a positive a/ a^2 + s^2.1896

We are done with that Laplace transform, let us recap and see how that worked out.1910

We started out with the definition of Laplace transform, that means e^-st times whatever function you have x f(t), we dropped that and integrate that (dt).1914

The integration is messy because it got an e in the sin term, if you did that in a calculus 2 class, you would be doing integration by parts twice and then solving around for the original function.1926

You could also throw the whole thing into a computer algebra system software package or an online integration tool, there are several of those that you can use.1939

Or you can look at the integral chart which is probably located on the inside back cover or maybe front cover of calculus textbook, almost all of them have integral charts.1948

What you will see is a formula for e^-st sin(at) and when you integrate, turns into this complicated expression with e^-st(c0s) e^-st (sin).1958

We want to evaluate that from t=0 to t going to infinity,the top term going to infinity turns into 1/e^infinity for each of these terms, each of those is 1/e^infinity, which goes to 0.1972

All the infinity terms dropped out to 0,when you plug in t=0 we got cos(0) is 1, e^0 is 1, you will get -a/a^2 + s^2, plug in t=0 on the other side we get sin(0)=0, that whole term drops out.1989

We have minus, this is minus because we are subtracting the two limits, t goes to infinity - t goes to 0, that is coming from there.2006

This negative came form that negative right here, which just comes out of what the integral chart gives you as the answer to the integral.2018

These 2 negatives cancel each other out and we end up with a/a^2 + s^2.2027

On our final example, we have a very complicated function f(t) is 3(cos) 4t - 2(sin) 5(t) + e^2t + 3t^2 + 7t -2.2034

We want to find the Laplace transform for that, if we use the definition of the Laplace transform, by definition we have to do the integral form 0 to infinity of e^-st x f(t)dt.2047

Our f(t) would be this enormous expression, we have to plug all of that into f(t) and we just get this horrific integral and we really do not want to do that.2066

There is a much better way, we are going to use linearity and we are going to exploit the fact that we already know the Laplace transform of the various pieces of this function r.2078

This linearity of the Laplace transform is going to be extremely useful here.2093

We already know what the various pieces of the function do when you take their Laplace transform, L(1) we figured this out, this is back in example 1.2099

You might want to go back and check at example 1 if you do not remember this, it was 1/s, L(t) was 1/s^2.2109

L(t^2) was 2/s^3, I'm looking at the various pieces of this function here and I'm trying to remember what the Laplace transform of each one was.2128

These came from example 1, if it is been a while since you worked through example 1, maybe go back and take a peek at that and you will see where this come from.2144

L(e^at) is 1/s-a, I believe that was example 2, you might want to go back and check that out if that does not look familiar.2154

L(cos) of (at) worked that one out in example 3, and that was s/ a^2 + s^2 and finally L(sin)(at) was a/a^2 + s^2.2177

We worked that one out in example 4, we are not really going to do any new math in this example.2208

We are just going to exploit all the work we did in all the previous examples and that should be pretty quick.2218

I'm going to look at this f(t), I see 3(cos)4t, here is my Laplace transform for cos(at), the Laplace transform of f is from the 3(cos)4t, I'm going to get 3.2224

cos(4t) is going to give me s/16 + s^2, because the a is 4 there, -2 x sin(5t), sin gives me a/a^2 + s^2, a is 5 so 5/25 + s^2 + e^2t.2247

I can read that one right here, that is plus 1/s - 2 + 3t^2 + 3, t^2 gives me 2/s^3, 3 x 2/s^3 + 7t + 7 x 1/s^2 - 2 x 1/s.2276

The Laplace transform of 1 is 1/s, maybe I can clean that up a little bit, that is 3s/s^2 + 16 -10/ s^2 + 25 + 1/s - 2 + 6/s^3 + 7/s^2 - 2/s.2304

That was my Laplace transform of this large complicated function here, let me recap how we worked that out.2347

We did not want to go back to the definition of the Laplace transform, that would involve writing the integral of e^-st x f(t), where f(t) is this enormous function.2353

We have been to a horrible integral to work out from scratch, we are going to use linearity and we are just going to break this function up to its pieces.2364

Each of these pieces is something out I figured out, the Laplace transform earlier.2371

Example, the first time I look at this polynomial, we have the basic pieces are the 1 and t and t^2, and we figured out the Laplace transform for each one of those in example 1.2377

Laplace transform of one is 1/s, t gives us 1/s^2, t^2 give us 2/s^3, I got the Laplace transform of each of those.2391

e^at in example 2, I figured out its Laplace transform is 1/s-a, for the cos and sin, I figured out the Laplace transform of those in example 3 and 4.2403

Those were s/a^2 + s^2 and a/a^2 + s^2, what I did was I took each of those functions and just plug them back in here and then attach the right coefficient.2416

3/ transform of 3 + cos(4t), my a here was four, that is where I get that 16 + s^2, for sin my a was 5, that is where I got that 5, that 25.2428

Plugged in that -2 as a coefficient here, e^2t my a was 2 there, plug that in there as 2 and I get 1 - s/2 and then t^2 gave us Laplace transform is 2/s^3.2449

There it is there, Laplace transform of t and the Laplace transform of 1, I just cleaned everything up, combine the 3 s, 2 x 5 is 10, combine 3 x 2 x is 6.2466

Combine everything together and finally I got that Laplace transform of that big, horrible function without ever actually having to do any new integration.2479

I just relied on what I had worked out in the previous examples.2488

That is the end of our lecture on Laplace transform, in the next lecture we are going to learn about inverse Laplace transforms, learn how to go backwards from the answer of a Laplace transform back to the original function.2494

That is our next lecture in the differential equation series here on www.educator.com. My name is Will Murray, thanks for watching.2505

OR

### Start Learning Now

Our free lessons will get you started (Adobe Flash® required).