Physics: Physics Theory
with: David Garofalo

Dr. David Garofalo teaches Physics Theory which dives into the complex world of physics and astronomy but focuses on the ideas and not the computations. David combines his PhD in physics and research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory with his 10+ years of teaching experience at the University of Maryland, California State University, and Harvey Mudd. This course is perfect for non-science majors and also those who have a passion for learning about the world through physics. Specific topics covered include kinematics, thermodynamics, time paradoxes, black holes, and quantum mechanics.

Table of Contents

I. Classical Mechanics
	Kinematics			14:22
		Intro		0:00
		Law of Motion		0:11
			Law of Motion	0:13
		Acceleration, Velocity, & Position		1:23
			Acceleration, Velocity, & Position	1:24
		Formulas		2:17
			Differentiation and Integration	2:18
		Summary		6:52
			Summary	6:53
		Example		7:35
			Example: Acceleration, Velocity, & Position	7:36
		Two Dimensions		10:57
			Two Dimensions	10:58
		Example		12:05
			Example: Two Dimensions	12:06
		Three Dimensions		14:03
			Three Dimensions	14:04
	Newton's 2nd Law			6:45
		Intro		0:00
		Force		0:09
			Force and Newton's 2nd Law	0:10
			Example	1:12
		General Formula		3:11
			General Formula	3:12
		Example I		4:34
			Example I: Acceleration of Mass	4:35
		Example II		5:21
			Example II: Acceleration of the Object	5:22
		Summary		6:27
			Summary	6:28
	Momentum			6:08
		Intro		0:00
		Formulas and Definitions		0:28
			Formulas and Definitions of Momentum	0:29
		Inertial Term		3:21
			Inertial Term	3:22
		Speed and Time		3:53
			Speed and Time	3:54
		Constant Momentum		5:17
			Constant Momentum	5:18
	Work & Energy			23:55
		Intro		0:00
		Equations		0:07
			Work & Energy Equations	0:08
			Concept of Energy and Work	6:18
		Conservation of Energy		7:26
			Conservation of Energy	7:30
		Example 1		12:08
			Dropping a Ball From Height h	12:09
		Energy Conservation		15:08
			Energy Conservation	15:09
		Lesson		19:58
			Conservation Laws	19:59
		Example 2		20:36
			How Fast is an Object of Mass m Going if It Starts From Rest and It is Acted On By a Force F for a Distance d?	20:37
	Gravity			8:12
		Intro		0:00
		Equations		0:06
			ma = F	0:08
			Electric Force	1:15
			Pushing Force	2:05
			Attaching m to Your Car	2:49
			a = a(m)	3:17
		Gravity is Peculiar		3:40
			The Force on Mass m is mg	3:41
			What Happened to the Mass?	4:54
		Example 1		5:53
			Pen & Feather	5:54
II, Electricity and Magnetism
	Electric Fields			8:12
		Intro		0:00
		Equations		0:18
			Electric Fields Equations	0:19
		Acceleration Due to Electric Force		5:14
			Example: Acceleration of Charge q Due to the Electric Force Between q and Q	5:15
	Magnetic Fields			15:02
		Intro		0:00
		Batteries		0:26
			Currents and B-field	0:27
		Acceleration Due to Magnetic Force		2:26
			Fmag = qvB	2:27
			Acceleration of a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field B	2:58
		Geometry of E and B		3:47
			E-field of Point Charge at Center	3:48
			B-field of Long Current	4:40
			Same B-field Looking Down Onto the Current	5:30
			Electric Field Diverges Away From a Charge While the Magnetic Field Curls Around a Current	6:15
		From Geometry to Math		6:51
			Div E and Curl B	6:53
		Why Curl E is Not Zero		9:51
			Why Curl E is Not Zero	9:52
		Towards Unification of E and B		12:07
			Towards Unification of E and B	12:08
	Maxwell Equations			8:43
		Intro		0:00
		Equations		0:11
			Maxwell Equations	0:12
		Similarity Between E and B		2:15
			Set Constants to 1 and Ignore Minus Sign	2:16
			By Symmetry, Two Terms Appear Missing	3:00
		Commentary		4:31
			Commentary on E and B	4:32
		Example 1		7:16
			Exploring Top and Bottom Floor	7:17
	Light			18:07
		Intro		0:00
		What is Light?		0:17
			Definition of Light and Examples	0:18
		Light as a Wave		5:39
			Light as a Wave	5:40
		Wave for B?		12:31
			Wave for B?	12:32
		Electromagnetic Spectrum		15:16
			Electromagnetic Spectrum	15:17
		Example		16:58
			Lights Example	16:59
III. Thermodynamics
	Thermodynamics			5:24
		Intro		0:00
		Definitions		1:30
			Definition of Thermodynamics	1:31
		Temperature		2:53
			Temperature	2:54
		Temperature and Pressure		3:54
			Temperature and Pressure	3:55
	Heat, Work, & Entropy			14:25
		Intro		0:00
		Useless Energy		3:00
			Useless Energy	3:01
		Entropy		5:33
			Entropy and the Laws of Thermodynamics	5:34
		Statistical Mechanics		6:46
			Statistical Mechanics	6:47
		Boltzmann		8:24
			Boltzmann	8:25
		Entropy Increase		9:59
			Entropy Increase	10:00
		Statistical Nature of Entropy		13:04
			Statistical Nature of Entropy	13:05
	Time Symmetry			24:57
		Intro		0:00
		Laws of Physics		0:32
			Laws of Physics	0:33
		Laws of Physics		6:26
			Example	6:27
		Laws of Physics		9:43
			Example Continue	9:44
		Falling Toward the Future		12:00
			Throw a Rock Into a Pond	12:01
			Drop an Egg	15:54
		Splattered Egg		17:38
			Splattered Egg	17:39
		Origins of Time Asymmetry		18:17
			Origins of Time Asymmetry	18:18
		What Lies Ahead		20:11
			What Lies Ahead	20:12
		End of Time		23:15
			End of Time	23:16
IV. Atomic Physics
	Atoms and the Bohr Model			14:28
		Intro		0:00
		Atoms		0:52
			The Hydrogen Atom: Proton, Electron, and Neutron	0:53
		Components of Bohr Model		6:46
			Components of Bohr Model	6:47
			Fermions: Electron, Protons, and Neutrons	7:23
			Bosons: Photons	7:53
		Double Slits		8:58
			Double Slits	8:59
			Two Slits vs. One Slit	9:50
	Particle Zoo			7:05
		Intro		0:00
		Matter Particles		0:57
			Matter Particles: Electron, Up Quark, and Down Quark	0:58
		More Particles		4:02
			Antiparticles	4:03
			Neutrinos	5:19
			More Quarks	5:55
			More Leptons	6:10
			Higgs Bosons	6:32
	Forces as Particles and Particles as Forces			5:02
		Intro		0:00
		Forces and Particles		1:01
			Electron, Photon, and Proton	1:02
			Electron Field, Proton Field, and Electromagnetic Field	2:05
		Unification and Symmetry		2:36
			Recurrent Theme	2:37
			Forces: Strong Nuclear, Electric, Magnetic, Weak Nuclear	2:54
			Symmetry Breaking and Group Theory	3:50
	Standard Model			5:33
		Intro		0:00
		Standard Model		0:17
			Standard Model	0:18
		Lagrangian		1:19
			Lagrangian	1:20
		Conceptual Foundations		3:40
			Can We Use F = ma	3:41
V. Quantum Mechanics
	Quantum Ball			10:18
		Intro		0:00
		What is a Quantum Ball		0:40
			Introduction to Quantum Ball	0:41
		'Properties' of a Quantum Ball		1:29
			Properties of a Quantum Ball	1:30
		Color		2:55
			Color	2:56
		Quantum Superposition		4:45
			Quantum Superposition	4:46
		Interpretation		7:09
			Interpretation	7:10
		Hardness		8:26
			Hardness	8:27
	Vagueness of Quantum Properties			4:05
		Intro		0:00
		Property of Position		0:08
			Property of Position	0:09
	Everyday World			9:47
		Intro		0:00
		Macroscopic World		0:52
			Macroscopic World	0:53
		Compatibility		4:40
			Compatibility	4:41
			Ehrenfest Theorem: m <a> = <F>	5:41
		Summary		7:12
			The Quantum Level	7:13
			The Nature of the Standard Model of Particle Physics	8:00
VI. Space, Time, and Gravity
	Light and Its Speed			4:57
		Intro		0:00
		Light Photon		0:30
			Photon of Light	0:31
			What is Speed of Photon with Respect to You?	1:51
		Speed of Light		2:01
			Speed of Light: Concepts and Example	2:02
	Twin Paradox			3:53
		Intro		0:00
		Time When Moving		0:33
			What Happens to Time When You Move?	0:34
		Twins		3:00
			Twins	3:01
	Pole in the Barn Paradox			5:43
		Intro		0:00
		Scenario		0:18
			Pole and Barn	0:19
		Barn		4:02
			Pole in the Barn Paradox	4:03
	Elevators as Laboratories			11:16
		Intro		0:00
		Elevators		0:24
			Elevators	0:25
		Elevators and a Rocketship		1:11
			Elevators and a Rocketship	1:12
		Accelerate in Rocket		3:39
			Accelerate in Rocket	3:40
		Equivalence of Gravity & Acceleration		5:53
			Equivalence of Gravity & Acceleration	5:54
		Free-Fall		6:32
			Free-Fall	6:33
		Equivalence of Free-Fall		7:32
			Equivalence of Free-Fall	7:33
		Gravity and Motion		9:01
			Gravity and Motion	9:02
	Gravity: Curvature of Space & Time			6:51
		Intro		0:00
		Gravity		0:16
			Gravity: Curvature of Space & Time	0:17
	Black Holes			8:25
		Intro		0:00
		Density		0:22
			Density and Time	0:23
		Time Stops		2:30
			Time Stops	2:31
		Running Away for Infinity		4:36
			The Concept of Black Hole	4:37
	Falling into a Black Hole			5:59
		Intro		0:00
		Viewpoint		0:19
			Falling Into a Black Hole as Viewed From Outside	0:20
		Infalling Observer		3:53
			Infalling Observer	3:54
	Transition to Everyday World			3:45
		Intro		0:00
		Highly Curved Spacetime		1:17
			Highly Curved Spacetime	1:18
	Illusion of Now			7:34
		Intro		0:00
		Now		0:58
			Now	0:59
		Illusion		3:55
			Illusion	3:56
	Consciousness as Time			7:05
		Intro		0:00
		Flow in Time		0:32
			Flow in Time	0:33
		Summary		3:06
			Summary	3:07
	Unification of QM & GR			4:21
		Intro		0:00
		Definitions		0:15
			QM, GR, and QFT	0:16
		Unification		2:55
			Unification	2:56
VII. Unification
	M-Theory			7:32
		Intro		0:00
		Overview		0:29
			Overview	0:30
		Multiple Universes		3:11
			Multiple Universes	3:12
	Loop Quantum			4:20
		Intro		0:00
		Loop Quantum Gravity		0:31
			Loop Quantum Gravity	0:32
	Emergence of Space & Time			2:44
		Intro		0:00
		History		0:15
			Emergence of Space & Time	0:16
VIII. Survey of the Universe
	Fundamental Tools of Astronomy			6:06
		Intro		0:00
		Doppler Effect		0:36
			Doppler Effect	0:37
			Standard Candles	4:29
	Hubble & The Expansion			3:13
		Intro		0:00
		Hubble		0:13
			Hubble	0:14
		Expansion		1:45
			Universe and Expansion	1:46
	Galaxies & Giant Black Holes			12:43
		Intro		0:00
		Gravity		0:31
			Gravity	0:32
		Galaxies		4:20
			Galaxies	4:21
		Galactic Black Holes		5:31
			Galactic Black Holes	5:32
		Black Hole in the Milky Way		7:57
			Black Hole in the Milky Way	7:58
	Active Galaxies			7:03
		Intro		0:00
		Active Galactic Nuclei		0:07
			Active Galactic Nuclei	0:08
		Active Galactic Nuclei		4:23
			More on Active Galactic Nuclei	4:24
	Mergers			3:09
		Intro		0:00
		Mergers		0:39
			Mergers	0:40
	Accretion			4:59
		Intro		0:00
		Accretion		0:29
			The Concept of Accretion	0:30
		Accretion		3:53
			More on Accretion	3:54
	Jets			7:28
		Intro		0:00
		Jets		0:19
			Accretion + Magnetic Fields = Jets	0:20
		Jets		4:15
			Jets, Black Holes, and the Galaxies	4:16
	Future of the Milky Way			3:16
		Intro		0:00
		Collision		0:42
			Collision	0:43
	Stars and Their Violent Deaths			5:09
		Intro		0:00
		Violent Deaths		0:24
			Violent Deaths of Stars	0:25
		Stars and Supernova		4:12
			Stars and Supernova	4:13
	White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, & Black Holes			6:42
		Intro		0:00
		Future		0:23
			White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, & Black Holes	0:24
		Neutron Star		3:56
			Neutron Star	3:57
	Dark Matter			5:43
		Intro		0:00
		Dark Matter		0:27
			The Concept of Dark Matter and Its History	0:28
	Dark Energy			5:50
		Intro		0:00
		Dark Energy		0:20
			Dark Energy	0:21
	Stuff We Know Of			1:45
		Intro		0:00
		Stuff We Know		0:26
			Stuff We Know	0:27
	History of the Universe			6:34
		Intro		0:00
		Graph		0:16
			History of the Universe	0:17
IX. What is Science
	Theories			2:11
		Intro		0:00
		Theories		0:10
			Theories	0:11
		Examples of Theories		0:44
			Examples of Theories	0:45
	Method			3:44
		Intro		0:00
		Method		0:06
			Scientific Method	0:07
		Predictability		2:04
			Predictability	2:05
		Falsifiability		2:45
			Falsifiability	2:46