Standard Enthalpies of Formation, AP Chemistry

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Standard Enthalpies of Formation

Standard Enthalpies of Formation, ΔHf°, are ALWAYS per mol of product formed.
Standard Enthalpies of Formation are the values in Thermodynamic Tables.
Standard Enthalpy of a Reaction is:
SUM [ enthalpies of formation of products (times their respective stoichiometric coefficients) ] – SUM [ enthalpies of formation of reactants (times their respective stoichiometric coefficients)]

Standard Enthalpies of Formation

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Intro

Thermochemistry

I. Review
	Naming Compounds	41:24
	Stoichiometry	37:19
II. Aqueous Reactions & Stoichiometry
	Precipitation Reactions	31:14
	Acid-Base Reactions	43:21
	Oxidation Reduction Reactions	47:58
	Stoichiometry Examples	31:50
III. Gases
	Pressure, Gas Laws, & The Ideal Gas Equation	49:40
	Partial Pressure, Mol Fraction, & Vapor Pressure	32:00
	Kinetic Molecular Theory and Real Gases	31:58
	AP Practice for Gases	25:34
IV. Thermochemistry
	Energy, Heat, and Work	37:32
	Enthalpy & Hess's Law	32:34
	Standard Enthalpies of Formation	23:09
	Calorimetry	39:28
V. Kinetics
	Reaction Rates and Rate Laws	36:24
	Method of Initial Rates	30:48
	Integrated Rate Law & Reaction Half-Life	32:17
	Second Order & Zero-Order Rate Laws	26:40
	Activation Energy & Arrhenius Equation	40:59
	AP Practice for Kinetics	29:08
VI. Equilibrium
	Equilibrium, Part 1	46:00
	Equilibrium, Part 2	40:53
	Equilibrium: Reaction Quotient	45:53
	Equilibrium: Examples	31:51
	Le Chatelier's principle & Equilibrium	40:52
VII. Acids & Bases
	Acids and Bases	50:11
	pH of Weak Acid Solutions	43:52
	Percent Dissociation: Strong & Weak Bases	43:04
	Polyprotic Acids	35:34
	Salts and Their Acid-Base Properties	41:14
	Common Ion Effect & Buffers	41:58
	Buffer	32:24
	Buffers, Part II	40:06
	Buffers, Part III	38:43
	Titrations: Strong Acid and Strong Base	42:42
	Titrations: Weak Acid and Strong Base	42:03
	Titration Examples & Acid-Base Indicators	52:03
VIII. Solubility
	Solubility Equilibria	36:25
	Solubility Equilibria, Part II	42:06
	Solubility Equilibria, Part III	43:09
IX. Complex Ions
	Complex Ion Equilibria	43:38
	Complex Ions & Solubility	31:30
X. Chemical Thermodynamics
	Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part I	56:28
	Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part II	39:55
	Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part III	30:10
	Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part IV	30:07
	Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part V	44:56
XI. Electrochemistry
	Oxidation-Reduction & Balancing	39:23
	Galvanic Cells	43:09
	Cell Potential	48:41
	Potential, Work, & Free Energy	41:23
	Cell Potential & Concentration	34:19
	Electrolysis	33:21
XII. Light
	Light	44:45
XIII. Quantum Mechanics
	Quantum Mechanics & Electron Orbitals	54:00
	Electron Configurations & Diagrams	34:04
XIV. Intermolecular Forces
	Vapor Pressure & Changes of State	52:43
	Phase Diagrams & Solutions	31:17
	Vapor Pressure of Solutions	37:23
	Colligatives Properties	34:11
XV. Bonding
	Bonding & Lewis Structure	48:39
	Resonance & Formal Charge	36:59
	Shapes of Molecules	41:21
	Hybrid Orbitals	40:17
XVI. AP Practice Exam
	AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice, Part I	52:34
	AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice, Part II	32:15
	AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice, Part III	32:50
	AP Practice Exam: Free response Part I	47:22
	AP Practice Exam: Free Response Part II	43:05
	AP Practice Exam: Free Response Part III	28:36

Advanced Placement Chemistry

I. Review
	Naming Compounds			41:24
		Intro		0:00
		Periodic Table of Elements		0:15
		Naming Compounds		3:13
			Definition and Examples of Ions	3:14
			Ionic (Symbol to Name): NaCl	5:23
			Ionic (Name to Symbol): Calcium Oxide	7:58
			Ionic - Polyatoms Anions: Examples	12:45
			Ionic - Polyatoms Anions (Symbol to Name): KClO	14:50
			Ionic - Polyatoms Anions (Name to Symbol): Potassium Phosphate	15:49
			Ionic Compounds Involving Transition Metals (Symbol to Name): Co₂(CO₃)₃	20:48
			Ionic Compounds Involving Transition Metals (Name to Symbol): Palladium 2 Acetate	22:44
			Naming Covalent Compounds (Symbol to Name): CO	26:21
			Naming Covalent Compounds (Name to Symbol): Nitrogen Trifluoride	27:34
			Naming Covalent Compounds (Name to Symbol): Dichlorine Monoxide	27:57
			Naming Acids Introduction	28:11
			Naming Acids (Name to Symbol): Chlorous Acid	35:08
			% Composition by Mass Example	37:38
	Stoichiometry			37:19
		Intro		0:00
		Stoichiometry		0:25
			Introduction to Stoichiometry	0:26
			Example 1	5:03
			Example 2	10:17
			Example 3	15:09
			Example 4	24:02
			Example 5: Questions	28:11
			Example 5: Part A - Limiting Reactant	30:30
			Example 5: Part B	32:27
			Example 5: Part C	35:00
II. Aqueous Reactions & Stoichiometry
	Precipitation Reactions			31:14
		Intro		0:00
		Precipitation Reactions		0:53
			Dissociation of ionic Compounds	0:54
			Solubility Guidelines for ionic Compounds: Soluble Ionic Compounds	8:15
			Solubility Guidelines for ionic Compounds: Insoluble ionic Compounds	12:56
			Precipitation Reactions	14:08
			Example 1: Mixing a Solution of BaCl₂ & K₂SO₄	21:21
			Example 2: Mixing a Solution of Mg(NO₃)₂ & KI	26:10
	Acid-Base Reactions			43:21
		Intro		0:00
		Acid-Base Reactions		1:00
			Introduction to Acid: Monoprotic Acid and Polyprotic Acid	1:01
			Introduction to Base	8:28
			Neutralization	11:45
			Example 1	16:17
			Example 2	21:55
			Molarity	24:50
			Example 3	26:50
			Example 4	30:01
			Example 4: Limiting Reactant	37:51
			Example 4: Reaction Part	40:01
	Oxidation Reduction Reactions			47:58
		Intro		0:00
		Oxidation Reduction Reactions		0:26
			Oxidation and Reduction Overview	0:27
			How Can One Tell Whether Oxidation-Reduction has Taken Place?	7:13
			Rules for Assigning Oxidation State: Number 1	11:22
			Rules for Assigning Oxidation State: Number 2	12:46
			Rules for Assigning Oxidation State: Number 3	13:25
			Rules for Assigning Oxidation State: Number 4	14:50
			Rules for Assigning Oxidation State: Number 5	15:41
			Rules for Assigning Oxidation State: Number 6	17:00
			Example 1: Determine the Oxidation State of Sulfur in the Following Compounds	18:20
		Activity Series and Reduction Properties		25:32
			Activity Series and Reduction Properties	25:33
			Example 2: Write the Balance Molecular, Total Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations for Al + HCl	31:37
			Example 3	34:25
			Example 4	37:55
	Stoichiometry Examples			31:50
		Intro		0:00
		Stoichiometry Example 1		0:36
			Example 1: Question and Answer	0:37
		Stoichiometry Example 2		6:57
			Example 2: Questions	6:58
			Example 2: Part A Solution	12:16
			Example 2: Part B Solution	13:05
			Example 2: Part C Solution	14:00
			Example 2: Part D Solution	14:38
		Stoichiometry Example 3		17:56
			Example 3: Questions	17:57
			Example 3: Part A Solution	19:51
			Example 3: Part B Solution	21:43
			Example 3: Part C Solution	26:46
III. Gases
	Pressure, Gas Laws, & The Ideal Gas Equation			49:40
		Intro		0:00
		Pressure		0:22
			Pressure Overview	0:23
			Torricelli: Barometer	4:35
			Measuring Gas Pressure in a Container	7:49
			Boyle's Law	12:40
			Example 1	16:56
		Gas Laws		21:18
			Gas Laws	21:19
			Avogadro's Law	26:16
			Example 2	31:47
		Ideal Gas Equation		38:20
			Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)	38:21
			Example 3	40:43
	Partial Pressure, Mol Fraction, & Vapor Pressure			32:00
		Intro		0:00
		Gases		0:27
			Gases	0:28
			Mole Fractions	5:52
			Vapor Pressure	8:22
			Example 1	13:25
			Example 2	22:45
	Kinetic Molecular Theory and Real Gases			31:58
		Intro		0:00
		Kinetic Molecular Theory and Real Gases		0:45
			Kinetic Molecular Theory 1	0:46
			Kinetic Molecular Theory 2	4:23
			Kinetic Molecular Theory 3	5:42
			Kinetic Molecular Theory 4	6:27
			Equations	7:52
			Effusion	11:15
			Diffusion	13:30
			Example 1	19:54
			Example 2	23:23
			Example 3	26:45
	AP Practice for Gases			25:34
		Intro		0:00
		Example 1		0:34
			Example 1	0:35
		Example 2		6:15
			Example 2: Part A	6:16
			Example 2: Part B	8:46
			Example 2: Part C	10:30
			Example 2: Part D	11:15
			Example 2: Part E	12:20
			Example 2: Part F	13:22
		Example 3		14:45
			Example 3	14:46
		Example 4		18:16
			Example 4	18:17
		Example 5		21:04
			Example 5	21:05
IV. Thermochemistry
	Energy, Heat, and Work			37:32
		Intro		0:00
		Thermochemistry		0:25
			Temperature and Heat	0:26
			Work	3:07
			System, Surroundings, Exothermic Process, and Endothermic Process	8:19
			Work & Gas: Expansion and Compression	16:30
			Example 1	24:41
			Example 2	27:47
			Example 3	31:58
	Enthalpy & Hess's Law			32:34
		Intro		0:00
		Thermochemistry		1:43
			Defining Enthalpy & Hess's Law	1:44
			Example 1	6:48
			State Function	13:11
			Example 2	17:15
			Example 3	24:09
	Standard Enthalpies of Formation			23:09
		Intro		0:00
		Thermochemistry		1:04
			Standard Enthalpy of Formation: Definition & Equation	1:05
			∆H of Formation	10:00
			Example 1	11:22
			Example 2	19:00
	Calorimetry			39:28
		Intro		0:00
		Thermochemistry		0:21
			Heat Capacity	0:22
			Molar Heat Capacity	4:44
			Constant Pressure Calorimetry	5:50
			Example 1	12:24
			Constant Volume Calorimetry	21:54
			Example 2	24:40
			Example 3	31:03
V. Kinetics
	Reaction Rates and Rate Laws			36:24
		Intro		0:00
		Kinetics		2:18
			Rate: 2 NO₂ (g) → 2NO (g) + O₂ (g)	2:19
			Reaction Rates Graph	7:25
			Time Interval & Average Rate	13:13
			Instantaneous Rate	15:13
			Rate of Reaction is Proportional to Some Power of the Reactant Concentrations	23:49
			Example 1	27:19
	Method of Initial Rates			30:48
		Intro		0:00
		Kinetics		0:33
			Rate	0:34
			Idea	2:24
			Example 1: NH₄⁺ + NO₂⁻ → NO₂ (g) + 2 H₂O	5:36
			Example 2: BrO₃⁻ + 5 Br⁻ + 6 H⁺ → 3 Br₂ + 3 H₂O	19:29
	Integrated Rate Law & Reaction Half-Life			32:17
		Intro		0:00
		Kinetics		0:52
			Integrated Rate Law	0:53
			Example 1	6:26
			Example 2	15:19
			Half-life of a Reaction	20:40
			Example 3: Part A	25:41
			Example 3: Part B	28:01
	Second Order & Zero-Order Rate Laws			26:40
		Intro		0:00
		Kinetics		0:22
			Second Order	0:23
			Example 1	6:08
			Zero-Order	16:36
			Summary for the Kinetics Associated with the Reaction	21:27
	Activation Energy & Arrhenius Equation			40:59
		Intro		0:00
		Kinetics		0:53
			Rate Constant	0:54
			Collision Model	2:45
			Activation Energy	5:11
			Arrhenius Proposed	9:54
			2 Requirements for a Successful Reaction	15:39
			Rate Constant	17:53
			Arrhenius Equation	19:51
			Example 1	25:00
			Activation Energy & the Values of K	32:12
			Example 2	36:46
	AP Practice for Kinetics			29:08
		Intro		0:00
		Kinetics		0:43
			Example 1	0:44
			Example 2	6:53
			Example 3	8:58
			Example 4	11:36
			Example 5	16:36
			Example 6: Part A	21:00
			Example 6: Part B	25:09
VI. Equilibrium
	Equilibrium, Part 1			46:00
		Intro		0:00
		Equilibrium		1:32
			Introduction to Equilibrium	1:33
			Equilibrium Rules	14:00
			Example 1: Part A	16:46
			Example 1: Part B	18:48
			Example 1: Part C	22:13
			Example 1: Part D	24:55
			Example 2: Part A	27:46
			Example 2: Part B	31:22
			Example 2: Part C	33:00
			Reverse a Reaction	36:04
			Example 3	37:24
	Equilibrium, Part 2			40:53
		Intro		0:00
		Equilibrium		1:31
			Equilibriums Involving Gases	1:32
			General Equation	10:11
			Example 1: Question	11:55
			Example 1: Answer	13:43
			Example 2: Question	19:08
			Example 2: Answer	21:37
			Example 3: Question	33:40
			Example 3: Answer	35:24
	Equilibrium: Reaction Quotient			45:53
		Intro		0:00
		Equilibrium		0:57
			Reaction Quotient	0:58
			If Q > K	5:37
			If Q < K	6:52
			If Q = K	7:45
			Example 1: Part A	8:24
			Example 1: Part B	13:11
			Example 2: Question	20:04
			Example 2: Answer	22:15
			Example 3: Question	30:54
			Example 3: Answer	32:52
			Steps in Solving Equilibrium Problems	42:40
	Equilibrium: Examples			31:51
		Intro		0:00
		Equilibrium		1:09
			Example 1: Question	1:10
			Example 1: Answer	4:15
			Example 2: Question	13:04
			Example 2: Answer	15:20
			Example 3: Question	25:03
			Example 3: Answer	26:32
	Le Chatelier's principle & Equilibrium			40:52
		Intro		0:00
		Le Chatelier		1:05
			Le Chatelier Principle	1:06
			Concentration: Add 'x'	5:25
			Concentration: Subtract 'x'	7:50
			Example 1	9:44
			Change in Pressure	12:53
			Example 2	20:40
			Temperature: Exothermic and Endothermic	24:33
			Example 3	29:55
			Example 4	35:30
VII. Acids & Bases
	Acids and Bases			50:11
		Intro		0:00
		Acids and Bases		1:14
			Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Model	1:28
			Reaction of an Acid with Water	4:36
			Acid Dissociation	10:51
			Acid Strength	13:48
			Example 1	21:22
			Water as an Acid & a Base	25:25
			Example 2: Part A	32:30
			Example 2: Part B	34:47
			Example 3: Part A	35:58
			Example 3: Part B	39:33
			pH Scale	41:12
			Example 4	43:56
	pH of Weak Acid Solutions			43:52
		Intro		0:00
		pH of Weak Acid Solutions		1:12
			pH of Weak Acid Solutions	1:13
			Example 1	6:26
			Example 2	14:25
			Example 3	24:23
			Example 4	30:38
	Percent Dissociation: Strong & Weak Bases			43:04
		Intro		0:00
		Bases		0:33
			Percent Dissociation: Strong & Weak Bases	0:45
			Example 1	6:23
			Strong Base Dissociation	11:24
			Example 2	13:02
			Weak Acid and General Reaction	17:38
			Example: NaOH → Na⁺ + OH⁻	20:30
			Strong Base and Weak Base	23:49
			Example 4	24:54
			Example 5	33:51
	Polyprotic Acids			35:34
		Intro		0:00
		Polyprotic Acids		1:04
			Acids Dissociation	1:05
			Example 1	4:51
			Example 2	17:30
			Example 3	31:11
	Salts and Their Acid-Base Properties			41:14
		Intro		0:00
		Salts and Their Acid-Base Properties		0:11
			Salts and Their Acid-Base Properties	0:15
			Example 1	7:58
			Example 2	14:00
			Metal Ion and Acidic Solution	22:00
			Example 3	28:35
			NH₄F → NH₄⁺ + F⁻	34:05
			Example 4	38:03
	Common Ion Effect & Buffers			41:58
		Intro		0:00
		Common Ion Effect & Buffers		1:16
			Covalent Oxides Produce Acidic Solutions in Water	1:36
			Ionic Oxides Produce Basic Solutions in Water	4:15
			Practice Example 1	6:10
			Practice Example 2	9:00
			Definition	12:27
			Example 1: Part A	16:49
			Example 1: Part B	19:54
			Buffer Solution	25:10
			Example of Some Buffers: HF and NaF	30:02
			Example of Some Buffers: Acetic Acid & Potassium Acetate	31:34
			Example of Some Buffers: CH₃NH₂ & CH₃NH₃Cl	33:54
			Example 2: Buffer Solution	36:36
	Buffer			32:24
		Intro		0:00
		Buffers		1:20
			Buffer Solution	1:21
			Adding Base	5:03
			Adding Acid	7:14
			Example 1: Question	9:48
			Example 1: Recall	12:08
			Example 1: Major Species Upon Addition of NaOH	16:10
			Example 1: Equilibrium, ICE Chart, and Final Calculation	24:33
			Example 1: Comparison	29:19
	Buffers, Part II			40:06
		Intro		0:00
		Buffers		1:27
			Example 1: Question	1:32
			Example 1: ICE Chart	3:15
			Example 1: Major Species Upon Addition of OH⁻, But Before Rxn	7:23
			Example 1: Equilibrium, ICE Chart, and Final Calculation	12:51
			Summary	17:21
			Another Look at Buffering & the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation	19:00
			Example 2	27:08
			Example 3	32:01
	Buffers, Part III			38:43
		Intro		0:00
		Buffers		0:25
			Buffer Capacity Part 1	0:26
			Example 1	4:10
			Buffer Capacity Part 2	19:29
			Example 2	25:12
			Example 3	32:02
	Titrations: Strong Acid and Strong Base			42:42
		Intro		0:00
		Titrations: Strong Acid and Strong Base		1:11
			Definition of Titration	1:12
			Sample Problem	3:33
			Definition of Titration Curve or pH Curve	9:46
		Scenario 1: Strong Acid- Strong Base Titration		11:00
			Question	11:01
			Part 1: No NaOH is Added	14:00
			Part 2: 10.0 mL of NaOH is Added	15:50
			Part 3: Another 10.0 mL of NaOH & 20.0 mL of NaOH are Added	22:19
			Part 4: 50.0 mL of NaOH is Added	26:46
			Part 5: 100.0 mL (Total) of NaOH is Added	27:26
			Part 6: 150.0 mL (Total) of NaOH is Added	32:06
			Part 7: 200.0 mL of NaOH is Added	35:07
			Titrations Curve for Strong Acid and Strong Base	35:43
	Titrations: Weak Acid and Strong Base			42:03
		Intro		0:00
		Titrations: Weak Acid and Strong Base		0:43
			Question	0:44
			Part 1: No NaOH is Added	1:54
			Part 2: 10.0 mL of NaOH is Added	5:17
			Part 3: 25.0 mL of NaOH is Added	14:01
			Part 4: 40.0 mL of NaOH is Added	21:55
			Part 5: 50.0 mL (Total) of NaOH is Added	22:25
			Part 6: 60.0 mL (Total) of NaOH is Added	31:36
			Part 7: 75.0 mL (Total) of NaOH is Added	35:44
			Titration Curve	36:09
	Titration Examples & Acid-Base Indicators			52:03
		Intro		0:00
		Examples and Indicators		0:25
			Example 1: Question	0:26
			Example 1: Solution	2:03
			Example 2: Question	12:33
			Example 2: Solution	14:52
			Example 3: Question	23:45
			Example 3: Solution	25:09
			Acid/Base Indicator Overview	34:45
			Acid/Base Indicator Example	37:40
			Acid/Base Indicator General Result	47:11
			Choosing Acid/Base Indicator	49:12
VIII. Solubility
	Solubility Equilibria			36:25
		Intro		0:00
		Solubility Equilibria		0:48
			Solubility Equilibria Overview	0:49
			Solubility Product Constant	4:24
			Definition of Solubility	9:10
			Definition of Solubility Product	11:28
			Example 1	14:09
			Example 2	20:19
			Example 3	27:30
			Relative Solubilities	31:04
	Solubility Equilibria, Part II			42:06
		Intro		0:00
		Solubility Equilibria		0:46
			Common Ion Effect	0:47
			Example 1	3:14
			pH & Solubility	13:00
			Example of pH & Solubility	15:25
			Example 2	23:06
			Precipitation & Definition of the Ion Product	26:48
			If Q > Ksp	29:31
			If Q < Ksp	30:27
			Example 3	32:58
	Solubility Equilibria, Part III			43:09
		Intro		0:00
		Solubility Equilibria		0:55
			Example 1: Question	0:56
			Example 1: Step 1 - Check to See if Anything Precipitates	2:52
			Example 1: Step 2 - Stoichiometry	10:47
			Example 1: Step 3 - Equilibrium	16:34
			Example 2: Selective Precipitation (Question)	21:02
			Example 2: Solution	23:41
			Classical Qualitative Analysis	29:44
			Groups: 1-5	38:44
IX. Complex Ions
	Complex Ion Equilibria			43:38
		Intro		0:00
		Complex Ion Equilibria		0:32
			Complex Ion	0:34
			Ligan Examples	1:51
			Ligand Definition	3:12
			Coordination	6:28
			Example 1	8:08
			Example 2	19:13
	Complex Ions & Solubility			31:30
		Intro		0:00
		Complex Ions and Solubility		0:23
			Recall: Classical Qualitative Analysis	0:24
			Example 1	6:10
			Example 2	16:16
			Dissolving a Water-Insoluble Ionic Compound: Method 1	23:38
			Dissolving a Water-Insoluble Ionic Compound: Method 2	28:13
X. Chemical Thermodynamics
	Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part I			56:28
		Intro		0:00
		Spontaneity, Entropy, Free Energy		2:25
			Energy Overview	2:26
			Equation: ∆E = q + w	4:30
			State Function/ State Property	8:35
			Equation: w = -P∆V	12:00
			Enthalpy: H = E + PV	14:50
			Enthalpy is a State Property	17:33
			Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions	19:20
			First Law of Thermodynamic	22:28
			Entropy	25:48
			Spontaneous Process	33:53
			Second Law of Thermodynamic	36:51
			More on Entropy	42:23
			Example	43:55
	Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part II			39:55
		Intro		0:00
		Spontaneity, Entropy, Free Energy		1:30
			∆S of Universe = ∆S of System + ∆S of Surrounding	1:31
			Convention	3:32
			Examining a System	5:36
			Thermodynamic Property: Sign of ∆S	16:52
			Thermodynamic Property: Magnitude of ∆S	18:45
			Deriving Equation: ∆S of Surrounding = -∆H / T	20:25
			Example 1	25:51
			Free Energy Equations	29:22
	Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part III			30:10
		Intro		0:00
		Spontaneity, Entropy, Free Energy		0:11
			Example 1	2:38
			Key Concept of Example 1	14:06
			Example 2	15:56
			Units for ∆H, ∆G, and S	20:56
			∆S of Surrounding & ∆S of System	22:00
			Reaction Example	24:17
			Example 3	26:52
	Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part IV			30:07
		Intro		0:00
		Spontaneity, Entropy, Free Energy		0:29
			Standard Free Energy of Formation	0:58
			Example 1	4:34
			Reaction Under Non-standard Conditions	13:23
			Example 2	16:26
			∆G = Negative	22:12
			∆G = 0	24:38
			Diagram Example of ∆G	26:43
	Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy, Part V			44:56
		Intro		0:00
		Spontaneity, Entropy, Free Energy		0:56
			Equations: ∆G of Reaction, ∆G°, and K	0:57
			Example 1: Question	6:50
			Example 1: Part A	9:49
			Example 1: Part B	15:28
			Example 2	17:33
			Example 3	23:31
			lnK = (- ∆H° ÷ R) ( 1 ÷ T) + ( ∆S° ÷ R)	31:36
			Maximum Work	35:57
XI. Electrochemistry
	Oxidation-Reduction & Balancing			39:23
		Intro		0:00
		Oxidation-Reduction and Balancing		2:06
			Definition of Electrochemistry	2:07
			Oxidation and Reduction Review	3:05
			Example 1: Assigning Oxidation State	10:15
			Example 2: Is the Following a Redox Reaction?	18:06
			Example 3: Step 1 - Write the Oxidation & Reduction Half Reactions	22:46
			Example 3: Step 2 - Balance the Reaction	26:44
			Example 3: Step 3 - Multiply	30:11
			Example 3: Step 4 - Add	32:07
			Example 3: Step 5 - Check	33:29
	Galvanic Cells			43:09
		Intro		0:00
		Galvanic Cells		0:39
			Example 1: Balance the Following Under Basic Conditions	0:40
			Example 1: Steps to Balance Reaction Under Basic Conditions	3:25
			Example 1: Solution	5:23
			Example 2: Balance the Following Reaction	13:56
			Galvanic Cells	18:15
			Example 3: Galvanic Cells	28:19
			Example 4: Galvanic Cells	35:12
	Cell Potential			48:41
		Intro		0:00
		Cell Potential		2:08
			Definition of Cell Potential	2:17
			Symbol and Unit	5:50
			Standard Reduction Potential	10:16
			Example Figure 1	13:08
			Example Figure 2	19:00
			All Reduction Potentials are Written as Reduction	23:10
			Cell Potential: Important Fact 1	26:49
			Cell Potential: Important Fact 2	27:32
			Cell Potential: Important Fact 3	28:54
			Cell Potential: Important Fact 4	30:05
			Example Problem 1	32:29
			Example Problem 2	38:38
	Potential, Work, & Free Energy			41:23
		Intro		0:00
		Potential, Work, Free Energy		0:42
			Descriptions of Galvanic Cell	0:43
			Line Notation	5:33
			Example 1	6:26
			Example 2	11:15
			Example 3	15:18
			Equation: Volt	22:20
			Equations: Cell Potential, Work, and Charge	28:30
			Maximum Cell Potential is Related to the Free Energy of the Cell Reaction	35:09
			Example 4	37:42
	Cell Potential & Concentration			34:19
		Intro		0:00
		Cell Potential & Concentration		0:29
			Example 1: Question	0:30
			Example 1: Nernst Equation	4:43
			Example 1: Solution	7:01
			Cell Potential & Concentration	11:27
			Example 2	16:38
			Manipulating the Nernst Equation	25:15
			Example 3	28:43
	Electrolysis			33:21
		Intro		0:00
		Electrolysis		3:16
			Electrolysis: Part 1	3:17
			Electrolysis: Part 2	5:25
			Galvanic Cell Example	7:13
			Nickel Cadmium Battery	12:18
			Ampere	16:00
			Example 1	20:47
			Example 2	25:47
XII. Light
	Light			44:45
		Intro		0:00
		Light		2:14
			Introduction to Light	2:15
			Frequency, Speed, and Wavelength of Waves	3:58
			Units and Equations	7:37
			Electromagnetic Spectrum	12:13
			Example 1: Calculate the Frequency	17:41
			E = hν	21:30
			Example 2: Increment of Energy	25:12
			Photon Energy of Light	28:56
			Wave and Particle	31:46
			Example 3: Wavelength of an Electron	34:46
XIII. Quantum Mechanics
	Quantum Mechanics & Electron Orbitals			54:00
		Intro		0:00
		Quantum Mechanics & Electron Orbitals		0:51
			Quantum Mechanics & Electron Orbitals Overview	0:52
			Electron Orbital and Energy Levels for the Hydrogen Atom	8:47
			Example 1	13:41
			Quantum Mechanics: Schrodinger Equation	19:19
			Quantum Numbers Overview	31:10
			Principal Quantum Numbers	33:28
			Angular Momentum Numbers	34:55
			Magnetic Quantum Numbers	36:35
			Spin Quantum Numbers	37:46
			Primary Level, Sublevels, and Sub-Sub-Levels	39:42
			Example	42:17
			Orbital & Quantum Numbers	49:32
	Electron Configurations & Diagrams			34:04
		Intro		0:00
		Electron Configurations & Diagrams		1:08
			Electronic Structure of Ground State Atom	1:09
			Order of Electron Filling	3:50
			Electron Configurations & Diagrams: H	8:41
			Electron Configurations & Diagrams: He	9:12
			Electron Configurations & Diagrams: Li	9:47
			Electron Configurations & Diagrams: Be	11:17
			Electron Configurations & Diagrams: B	12:05
			Electron Configurations & Diagrams: C	13:03
			Electron Configurations & Diagrams: N	14:55
			Electron Configurations & Diagrams: O	15:24
			Electron Configurations & Diagrams: F	16:25
			Electron Configurations & Diagrams: Ne	17:00
			Electron Configurations & Diagrams: S	18:08
			Electron Configurations & Diagrams: Fe	20:08
			Introduction to Valence Electrons	23:04
			Valence Electrons of Oxygen	23:44
			Valence Electrons of Iron	24:02
			Valence Electrons of Arsenic	24:30
			Valence Electrons: Exceptions	25:36
			The Periodic Table	27:52
XIV. Intermolecular Forces
	Vapor Pressure & Changes of State			52:43
		Intro		0:00
		Vapor Pressure and Changes of State		2:26
			Intermolecular Forces Overview	2:27
			Hydrogen Bonding	5:23
			Heat of Vaporization	9:58
			Vapor Pressure: Definition and Example	11:04
			Vapor Pressures is Mostly a Function of Intermolecular Forces	17:41
			Vapor Pressure Increases with Temperature	20:52
			Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature: Graph and Equation	22:55
			Clausius-Clapeyron Equation	31:55
			Example 1	32:13
			Heating Curve	35:40
			Heat of Fusion	41:31
			Example 2	43:45
	Phase Diagrams & Solutions			31:17
		Intro		0:00
		Phase Diagrams and Solutions		0:22
			Definition of a Phase Diagram	0:50
			Phase Diagram Part 1: H₂O	1:54
			Phase Diagram Part 2: CO₂	9:59
			Solutions: Solute & Solvent	16:12
			Ways of Discussing Solution Composition: Mass Percent or Weight Percent	18:46
			Ways of Discussing Solution Composition: Molarity	20:07
			Ways of Discussing Solution Composition: Mole Fraction	20:48
			Ways of Discussing Solution Composition: Molality	21:41
			Example 1: Question	22:06
			Example 1: Mass Percent	24:32
			Example 1: Molarity	25:53
			Example 1: Mole Fraction	28:09
			Example 1: Molality	29:36
	Vapor Pressure of Solutions			37:23
		Intro		0:00
		Vapor Pressure of Solutions		2:07
			Vapor Pressure & Raoult's Law	2:08
			Example 1	5:21
			When Ionic Compounds Dissolve	10:51
			Example 2	12:38
			Non-Ideal Solutions	17:42
			Negative Deviation	24:23
			Positive Deviation	29:19
			Example 3	31:40
	Colligatives Properties			34:11
		Intro		0:00
		Colligative Properties		1:07
			Boiling Point Elevation	1:08
			Example 1: Question	5:19
			Example 1: Solution	6:52
			Freezing Point Depression	12:01
			Example 2: Question	14:46
			Example 2: Solution	16:34
			Osmotic Pressure	20:20
			Example 3: Question	28:00
			Example 3: Solution	30:16
XV. Bonding
	Bonding & Lewis Structure			48:39
		Intro		0:00
		Bonding & Lewis Structure		2:23
			Covalent Bond	2:24
			Single Bond, Double Bond, and Triple Bond	4:11
			Bond Length & Intermolecular Distance	5:51
			Definition of Electronegativity	8:42
			Bond Polarity	11:48
			Bond Energy	20:04
			Example 1	24:31
			Definition of Lewis Structure	31:54
			Steps in Forming a Lewis Structure	33:26
			Lewis Structure Example: H₂	36:53
			Lewis Structure Example: CH₄	37:33
			Lewis Structure Example: NO⁺	38:43
			Lewis Structure Example: PCl₅	41:12
			Lewis Structure Example: ICl₄⁻	43:05
			Lewis Structure Example: BeCl₂	45:07
	Resonance & Formal Charge			36:59
		Intro		0:00
		Resonance and Formal Charge		0:09
			Resonance Structures of NO₃⁻	0:25
			Resonance Structures of NO₂⁻	12:28
			Resonance Structures of HCO₂⁻	16:28
			Formal Charge	19:40
			Formal Charge Example: SO₄²⁻	21:32
			Formal Charge Example: CO₂	31:33
			Formal Charge Example: HCN	32:44
			Formal Charge Example: CN⁻	33:34
			Formal Charge Example: 0₃	34:43
	Shapes of Molecules			41:21
		Intro		0:00
		Shapes of Molecules		0:35
			VSEPR	0:36
			Steps in Determining Shapes of Molecules	6:18
			Linear	11:38
			Trigonal Planar	11:55
			Tetrahedral	12:45
			Trigonal Bipyramidal	13:23
			Octahedral	14:29
			Table: Shapes of Molecules	15:40
			Example: CO₂	21:11
			Example: NO₃⁻	24:01
			Example: H₂O	27:00
			Example: NH₃	29:48
			Example: PCl₃⁻	32:18
			Example: IF₄⁺	34:38
			Example: KrF₄	37:57
	Hybrid Orbitals			40:17
		Intro		0:00
		Hybrid Orbitals		0:13
			Introduction to Hybrid Orbitals	0:14
			Electron Orbitals for CH₄	5:02
			sp³ Hybridization	10:52
			Example: sp³ Hybridization	12:06
			sp² Hybridization	14:21
			Example: sp² Hybridization	16:11
			σ Bond	19:10
			π Bond	20:07
			sp Hybridization & Example	22:00
			dsp³ Hybridization & Example	27:36
			d²sp³ Hybridization & Example	30:36
			Example: Predict the Hybridization and Describe the Molecular Geometry of CO	32:31
			Example: Predict the Hybridization and Describe the Molecular Geometry of BF₄⁻	35:17
			Example: Predict the Hybridization and Describe the Molecular Geometry of XeF₂	37:09
XVI. AP Practice Exam
	AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice, Part I			52:34
		Intro		0:00
		Multiple Choice		1:21
			Multiple Choice 1	1:22
			Multiple Choice 2	2:23
			Multiple Choice 3	3:38
			Multiple Choice 4	4:34
			Multiple Choice 5	5:16
			Multiple Choice 6	5:41
			Multiple Choice 7	6:20
			Multiple Choice 8	7:03
			Multiple Choice 9	7:31
			Multiple Choice 10	9:03
			Multiple Choice 11	11:52
			Multiple Choice 12	13:16
			Multiple Choice 13	13:56
			Multiple Choice 14	14:52
			Multiple Choice 15	15:43
			Multiple Choice 16	16:20
			Multiple Choice 17	16:55
			Multiple Choice 18	17:22
			Multiple Choice 19	18:59
			Multiple Choice 20	20:24
			Multiple Choice 21	22:20
			Multiple Choice 22	23:29
			Multiple Choice 23	24:30
			Multiple Choice 24	25:24
			Multiple Choice 25	26:21
			Multiple Choice 26	29:06
			Multiple Choice 27	30:42
			Multiple Choice 28	33:28
			Multiple Choice 29	34:38
			Multiple Choice 30	35:37
			Multiple Choice 31	37:31
			Multiple Choice 32	38:28
			Multiple Choice 33	39:50
			Multiple Choice 34	42:57
			Multiple Choice 35	44:18
			Multiple Choice 36	45:52
			Multiple Choice 37	48:02
			Multiple Choice 38	49:25
			Multiple Choice 39	49:43
			Multiple Choice 40	50:16
			Multiple Choice 41	50:49
	AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice, Part II			32:15
		Intro		0:00
		Multiple Choice		0:12
			Multiple Choice 42	0:13
			Multiple Choice 43	0:33
			Multiple Choice 44	1:16
			Multiple Choice 45	2:36
			Multiple Choice 46	5:22
			Multiple Choice 47	6:35
			Multiple Choice 48	8:02
			Multiple Choice 49	10:05
			Multiple Choice 50	10:26
			Multiple Choice 51	11:07
			Multiple Choice 52	12:01
			Multiple Choice 53	12:55
			Multiple Choice 54	16:12
			Multiple Choice 55	18:11
			Multiple Choice 56	19:45
			Multiple Choice 57	20:15
			Multiple Choice 58	23:28
			Multiple Choice 59	24:27
			Multiple Choice 60	26:45
			Multiple Choice 61	29:15
	AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice, Part III			32:50
		Intro		0:00
		Multiple Choice		0:16
			Multiple Choice 62	0:17
			Multiple Choice 63	1:57
			Multiple Choice 64	6:16
			Multiple Choice 65	8:05
			Multiple Choice 66	9:18
			Multiple Choice 67	10:38
			Multiple Choice 68	12:51
			Multiple Choice 69	14:32
			Multiple Choice 70	17:35
			Multiple Choice 71	22:44
			Multiple Choice 72	24:27
			Multiple Choice 73	27:46
			Multiple Choice 74	29:39
			Multiple Choice 75	30:23
	AP Practice Exam: Free response Part I			47:22
		Intro		0:00
		Free Response		0:15
			Free Response 1: Part A	0:16
			Free Response 1: Part B	4:15
			Free Response 1: Part C	5:47
			Free Response 1: Part D	9:20
			Free Response 1: Part E. i	10:58
			Free Response 1: Part E. ii	16:45
			Free Response 1: Part E. iii	26:03
			Free Response 2: Part A. i	31:01
			Free Response 2: Part A. ii	33:38
			Free Response 2: Part A. iii	35:20
			Free Response 2: Part B. i	37:38
			Free Response 2: Part B. ii	39:30
			Free Response 2: Part B. iii	44:44
	AP Practice Exam: Free Response Part II			43:05
		Intro		0:00
		Free Response		0:12
			Free Response 3: Part A	0:13
			Free Response 3: Part B	6:25
			Free Response 3: Part C. i	11:33
			Free Response 3: Part C. ii	12:02
			Free Response 3: Part D	14:30
			Free Response 4: Part A	21:03
			Free Response 4: Part B	22:59
			Free Response 4: Part C	24:33
			Free Response 4: Part D	27:22
			Free Response 4: Part E	28:43
			Free Response 4: Part F	29:35
			Free Response 4: Part G	30:15
			Free Response 4: Part H	30:48
			Free Response 5: Diagram	32:00
			Free Response 5: Part A	34:14
			Free Response 5: Part B	36:07
			Free Response 5: Part C	37:45
			Free Response 5: Part D	39:00
			Free Response 5: Part E	40:26
	AP Practice Exam: Free Response Part III			28:36
		Intro		0:00
		Free Response		0:43
			Free Response 6: Part A. i	0:44
			Free Response 6: Part A. ii	3:08
			Free Response 6: Part A. iii	5:02
			Free Response 6: Part B. i	7:11
			Free Response 6: Part B. ii	9:40
			Free Response 7: Part A	11:14
			Free Response 7: Part B	13:45
			Free Response 7: Part C	15:43
			Free Response 7: Part D	16:54
			Free Response 8: Part A. i	19:15
			Free Response 8: Part A. ii	21:16
			Free Response 8: Part B. i	23:51
			Free Response 8: Part B. ii	25:07

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Standard Enthalpies of Formation

Standard Enthalpies of Formation

Advanced Placement Chemistry

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