The Calvin-Benson Cycle , Biology

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The Calvin-Benson Cycle

Through the process of photosynthesis, light energy is captured and converted into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH. This chemical energy then drives the capture and conversion of carbon dioxide into sugar.
In this Lesson, we’ll learn about the chemical reactions that fix carbon and the energetics of these reactions. We’ll also examine alternative strategies used by plants to minimize photorespiration and improve the efficiency of carbon fixation.

I. Welcome to Biology
	Biology and Biologists	18:11
	The Chemical Basis of Life	12:17
	Water and Life	17:48
	Acids, Bases and Buffers
	Organic Molecules	16:32
	Macromolecules	16:07
	Cells: The Basics	16:03
	More about Cells	23:19
	Cell Membranes	24:14
II. The Gene
	DNA Discovery & Structure	13:01
	DNA Replication	21:03
	The Transcription of DNA to RNA	17:05
	Translation: Protein Synthesis	18:30
	Eukaryotic Genomes	18:37
	Viral & Bacterial Genomes	12:50
	Applications of Biotechnology	13:29
III. Principles of Heredity
	The Cell Cycle & Mitosis	15:41
	Sexual Life Cycle & Meiosis	26:05
	The Mendelian Model of Inheritance	16:33
	Extensions of Mendel
	Genes & Chromosomes	16:57
IV. Evolutionary Biology
	Darwin in Historical Context	13:24
	Mechanisms of Evolution	19:21
	Speciation	12:15
V. Biological Diversity
	Systematics: Classifying Organisms	20:38
	The History of Life on Earth	1:41
	Prokaryotes	20:52
	Unicellular Eukaryotes	23:09
	Plants and Their Relatives	12:46
	The Fungi	17:08
	An Introduction to the Animals	16:11
	From Invertebrates to Vertebrates	20:45
VI. The Energetics of Life
	Cellular Energy Currency
	Enzymes and Metabolism	17:52
	An Overview of Metabolism	10:54
	Glycolysis	29:51
	The TCA Cycle	21:04
	Electron Transport, ATP Synthesis, and Chemiosmosis	21:05
VII. Animal Structure, Reproduction and Development
	Animal Form and Function	15:00
	Animal Reproduction	16:17
	Animal Development	20:38
VIII. Circulation, Body's Defenses, Nutrition
	The Circulatory System	20:19
	The Respiratory System	25:41
	The Lymphatic System and the Blood	12:23
	Nonspecific Immune Defenses	11:28
	Specific Immune Defenses	24:09
	Diet and Feeding Mechanisms	17:12
	The Digestive System	21:05
	Osmoregulation and Excretion	21:00
IX. Nervous System and Internal Controls
	Nervous Systems and Sensation	25:08
	How Nerves Work	22:50
	Hormones	30:22
	The Endocrine System	19:24
	Skeletons	13:58
	Muscle Structure and Contraction	17:26
X. Plants: Form and Function
	Plant Nutrition	21:04
	Introduction to Photosynthesis	20:51
	The Light Reactions	18:24
	The Calvin-Benson Cycle	14:32
	Plant Reproduction and Development	21:35
	Control Systems in Plants	16:52
XI. Ecology
	The Natural Setting	21:18
	Population Ecology	21:02
	CommModuley Ecology	22:29
	Energy Flow and the Water Cycle	21:56
	Chemical Element Cycles	20:47
XII. Conservation Biology
	Generation Advancement	21:49
	Basics of Behavior	23:00
	Social Behavior	24:03

Regular Biology

I. Welcome to Biology
	Biology and Biologists		18:11
		1: Overview
		2: What is Biology?
		3: How Do Biologists Study?
		4: Biology as a Human Endeavor
		5: Summary
	The Chemical Basis of Life		12:17
		1: Overview
		2: Elements of Life
		3: Atoms and Molecules
		4: Chemical Reactions
		5: Summary
	Water and Life		17:48
		1: Overview
		2: The Nature of Water
		3: Physical Properties of Water
		4: Summary
	Acids, Bases and Buffers
		1: Acids, Bases and Buffers
	Organic Molecules		16:32
		1: Overview
		2: Organic Chemistry
		3: Food Energy Molecules
		4: Nitrogen Containing Compounds
		5: Summary
	Macromolecules		16:07
		1: Overview
		2: Structure and Function of Polysaccharides
		3: Structure and Function of Fats
		4: Structure and Function of Proteins
		5: Summary
		Cell Structure and Function
	Cells: The Basics		16:03
		1: Overview
		2: What Are Cells?
		3: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
		4: Tools for Studying Cells
		5: Summary
	More about Cells		23:19
		1: Overview
		2: Cellular Organelles
		3: Cell Structure and Movement
		4: Extracellular Structures
		5: Summary
	Cell Membranes		24:14
		1: Overview
		2: Membrane Structure
		3: Transport Mechanisms
		4: Membrane Proteins
		5: Summary
II. The Gene
	DNA Discovery & Structure		13:01
		1: Overview
		2: Discovery
		3: Structure
		4: Implications
		5: Summary
	DNA Replication		21:03
		1: Overview
		2: The Mechanism
		3: The Accuracy of Replication
		4: Summary
	The Transcription of DNA to RNA		17:05
		1: Overview
		2: Genes Encode Proteins
		3: RNA Structure and Function
		4: The Initiation of Transcription
		5: Elongation, Termination, and Processing
		6: Summary
	Translation: Protein Synthesis		18:30
		1: Overview
		2: Decoding RNA
		3: The Components of Translation
		4: The Mechanism of Translation
		5: Summary
	Eukaryotic Genomes		18:37
		1: Overview
		2: The Organization of Genetic Material
		3: Chromatin Structure
		4: The Regulation of Gene Expression
		5: Summary
	Viral & Bacterial Genomes		12:50
		1: Overview
		2: Viruses
		3: Bacteria
		4: Summary
	Applications of Biotechnology		13:29
		1: Overview
		2: Agricultural Applications
		3: Medical Applications
		4: Legal Applications
		5: Practical and Ethical Concerns
		6: Summary
III. Principles of Heredity
	The Cell Cycle & Mitosis		15:41
		1: Overview
		2: The Cell Cycle
		3: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
		4: Experiment
		5: Summary
	Sexual Life Cycle & Meiosis		26:05
		1: Overview
		2: Life Cycles
		3: State of Meiosis
		4: Sources of Genetic Variation
		5: Summary
		6: Demonstration
	The Mendelian Model of Inheritance		16:33
		1: Overview
		2: Mendel's Experiments
		3: Mendel's Law of Segregation
		4: Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
		5: Summary
	Extensions of Mendel
		1: Extensions of Mendel
	Genes & Chromosomes		16:57
		1: Overview
		2: The Chromosome Theory
		3: Sex Chromosomes
		4: Chromosomal Abnormalities
		5: Summary
IV. Evolutionary Biology
	Darwin in Historical Context		13:24
		1: Overview
		2: The Historical Setting
		3: Darwin's Theory of Evolution
		4: The Evidence for Evolution
		5: Summary
	Mechanisms of Evolution		19:21
		1: Overview
		2: Population Genetics
		3: The Process of Genetic Change
		4: Preserving the Diversity
		5: Summary
	Speciation		12:15
		1: Overview
		2: Geographic and Reproductive Barriers
		3: Types of Speciation
		4: The Hybrid Zone
		5: The Rate of Speciation
		6: Summary
V. Biological Diversity
	Systematics: Classifying Organisms		20:38
		1: Overview
		2: Naming Organisms
		3: Constructing Phylogenetic Trees
		4: Modern Taxonomy
		5: Summary
	The History of Life on Earth		1:41
		1: The History of Life on Earth
		2: Experiment (Dating Fossils)
	Prokaryotes		20:52
		1: Overview
		2: Physical Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells
		3: Prokaryotic Lifestyles
		4: Two Domains: Bacteria and Archaea
		5: Summary
	Unicellular Eukaryotes		23:09
		1: Overview
		2: The Kingdom Protista
		3: Protozoans
		4: Plantlike Protists
		5: Fungus-like Protists
		6: Summary
	Plants and Their Relatives		12:46
		1: Overview
		2: Colonizing the Land
		3: The Rise of Vascular Plants
		4: Cones, Flowers, and Seeds
		5: Summary
	The Fungi		17:08
		1: Overview
		2: Characteristics of Fungi
		3: Surveys of Fungal Diversity
		4: Summary
	An Introduction to the Animals		16:11
		1: Overview
		2: Animal Fundamentals
		3: Body Plans
		4: Protostomes and Deuterostomes
		5: Summary
	From Invertebrates to Vertebrates		20:45
		1: Overview
		2: More Protostomes
		3: Deuterostomes and Early Vertebrates
		4: Vertebrate Diversity
		5: Summary
VI. The Energetics of Life
	Cellular Energy Currency
		1: Cellular Energy Currency
	Enzymes and Metabolism		17:52
		1: Overview
		2: Enzymes as Catalysts
		3: Enzyme Specificity
		4: Enzyme Kinetics
		5: Summary
	An Overview of Metabolism		10:54
		1: Overview
		2: Metabolic Strategies
		3: The Organization of Metabolic Pathways
		4: The Energetics of Metabolism
		5: Summary
	Glycolysis		29:51
		1: Overview
		2: The Glycolytic Pathway
		3: The Fate of Pyruvate and NADH
		4: The Regulation of Glycolysis
		5: Summary
		5: Observation
	The TCA Cycle		21:04
		1: Overview
		2: The TCA Cycle
		3: The Fate of Carbon Atoms
		4: The Regulation of Energetics of the TCA Cycle
		5: Summary
	Electron Transport, ATP Synthesis, and Chemiosmosis		21:05
		1: Overview
		2: The Electron Transport Chain
		3: The Synthesis of ATP
		4: Chemiosmosis
		5: Summary
VII. Animal Structure, Reproduction and Development
	Animal Form and Function		15:00
		1: Overview
		2: The Structure of Animal Tissue
		3: Organs and Organ Systems
		4: Homeostasis
		5: Summary
	Animal Reproduction		16:17
		1: Overview
		2: Types of Fertilization
		3: Gamete Production
		4: Reproductive Anatomy
		5: Hormonal Control of Reproduction
		6: Summary
	Animal Development		20:38
		1: Overview
		2: The Processes of Development
		3: Embryonic Development
		4: The Control of Development
		5: Human Development
		6: Summary
VIII. Circulation, Body's Defenses, Nutrition
	The Circulatory System		20:19
		1: Overview
		2: Animal Circulatory Systems
		3: Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
		4: The Vascular System
		5: The Human Circulatory System
		6: Summary
	The Respiratory System		25:41
		1: Overview
		2: Types of Respiratory Systems
		3: The Human Respiratory System
		4: Gas Exchange
		5: Gas Transport
		6: Summary
	The Lymphatic System and the Blood		12:23
		1: Overview
		2: The Lymphatic System
		3: The Blood
		4: Summary
	Nonspecific Immune Defenses		11:28
		1: Overview
		2: The Barriers of Infection
		3: The Nonspecific Immune Response
		4: Summary
	Specific Immune Defenses		24:09
		1: Overview
		2: The Specific Immune Response
		3: The Cellular Response
		4: The Humoral Response
		5: Disorders of the Immune System
		6: Summary
	Diet and Feeding Mechanisms		17:12
		1: Overview
		2: Feeding Mechanisms
		3: Food and Energy
		4: Food for Biosynthesis
		5: Essential Nutrients
		6: Summary
	The Digestive System		21:05
		1: Overview
		2: Vertebrate Digestive Systems
		3: The Human Digestive System
		4: The Regulation of Digestion
		5: Summary
	Osmoregulation and Excretion		21:00
		1: Overview
		2: The Excretion of Water and Wastes
		3: The Synthesis of ATP
		4: Chemiosmosis
		5: Summary
IX. Nervous System and Internal Controls
	Nervous Systems and Sensation		25:08
		1: Overview
		2: Organization of Nervous Systems
		3: Peripheral Nervous Systems
		4: Central Nervous Systems
		5: Sensory Reception
		6: Summary
	How Nerves Work		22:50
		1: Overview
		2: Neuron Structure
		3: Intracellular Signaling
		4: Intercellular Signaling
		5: Summary
	Hormones		30:22
		1: Overview
		2: Chemical Characteristics of Hormones
		3: Mechanisms of Hormone Actions
		4: Hormones as Chemical Signals
		5: Summary
		6: Experiment: Insect Metamorphosis
	The Endocrine System		19:24
		1: Overview
		2: The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
		3: The Thyroid Gland
		4: The Pancreas
		5: The Adrenal Glands and the Gonads
		6: Summary
	Skeletons		13:58
		1: Overview
		2: Hydrostatic Skeletons and Exoskeletons
		3: Endoskeletons
		4: Summary
	Muscle Structure and Contraction		17:26
		1: Overview
		2: The Structure of Skeletal Muscle
		3: Skeletal Muscle Contraction
		4: Other Types of Muscle
		5: Summary
X. Plants: Form and Function
	Plant Nutrition		21:04
		1: Overview
		2: Essential Nutrients
		3: Soil
		4: Nitrogen Fixation
		5: Summary
	Introduction to Photosynthesis		20:51
		1: Overview
		2: Energy From the Sun
		3: Carbon Fixation
		4: Photopigment Demonstration
		5: Summary
		6: Experiment: Plant Pigments
	The Light Reactions		18:24
		1: Overview
		2: Photosystems I and II
		3: Chemiosmosis in Plants
		4: Light Energy in Photosynthesis Experiment
		5: Summary
	The Calvin-Benson Cycle		14:32
		1: Overview
		2: The Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Sugar
		3: Photorespiration
		4: C4 Plants
		5: Summary
	Plant Reproduction and Development		21:35
		1: Overview
		2: The Electron Transport Chain
		3: The Synthesis of ATP
		4: Chemiosmosis
		5: Summary
	Control Systems in Plants		16:52
		1: Control Systems in Plants: Overview
		2: Plant Hormones
		3: Biological Clocks
		4: Responses to Environmental Stress
		5: Control Systems in Plants: Summary
XI. Ecology
	The Natural Setting		21:18
		1: Overview
		2: Abiotic Factors Affecting Living Systems
		3: Terrestrial Biomes
		4: Aquatic Biomes
		5: Summary
	Population Ecology		21:02
		1: Overview
		2: Population Distribution
		3: Models of Population Growth
		4: Regulating Population Size
		5: Summary
	CommModuley Ecology		22:29
		1: Overview
		2: CommModuley Structure
		3: Ecological Interactions
		4: The Dynamics of CommModuleies
		5: Summary
	Energy Flow and the Water Cycle		21:56
		1: Overview
		2: Feeding Relationships
		3: Energy Flow
		4: The Water Cycle
		5: Summary
	Chemical Element Cycles		20:47
		1: Overview
		2: The Carbon Cycle
		3: The Nitrogen Cycle
		4: The Phosphorus Cycle
		5: Summary
XII. Conservation Biology
	Generation Advancement		21:49
		1: Overview
		2: Environmental Degradation
		3: The Loss of Biodiversity
		4: Saving Our Planet
		5: Summary
	Basics of Behavior		23:00
		1: Overview
		2: The Causes of Behavior
		3: Cognition and Learning
		4: The Genetics of Behavior
		5: The Evolution of Behavior
		6: Summary
	Social Behavior		24:03
		1: Overview
		2: Animal Communication
		3: Mating Behaviors
		4: Costs and Benefits
		5: Altruism
		6: Summary

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The Calvin-Benson Cycle

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The Calvin-Benson Cycle

Regular Biology